notes978-1-137-28060-2/1.pdf · moct .h. 0l #t 8 . agostino giordano, “nasce la fondazione...

Notes

Preface and Acknowledgments

1 . Andrea Bertozzi, “Italy’s Recent Change from an Emigration Country to an Immigration Country and Its Impact on Italy’s Refugee and Migration Policy,” Lecture in the International Seminar for Experts, “European Migration and Refugee Policy—New Developments,” organized by the Cicero Foundation in the series Great Debates in Rome on November 14–15, 2002. http://www.cicerofoundation.org/lectures/bertozzi nov02.html (Accessed September 6, 2012).

Introduction: A Parliament Reflective of the Nation and Its Diaspora

1 . T. A. Aleinikoff and D. Klusmeyer, Citizenship Policies for an Age of Migration (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and Migration Policy Institute, 2002); Rainer Baubock, “Towards a Political Theory of Migrant Transnationalism,” International Migration Review 37, no. 3 (2003): 700–723; Rainer Baubock, “Expansive Citizenship: Voting Beyond Territory and Membership,” PS: Political Science and Politics 38, no. 4 (2005): 683–687; and Leticia Calderon Chelius, ed., Votar en la distancia: La extension de los derechos politicos a migrantes, experiencias com-paradas (Mexico, DF: Instituto Mora, 2003).

2 . International IDEA, Voting from Abroad: The International IDEA Handbook (Stockholm: International IDEA, 2007 ).

3 . Ibid. 4 . Tiljana Bartulac-Blanc, New Borders and Anomalies in the Balkans: Croatia’s

Diaspora Constituency , Special Report (Washington, DC: National Endowment for Democracy, 2007 ).

5 . Jean-Pierre Cant é grit, Les Fran ç ais de 1’Etranger: La Troisi è me France (Paris: Economica, 1995 ); Jo ë lle Garriaud-Maylam, “La Repr é sentation Parlementaire des Fran ç ais de l’Etranger: 60 Ans d’Histoire Mouvement é e (1944–2004),” Revue Politique et Parlementaire 106, nos. 1029–1030 ( 2004 ): 162–175; Jo ë lle Garriaud-Maylam, Qu’est-ce Que l’Assembl é e des Fran ç ais

138 ● Notes

de l’Etranger ? (Paris: L’Archipel, 2008 ); and Jo ë lle Garriaud-Maylam, “Un Pays Pionnier: La Repr é sentation Politique des Expatri é s en France,” in Loin des Yeux, Pr è s du Coeur: Les Etats et Leurs Expatri é s , ed. Stephane Dufoix (Paris: Presses de Science Po, 2010 ), pp. 105–128.

6 . Maya Povrzanovi ć Frykman, “Homeland Lost and Gained: Croatian Diaspora and Refugees in Sweden,” in New Approaches to Migration? Transnational Communities and the Transformation of Home, ed. Nadje Al-Ali and Khalid Koser (London: Routledge, 2002 ), p. 120.

7 . S é nat/France, “Etude de l é gislation compar é e no 166: La repr é sentation institutionnelle des citoyens expatri é s,” 200 6, www.senat.fr/lc/lcl66/lcl660.html #toc0.

8 . Agostino Giordano, “Nasce la fondazione italiani nel mondo,” Il Cittadino Canadese , March 4, 2009 , p. 3, www.cittadinocanadese.com.

1 Parliament and Diaspora

1 . Jonathan Fox, “Unpacking ‘Transnational Citizenship,’” Annual Review of Political Science 8 ( 2005 ): 171–201; Sanjeev Khagram and Peggy Levitt, The Transnational Studies Reader: Intersections and Innovations (New York: Routledge, 2008 ); and Roger Waldinger and D. Fitzgerald, “Transnationalism in Question,” American Journal of Sociology 109 ( 2004 ): 1177–1195.

2 . Mark I. Choate, Emigrant Nation: The Making of Italy Abroad (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008 ).

3 . Gabriel Sheffer, ed., Modern Diasporas in International Politics (London: Croom Helm, 1986 ) and Gabriel Sheffer, Diaspora Politics: At Home Abroad (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003 ).

