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NOTES 4 – Atomic NOTES 4 – Atomic Structure Structure

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Page 1: NOTES 4 – Atomic Structure. The Idea of the Atom Democritus (~400 BC) Democritus (~400 BC) Greek philosopherGreek philosopher “All matter is made of tiny,

NOTES 4 – Atomic StructureNOTES 4 – Atomic Structure

Page 2: NOTES 4 – Atomic Structure. The Idea of the Atom Democritus (~400 BC) Democritus (~400 BC) Greek philosopherGreek philosopher “All matter is made of tiny,

The Idea of the Atom The Idea of the Atom

Democritus (~400 BC)Democritus (~400 BC)• Greek philosopherGreek philosopher• ““All matter is made of tiny, All matter is made of tiny, indivisibleindivisible

particles”particles” A tomosA tomos means means unable to be dividedunable to be divided Democritus thought atoms were the Democritus thought atoms were the

smallest pieces of mattersmallest pieces of matter

Page 3: NOTES 4 – Atomic Structure. The Idea of the Atom Democritus (~400 BC) Democritus (~400 BC) Greek philosopherGreek philosopher “All matter is made of tiny,

The Development of the Modern The Development of the Modern Atomic ModelAtomic Model

John Dalton (1803) John Dalton (1803) • Each element has different size and Each element has different size and

shape atomsshape atoms• Atoms of different elements combine to Atoms of different elements combine to

form compoundsform compounds JJ Thompson (1897)JJ Thompson (1897)

• Atoms are solid masses of smaller Atoms are solid masses of smaller charged particles, half are positive and charged particles, half are positive and half are negativehalf are negative

Page 4: NOTES 4 – Atomic Structure. The Idea of the Atom Democritus (~400 BC) Democritus (~400 BC) Greek philosopherGreek philosopher “All matter is made of tiny,

The Development of the Modern The Development of the Modern Atomic ModelAtomic Model

Ernst Rutherford (1905)Ernst Rutherford (1905)• Gold Foil ExperimentGold Foil Experiment• Most of the atom is empty space Most of the atom is empty space • There is a tiny bunch of positively charged There is a tiny bunch of positively charged

particles in the center of an atomparticles in the center of an atom

Page 5: NOTES 4 – Atomic Structure. The Idea of the Atom Democritus (~400 BC) Democritus (~400 BC) Greek philosopherGreek philosopher “All matter is made of tiny,

The Gold Foil ExperimentThe Gold Foil Experiment

Page 6: NOTES 4 – Atomic Structure. The Idea of the Atom Democritus (~400 BC) Democritus (~400 BC) Greek philosopherGreek philosopher “All matter is made of tiny,

The Development of the Modern The Development of the Modern Atomic ModelAtomic Model

Niels Bohr (1911)Niels Bohr (1911)• Negatively charged Negatively charged

particles orbit the particles orbit the bunch of positively bunch of positively charged particlescharged particles

• The orbiting, The orbiting, negative particles negative particles are organized into are organized into energy levelsenergy levels

Page 7: NOTES 4 – Atomic Structure. The Idea of the Atom Democritus (~400 BC) Democritus (~400 BC) Greek philosopherGreek philosopher “All matter is made of tiny,

The Modern Atomic ModelThe Modern Atomic Model

Page 8: NOTES 4 – Atomic Structure. The Idea of the Atom Democritus (~400 BC) Democritus (~400 BC) Greek philosopherGreek philosopher “All matter is made of tiny,

The Modern Atomic ModelThe Modern Atomic Model Subatomic particlesSubatomic particles – tiny – tiny

particles that make up atomsparticles that make up atoms There are three types of subatomic There are three types of subatomic

particlesparticles::1.1. ProtonsProtons (p (p++) – positively charged ) – positively charged

particlesparticles

2.2. NeutronsNeutrons (n (n00) – particles with no ) – particles with no chargecharge

3.3. ElectronsElectrons (e (e--) – negatively charged ) – negatively charged particlesparticles

Page 9: NOTES 4 – Atomic Structure. The Idea of the Atom Democritus (~400 BC) Democritus (~400 BC) Greek philosopherGreek philosopher “All matter is made of tiny,