4 . Shain Yossi, The Frontier of Loyalty: Political Exiles in the Age of the Nation-State , (Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 1989 ); Alicja Iwanska, Exiled Governments: Spanish and Polish (Cambridge: Schenkman Publishing Company, 1981 ); and George Kacewicz, Great Britain, the Soviet Union and the Polish Government in Exile (1939–1945) (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1979 ).

5 . World Jewish Congress, Unity of Dispersion: A History of the Jewish World Congress (New York: World Jewish Congress, 1948 ) and World Jewish Congress, World Jewish Congress Governing Council, Summary Survey of World Jewish Congress Action since the World Executive Meeting (Jan. 7–14, 1970) (New York: World Jewish Congress, 1979 ).

6 . Jack P. Greene, “Competing Authorities: The Debate over Parliamentary Imperial Jurisdiction, 1763–1776,” Parliamentary History 14, no. 1 ( 1995 ): 41–61; Michael Kammen, Deputyes and Libertyes: The Origins of Representative Government in Colonial America (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1969 ); and J. Saintoyant, “La Repr é sentation Coloniale Pendant la Revolution,” Revue de l’Histoire des Colonies Fran ç aises 17, no. 22 ( 1929 ): 353–380.

Notes ● 139

7 . Karen Bird, Thomas Saalfeld, and Andreas M. W ü st, eds., The Political Representation of Immigrants and Minorities: Voters, Parties, and Parliaments in Liberal Democracies (New York: Routledge, 2011 ).

8 . Sophia Philippidou, Maria Kara Georgiou, Christos Tarantilis, Erica Sodeerquist, and Gregory Prastacos, “Meeting the Challenge of Technology-Driven Change within an Institutional Context: The Greek Case,” Public Administration 86, no. 2 ( 2008 ): 429–442.

9 . Zlatko Sabic, “Democracy across Borders: Parliamentarians and International Public Spheres,” Javnost—The Public 15, no. 3 ( 2008 ): 75–88; Robert M. Cutler, “The Emergence of International Parliamentary Institutions: New Networks of Inf luence in World Society,” in Who Is Afraid of the State? Canada in a World of Multiple Centers of Power , ed. G. Smith and D. W. Smith (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001 ), pp. 201–229; and Stefan Marschall, “Neo-Parliamentary Democracy Beyond the Nation-State? Transnational Assemblies in International Organizations,” Zeitschrift fur Parlamentsfragen 37, no. 4 ( 2006 ): 683–697.

10 . Lawrence D. Longley and Roger H. Davidson, “Parliamentary Committees: Changing Perspectives on Changing Institutions,” The Journal of Legislative Studies 4, no. 1 ( 1998 ): 1–20.

11 . Marschall, “Neo-Parliamentary Democracy,” 683–697. 12 . Donna R. Gabaccia, Dirk Hoerder, and Adam Walaszek, “Emigration and

Nation Building during the Mass Migrations from Europe,” in Citizenship and Those Who Leave: The Politics of Emigration and Expatriation , ed. Nancy L Green and Fran ç ois Weil (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007 ), pp. 63–90; Giuseppe Fumagalli, La stampa periodica italiana all’estero (Milan: Presso il Comitato ordinatore, 1909 ); Cesare Festa, “L’emigrazione nelle legislazione comparata (Castrocaro: Tipografia Moderna, 1904 ), pp. 419–421; and Nancy L. Green and Fran ç ois Weil, eds., Citizenship and Those Who Leave: The Politics of Emigration and Expatriation (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007 ).

13 . Sheffer, Diaspora Politics ; Michel S. Laguerre, Diaspora, Politics and Globalization (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006 ); Christian Collet and Pei-te Lien, The Transnational Politics of Asian Americans (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2009 ); and Louis DeSipio, “Do Home-Country Political Ties Limit Latino Immigrant Pursuit of U.S. Civic Engagement and Citizenship?” In Transforming Politics, Transforming America: The Political and Civic Incorporation of Immigrants in the United States , ed. Taeku Lee, S. Karthick Ramakrishnan, and Ricardo Ram í rez (Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2006), pp. 106–126.

14 . Jose Itzigsohn, “Immigration and the Boundaries of Citizenship: The Institutions of Immigrants’ Political Transnationalism,” International Migration Review 34, no. 4 ( 2000 ): 1126–1154 and Pamela M. Graham, “Reimagining the Nation and Defining the District: Dominican Migration and Transnational Politics,” in Caribbean Circuits: New Directions in the

140 ● Notes

Study of Caribbean Migration, ed. Patricia R. Pessar (Staten Island: Center for Migration Studies, 1997 ).

15 . Marco Almagisti, La qualit à delle democrazia in Italia. Capitale sociale epolitica (Roma: Carocci, 2008 ).

16 . Michael Herb, “Taxation and Representation,” Studies in Comparative International Development 38, no. 3 ( 2003 ): 3–31.

17 . Peter Nyers, “Dueling Designs: The Politics of Rescuing Dual Citizens,” Citizenship Studies 14, no. 1 ( 2010 ): 47–60 and Francesca Mazzolari, “Dual Citizenship Rights: Do They Make More and Richer Citizens?” Demography 46 ( 2009 ): 169–191.

18 . Eric C. Dahlin and Ann Hironaka, “Citizenship Beyond Borders: A Cross-National Study of Dual Citizenship,” Sociological Inquiry 78 ( 2008 ): 54–73; Youri I. Shevchuk, “Dual Citizenship in Old and New States,” Archives Europ é ennes de Sociologie 37 ( 1996 ): 47–73; Igor Stiks, “The Included, the Excluded, and the Invited: Citizenship Policies in Post-Communist Europe and Croatia,” Politicka Misao 47 ( 2010 ): 77–100; Peter J. Spiro, “Dual Citizenship as Human Right,” International Journal of Constitutional Law 8, no. 1 ( 2010 ): 111–130; and Tanja Brondsted Sejersen, “‘I Vow to Thee My Countries’—The Expansion of Dual Citizenship in the 21st Century,” International Migration Review 42 ( 2008 ): 523–549.

19 . Michel S. Laguerre, Diasporic Citizenship (Basingstoke: Macmillan Press, 1998 ).

20 . Rainer Baubock, “Towards a Political Theory of Migrant Transnationalism,” International Migration Review 37, no. 3 ( 2003 ): 700–723 and Rainer Baubock, “Expansive Citizenship: Voting Beyond Territory and Membership,” PS: Political Science and Politics 38, no. 4 ( 2005 ): 683–687.

21 . Leticia Calderon Chelius, ed., Votar en la distancia. La extension de los derechos politicos a migrantes, experiencias comparadas (Mexico, DF: Instituto Mora, 2003 ) and Claudio Lopez-Guerra, “Should Expatriates Vote?” Journal of Political Philosophy 13, no. 2 (2005): 216–234.

22 . Robert Courtney Smith, “Contradictions of Diasporic Institutionalization in Mexican Politics: The 2006 Migrant Vote and Other Forms of Inclusion and Control,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 31, no. 4 ( 2008 ): 708–741 and Michael Tager, “Expatriates and Elections,” Diaspora 15, no. 1 ( 2006 ): 35–60.

23 . Tager, “Expatriates and Elections,” 35–60. 24 . Jo ë lle Garriaud-Maylam, “La Repr é sentation Parlementaire des Fran ç ais de

l’Etranger: 60 Ans d’Histoire Mouvement é e (1944–2004),” Revue Politique et Parlementaire 106, nos. 1029–1030 ( 2004 ): 162–175.

25 . Mary Patterson Clarke, Parliamentary Privilege in the American Colonies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1943 ); Greene, “Competing Authorities,” 41–61; Jack P. Greene, Peripheries and Center: Constitutional Development in the Extended Polities of the British Empire and the United States 1607–1788 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1986); Kammen, Deputyes and Libertyes ; and Warren, M. Billings, A Little Parliament: The Virginia General Assembly in the Seventeenth Century (Richmond: Library of Virginia, 2004 ).

Notes ● 141

26 . Greene, “Competing Authorities,” 41–61. 27 . Ibid. 28 . Hanna Fenichel Pitkin, The Concept of Representation (Berkeley: University of

California Press, 1967 ). 29 . Blanche Maurel, “Un D é put é de Saint-Domingue à la Constituante: J. B.