NucleusNucleus

NucleusNucleus - the dense center part of - the dense center part of the atomthe atom• Contains the Contains the protonsprotons and and neutronsneutrons• Nucleus contains 99.99% of the mass of Nucleus contains 99.99% of the mass of

an atoman atom• ElectronsElectrons orbit nucleus orbit nucleus

Page 10: NOTES 4 – Atomic Structure. The Idea of the Atom Democritus (~400 BC) Democritus (~400 BC) Greek philosopherGreek philosopher “All matter is made of tiny,

Atoms are extremely smallAtoms are extremely small

Page 11: NOTES 4 – Atomic Structure. The Idea of the Atom Democritus (~400 BC) Democritus (~400 BC) Greek philosopherGreek philosopher “All matter is made of tiny,

Comparing Subatomic ParticlesComparing Subatomic Particles

Particle Location Size & Mass Charge

Proton (p+) NucleusEqual to

NeutronPositive (+)

Neutron (n0) Nucleus Equal to Proton Neutral (0)

Electron (e-) Outside Nucleus10,000X smaller

than protons and neutron

Negative (-)

Page 12: NOTES 4 – Atomic Structure. The Idea of the Atom Democritus (~400 BC) Democritus (~400 BC) Greek philosopherGreek philosopher “All matter is made of tiny,

Atoms are NeutralAtoms are Neutral

Every atom has equal numbers of Every atom has equal numbers of protons (pprotons (p++) and electrons (e) and electrons (e--))

Ex. Oxygen atoms have 8 pEx. Oxygen atoms have 8 p++ and 8 e and 8 e--

The negatives cancel out the The negatives cancel out the positivespositives• 8 protons 8 protons = + 8 charge= + 8 charge• 8 electrons 8 electrons == - 8 charge- 8 charge• Total charge Total charge == 0 0

Page 13: NOTES 4 – Atomic Structure. The Idea of the Atom Democritus (~400 BC) Democritus (~400 BC) Greek philosopherGreek philosopher “All matter is made of tiny,

Count the protons and electrons in Count the protons and electrons in this fluorine atomthis fluorine atom

Page 14: NOTES 4 – Atomic Structure. The Idea of the Atom Democritus (~400 BC) Democritus (~400 BC) Greek philosopherGreek philosopher “All matter is made of tiny,

Electrons in Energy LevelsElectrons in Energy Levels

Electrons surround Electrons surround the nucleus in the nucleus in energy levelsenergy levels

The number of The number of energy levels energy levels depends on how depends on how many electrons the many electrons the atom hasatom has

Page 15: NOTES 4 – Atomic Structure. The Idea of the Atom Democritus (~400 BC) Democritus (~400 BC) Greek philosopherGreek philosopher “All matter is made of tiny,

How Many Electrons in Each Level?How Many Electrons in Each Level?

11stst energy level holds 2 e energy level holds 2 e--

22ndnd energy level holds up to 8 e energy level holds up to 8 e--

33rdrd energy level holds up to 18 e energy level holds up to 18 e--

Atoms with 2 eAtoms with 2 e- - or less have 1 energy or less have 1 energy levellevel

Atoms with 3 to 10 eAtoms with 3 to 10 e- - have 2 energy levelshave 2 energy levels Atoms with more than 10 eAtoms with more than 10 e- - have at least have at least

3 energy levels3 energy levels

Page 16: NOTES 4 – Atomic Structure. The Idea of the Atom Democritus (~400 BC) Democritus (~400 BC) Greek philosopherGreek philosopher “All matter is made of tiny,

Valence ElectronsValence Electrons

Valence electronsValence electrons - The electrons in the - The electrons in the outer most energy level outer most energy level

Valence electrons determine the Valence electrons determine the reactivityreactivity of an atom of an atom • Will it bond with other atoms?Will it bond with other atoms?

Ex. Oxygen atoms have 8 electronsEx. Oxygen atoms have 8 electrons• 2 in the first level2 in the first level• 6 in the second level6 in the second level• How many valence e- does an oxygen atom How many valence e- does an oxygen atom

have?have? 66

Page 17: NOTES 4 – Atomic Structure. The Idea of the Atom Democritus (~400 BC) Democritus (~400 BC) Greek philosopherGreek philosopher “All matter is made of tiny,

The periodic table gives information The periodic table gives information about 1 atom of any elementabout 1 atom of any element

Page 18: NOTES 4 – Atomic Structure. The Idea of the Atom Democritus (~400 BC) Democritus (~400 BC) Greek philosopherGreek philosopher “All matter is made of tiny,