G é rard,” Revue d’Histoire Moderne 96, no. 13, Nouvelle S é rie Tome 3 (May–July, 1934 ): 227–252; Blanche Maurel, Saint-Domingue et la R é volution Fran ç aise: Les Repr é sentants des Colons en France de 1789 à 1795 (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1943 ); and Saintoyant, “La Repr é sentation Coloniale,” 353–380.

30 . Bird, Saalfeld, and W ü st, The Political Representation . 31 . Pitkin, The Concept of Representation .

2 Italy: Diaspora Parliamentary Representation

1 . John W. Meyer et al., “World Society and the Nation-State,” America Journal of Sociology 103, no. 1 (1997): 144–175.

2 . Michael Kearney, “Borders and Boundaries of the State and Self at the End of Empire,” Journal of Historical Sociology 4, no. 1 ( 1991 ): 52–74 and Michael Kearney, “The Local and the Global: The Anthropology of Globalization and Transnationalism,” Annual Review of Anthropology 24 ( 1995 ): 547–565.

3 . Paolo Bellucci, “Why Berlusconi’s Landslide Return? A Comment on the 2008 Italian General Election,” Politische Vierteljahresschrft 49, no. 4 ( 2008 b): 605–617.

4 . Elisa Arcioni, “Representation for the Italian Diaspora,” Democratic Audit of Australia, Australian National University, Discussion Paper 37/06 (December 2006 ), http://ro.uow.edu.au/lawpapers/28.

5 . P. Ge, “La Camera approva in prima lettura il voto per gli italiani all’estero,” II Sole 24 Ore, February 25, 1999 .

6 . Andre Freire and Eftichia Teperoglou, “European Elections and National Politics: Lessons from the New Southern European Democracies,” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 17, no. 1 ( 2007 ): 101–122.

7 . Gabriele Ballarino, Hans Schadee, and Cristiano Vezzoni, “Social Stratification and Voting Attitudes in Italy, 1970–2006,” Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica 39, no. 2 ( 2009 ): 263–293.

8 . Gianfranco Pasquino, “The Democratic Party and the Restructuring of the Italian Party System,” Journal of Modern Italian Studies 14, no. 1 ( 2009 ): 21–30 and Alex Wilson, “The Italian Election of April 2008: A Political Earthquake,” West European Politics 32, no. 1 ( 2009 ): 215–225.

9 . Maurizio Carbone and James L. Newell, “Towards the End of a Long Transition? Bipolarity and Instability in Italy’s Changing Political System,” Politics 28, no. 3 ( 2008 ): 138–149 and Martin J. Bull and James L. Newell, “Still the Anomalous Democracy? Politics and Institutions in Italy,” Government and Opposition 44, no. 1 ( 2009 ): 42–67.

142 ● Notes

10 . Bellucci, “Why Berlusconi’s Landslide Return?,” 605–617. 11 . Guido Legnante, “Communication, Voters and Electoral Campaign,” Rivista

Italiana di Scienza Politica 36, no. 3 ( 2006 ): 431–453. 12 . Donatella Campus, Gianfranco Pasquino, and Cristian Vaccari. “Social

Networks, Political Discussion, and Voting in Italy: A Study of the 2006 Election,” Political Communication 25, no. 4 ( 2008 ): 423–444.

13 . Gian Mario Cazzaniga, “Italy After the Early Elections 2008: Old and New Forms of Organization of Politics,” Politische Studien 59, no. 421 ( 2008 ): 55–67.

14 . Gianfranco Pasquino, “Italian Politics: No Improvement in Sight,” Journal of Modern Italian Studies 12, no. 3 ( 2007 ): 273–285 and M. Cotta and L. Verzichelli, Political Institutions in Italy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007 ).

15 . Pasquino, “Italian Politics,” 273–285 and Pasquino, “The Democratic Party and the Restructuring,” 21–30.

16 . Daniela Giannetti and Elisabetta De Giorgi. “The 2006 Italian General Elections: Issues, Dimensions and Policy Positions of Political Parties,” Journal of Modern Italian Studies 11, no. 4 ( 2006 ): 494–515; Leopoldo Elia, “Elections and Political Parties in Italy: Introduction,” Politico 74, no. 1 ( 2009 ): 15–28; and Boris Faure, “Fran ç ais de l’Etranger, Vers une Repr é sentation Parlementaire Compl è te,” Fran ç ais du Monde, no. 168 (F é vrier–Mars 2012 ): 5.

17 . Giuseppe Ieraci, “Governments, Policy Space and Party Positions in the Italian Parliament (1996–2001): An Inductive Approach to Parliamentary Debate and Votes of Investiture,” South European Society and Politics 11, no. 2 ( 2006 ): 261–285 and Geoff Andrews, “The Strange Case of the Italian Left,” Renewal 14, no. 2 ( 2006 ): 83–88.

18 . Donatella Campus and Gianfranco Pasquino, “Leadership in Italy: The Changing Role of Leaders in Elections and in Government,” Journal of Contemporary European Studies 14, no. 1 ( 2006 ): 25–40.

19 . Maurizio Caprara, “Italiani all’estero, l’appello di Violante per il voto,” Corriere della Sera , February 2, 2001 ; Massimo Luciani, “II pasticcio del voto degli italiani all’estero nell’urna di Dakar,” La Stampa , Official Journal No. 4 of January 5, 2002 , Law 459 of December 27, 200l, http://www.lastampa.it/ ; and Marco Di Fonzo, “Sull’articolo 18 gia’ si vota: All’estero,” II Sole 24 Ore , June 9, 2003.

20 . Sari Gilbert, “Spaccatura in Senato e quorum a rischio: Slitta la legge sul voto agli italiani all’estero,” II Sole 24 Ore , July 30, 1999 .

21 . Ge., “La Camera approva in prima lettura.” 22 . Za C., “‘Si’ della Camera al voto per gli italiani all’estero,” II Sole 24 Ore , July 1,

1999 . 23 . Maria Grazia Bruzzone, “Voto degli italiani all’estero,” La Stampa , July 17, 1999 . 24 . Pasquale Scaramozzino, “Una circoscrizione senza radici,” Il Sole 24 Ore , 1999. 25 . R. I., “Italiani all’estero si’ al diritto di voto,” La Stampa , July 1, 1999. 26 . Giovanni Sartori, “Quella riforma da esportazione,” Corriere della Sera ,

September 21, 1999 . Tanja Brondsted Sejersen, “‘I Vow to Thee My

Notes ● 143

Countries’—The Expansion of Dual Citizenship in the 21st Century,” International Migration Review 42 ( 2008 ): 523–549 and Fabrizio Forquet, “Martino: Una solutione pasticciata,” II Sole 24 Ore , September 23, 1999 a.

27 . Sartori, “Quella riforma da esportazione.” 28 . Fabrizio Forquet, “Tremaglia: E’ una legge sostenuta da tutti I partiti,” II Sole

24 Ore, July 28, 1999 b. 29 . Donna R. Gabaccia, Italy’s Many Diasporas (Seattle: University of Washington

Press, 2000 ); D. Cinel, From Italy to San Francisco: The Immigrant Experience (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1982); Richard Alba and Victor Nee, “Rethinking Assimilation Theory for a New Era of Immigration,” International Migration Review 31, no. 4 ( 1997 ): 826–874; and Barbara S. Heisler, “Sending Countries and the Politics of Emigration and Destination,” International Migration Review 19, no. 3 (1985): 469–484.

30 . Ferruccio Pastore, “Immigration in Italy Today. A Community Out of Balance: Nationality Law and Migration Politics in the History of Post-Unification Italy,” Journal of Modern Italian Studies 9, no. 1 ( 2004 ): 27–48 and Robert Foerester, The Italian Emigration of Our Times (Cambridge. Harvard University Press, 1919).

31 . Phillip Cannistraro and Gianfausto Rosoli, “Fascist Emigration Policy in the 1920s: An Interpretive Framework,” International Migration Review 13, no. 4 (1979): 673–692 and Robert C. Smith, “Diasporic Memberships in Historical Perspectives: Comparative Insights from the Mexican, Italian and Polish Cases,” International Migration Review 37, no. 3 ( 2003 ): 724–759.

32 . F. Lanchester, “II voto degli italiani all’estero: Un esercizio dificile,” in II voto degli italini all’estero , ed. F. Lanchester (Rome: Bulzoni, 1988 ), pp. 9–14.

33 . David Jacobson, Rights Across Borders: Immigration and the Decline of Citizenship (Baltimore. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).