The periodic table gives information The periodic table gives information about 1 atom of any elementabout 1 atom of any element

Page 19: NOTES 4 – Atomic Structure. The Idea of the Atom Democritus (~400 BC) Democritus (~400 BC) Greek philosopherGreek philosopher “All matter is made of tiny,

The periodic table gives information The periodic table gives information about 1 atom of any elementabout 1 atom of any element

Page 20: NOTES 4 – Atomic Structure. The Idea of the Atom Democritus (~400 BC) Democritus (~400 BC) Greek philosopherGreek philosopher “All matter is made of tiny,

The periodic table gives information The periodic table gives information about 1 atom of any elementabout 1 atom of any element

Page 21: NOTES 4 – Atomic Structure. The Idea of the Atom Democritus (~400 BC) Democritus (~400 BC) Greek philosopherGreek philosopher “All matter is made of tiny,

The periodic table gives information The periodic table gives information about 1 atom of any elementabout 1 atom of any element

Page 22: NOTES 4 – Atomic Structure. The Idea of the Atom Democritus (~400 BC) Democritus (~400 BC) Greek philosopherGreek philosopher “All matter is made of tiny,

The periodic table gives information The periodic table gives information about 1 atom of any elementabout 1 atom of any element

Atomic NumberAtomic Number = Number of protons & = Number of protons & electronselectrons• Ex. 1 oxygen atom has 8 protons and 8 electronsEx. 1 oxygen atom has 8 protons and 8 electrons

Mass NumberMass Number = Number of protons + neutrons = Number of protons + neutrons• Ex. 1 oxygen atom has 16 protons + neutronsEx. 1 oxygen atom has 16 protons + neutrons• To figure out the # of neutrons, subtract the atomic To figure out the # of neutrons, subtract the atomic

number from the mass numbernumber from the mass number• 16 – 8 = 8 so an oxygen atom has 8 neutrons16 – 8 = 8 so an oxygen atom has 8 neutrons

Page 23: NOTES 4 – Atomic Structure. The Idea of the Atom Democritus (~400 BC) Democritus (~400 BC) Greek philosopherGreek philosopher “All matter is made of tiny,

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in one atom of sodium?are in one atom of sodium?

Atomic number is Atomic number is 11, so there are:11, so there are:• 11 protons11 protons• 11 electrons11 electrons

Mass number is 23, Mass number is 23, so there are:so there are:• 23 – 11 = 1223 – 11 = 12• 12 neutrons12 neutrons


Modern Physics This isn’t Newton’s Physics!. Democritus – 400 BC First known person to advance the idea of “atoms” as building blocks of matter

1500 - 400 BC

Plato 400 BC

Atoms- What do we know? “Nothing exists except atoms and empty space: everything else is opinion.” Democritus: 400 BC. Atoms in 1900: –Can be grouped into

Chapter 4. 4.1 Atoms Democritus (460 BC – 370 BC) first suggested the idea of atoms Indivisible and indestructible

400 bc preview

The Atom Chapters 4-5 Atomic Theories Democritus ~ 400 BC believed that atoms were indivisible and indestructible Dalton ~ 1800’s Developed through experiments

Chapter 2 – Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Evolution of the Atomic Model Democritus (400 bc) First to conceptualize the atom. He thought that matter was composed

Atoms. Greek Atomic Model Democritus (400 BC)Democritus (400 BC) Named the atomNamed the atom Atom cannot be dividedAtom cannot be divided

The Development of Atomic Models Democritus was a pre- Socratic Greek philosopher (born around 460 BC). Democritus was originator of the belief that all

Chapter 3 Notes. The Atom: From Idea to Theory Historical Background In approximately 400 BC, Democritus (Greek) coins the term“atom” (means indivisible)

Democritus- Greek philosopher who lived around 400 BC who proposed: The universe is made of indivisible units. Called these units atoms, from the

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History of Atomic Structure. Democritus Ancient Philosophy Who: Democritus When: 400 B.C. Where: Greece What: Democritus believed that matter was made

The Atomic Model Chem 9. The Greek Model Democritus - A Greek Philosopher, 400 BC. Concluded that matter could not be divided into smaller and smaller

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The Atom: History Recap The indivisible atom: Democritus (400 BC) proposed that matter consisted of particles that could not be cut into smaller pieces

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DS 4000 S - DS 4000 T - BC 400 S - BC 400 T 3

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