34 . Camera Dei Deputati, Il voto dei cittadini all’estero , Schede di comparazione. 25 XIII Legislatura. Servizio Biblioteca, 2000 .

35 . Cotta and Verzichelli, Political Institutions in Italy . 36 . Anne-Marie Fortier, “The Politics of ‘Italians Abroad’: Nation, Diaspora, and

New Geographies of Identity,” Diaspora 7, no. 2 ( 1998 ): 197–224. 37 . Jo ë lle Garriaud-Maylam, “La Repr é sentation Parlementaire des Fran ç ais de

l’Etranger: 60 Ans d’Histoire Mouvement é e (1944–2004),” Revue Politique et Parlementaire 106, nos. 1029–1030 ( 2004 ): 162–175.

38 . Laura Nader, “Hegemonic Processes/in Law: Colonial to Contemporary,” in The Life of the Law: Anthropological Projects, ed. Laura Nader (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002 ), pp. 117–167 and Franz von Benda-Beckmann, Keebet von Benda-Beckmann, and Anne Griffiths, Mobile People, Mobile Law: Expanding Legal Relations in a Contracting World (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005 ).

39 . Mark I. Choate, “Sending States’ Transnational Interventions in Politics, Culture, and Economics: The Historical Example of Italy,” International Migration Review 41, no. 3 ( 2007 ): 728–768.

40 . La Stampa , Official Journal No. 4 of January 5, 2002 , Law 459 of December 27, 200l, http://www.lastampa.it/ .

144 ● Notes

41 . Communicato Stampa Movimento Associativo Degli Italiani all’Estero—Elezioni Amministrative, giovedi 28 maggio 2009 , 11:54.

42 . Michel S. Laguerre, Network Governance of Global Religions: Jerusalem, Rome, and Mecca (New York: Routledge, 2011).

43 . Cotta and Verzichelli, Political Institutions in Italy. 44 . Luigi De Biase, “Canada and Italy on Fence About Voting of Italians Abroad,”

Tandem News , Friday, May 11, 2007 . 45 . CBC News, “Canadian Wins Seat in Italian Parliament,” CBC News,

Wednesday, April 12, 2006 , 9:44 AM. 46 . Laura Smith-Spark, “Expat Politicians Find Their Feet in Rome,” BBC News,

Friday May 12, 2006,11:32 GMT, 12:32 UK. http://news.bbc.co.Uk/2/hi/europe/4759523stm .

47 . Ibid. 48 . Josephine Cafagna, “Italy: The Italian Connection,” ABC TV, Tuesday, 9:20

PM, Broadcast May 30, 2006, Foreign Correspondent (transcript). 49 . Ibid. 50 . Fortier, “The Politics of ‘Italians Abroad,’” 197–224. 51 . ITANES, Dov’ è la vittoria? Il voto del 2006 raccontato dagli italiani Bologna:

Il Mulino, 2006 ). 52 . Arcioni, “Representation for the Italian Diaspora.” 53 . Dan Dunsky, “Politics Without Borders,” Partners (Summer 2006 ), 46–49. 54 . Senato della Repubblica/Camera dei Deputati, Conferenza Dei Parlamentari

Di Origine Italiana (Roma: Tipografici Carlo Colombo, 2000). 55 . Ibid. 56 . Ibid. 57 . Ibid. 58 . Ibid. 59 . Ibid. 60 . Ibid. 61 . Ibid. 62 . Ibid. 63 . Ibid. 64 . Ibid. 65 . De Biase, “Canada and Italy on Fence.” 66 . Choate, “Sending States’ Transnational Interventions,” 728–768 and Mark I.

Choate, Emigrant Nation: The Making of Italy Abroad . (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008 ).

67 . Yossi Shain, The Frontier of Loyalty: Political Exiles in the Age of the Nation-State (Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 1989 ).

3 France: Diaspora Parliamentary Representation

1 . Jean Pierre Cant é grit, Les Fran ç ais de 1’Etranger: La Troisi è me France (Paris: Economica, 1995 ), p. 3.

Notes ● 145

2 . Monique Cerisier-ben Guiga and Richard Yung, “Modernisation des Institutions et D é put é s des Fran ç ais de 1’Etranger,” Fran ç ais à 1’Etranger , 24 Avril 2008. senateursdesfrancaisdumonde website, p. 1 (accessed July 29, 2008).

3 . Jo ë lle Garriaud-Maylam, Qu’est-ce Que l’Assembl é e des Fran ç ais de l’Etranger? (Paris: L’Archipel, 2008 ), p. 114.

4 . Richard Yung, “Election des D é put é s des Fran ç ais Etablis Hors de France,” http://w w w.senateursdesfranca isdumonde.net/senateurrs/franca is-a-l-etranger/657/election-des-deputes-des-francais-etablis-hors-de-france.html, 27 Mai 2008 (accessed July 29, 2008).

5 . Cant é grit, Les Fran ç ais de 1’Etranger . 6 . Jo ë lle Garriaud-Maylam, “La Repr é sentation Parlementaire des Fran ç ais de

l’Etranger: 60 Ans d’Histoire Mouvement é e (1944–2004),” Revue Politique et Parlementaire 106, nos. 1029–1030 ( 2004 ): 162–175; Garriaud-Maylam, Qu’est-ce Que l’Assembl é e ; and Jo ë lle Garriaud-Maylam, “Un Pays Pionnier: La Repr é sentation Politique des Expatri é s en France,” in Loin des Yeux, Pr è s du Coeur: Les Etats et Leurs Expatri é s , ed. Stephane Dufoix (Paris: Presses de Science Po, 2010 ), pp. 105–128.

7 . L. Fulton, “Europe’s Immigrant Problem: Integrating Minority Populations,” Harvard International Review 31, no. 3 ( 2009 ): 28–33 and Rahsaan Maxwell, Ethnic Minority Migrants in Britain and France: Integration Trade-Offs (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012 ).

8 . K. Martens and S. Marshall, “International Organizations and Foreign Cultural Policy: A Comparative Analysis of the British Council, the Alliance Fran ç aise and the Goethe-Institute,” Transnational Associations/Associations Transnationales 55, no. 4 ( 2003 ): 261–272.

9 . B. Gentil, “La Population Fran ç aise à 1’Etranger,” Futuribles 343, no. 343 ( 2008 ): 21–39.

10 . G. De Laforcade, “‘Foreigners,’ Nationalism and the ‘Colonial Fracture’: Stigmatized Subjects of Historical Memory in France,” International Journal of Comparative Sociology 47, nos. 3–4 ( 2006 ): 217–233.

11 . A. Dumont, “Representing Voiceless Migrants: Moroccan Political Transnationalism and Moroccan Migrants’ Organizations in France,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 31, no. 4 ( 2008 ): 792–811.

12 . C. Wihtol de Wenden, “Kulturvermittlung Zwischen Frankreich und Algerien: Eine Transnational Brucke Zwischen Immigranten, Neuen Akteuren und Dem Maghreb [Cultural Mediators between France and Algeria: A Transnational Bridge Between Immigrants, New Actors and Maghreb],” Soziale Welt 12 ( 1997 ): 265–276.

13 . Nancy L. Green and Fran ç ois Weil, eds., Citizenship and Those Who Leave: The Politics of Emigration and Expatriation (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007 ).


146 ● Notes

15 . J. Worms, “Crise de L é gitimit é des Elites Gouvernementales et Politiques Fran ç aises et Conditions d’Une Refondation de la R é publique,” La Revue de MAUSS 26 ( 2005 ): 105–120.

16 . J. P. K. Shon, “Determinants of Electoral Non-Registration and Sensitive Neighborhoods in France,” Population 59, no. 1 ( 2004 ): 143–156.

17 . R. Andersen and J. A. J. Evans, “Values, Cleavages and Party Choice in France, 1988–1995,” French Politics 1, no. 1 ( 2003 ): 83–114.

18 . C. L. R. James, The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L’Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution (New York. Vintage, 1989 ).

19 . Blanche Maurel, Saint-Domingue et la R é volution Fran ç aise: Les Repr é sentants des Colons en France de 1789 à 1795 (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1943 ), p. 1.

20 . Blanche Maurel, “Un D é put é de Saint-Domingue à la Constituante: J. B. G é rard,” Revued’Histoire Moderne 96, no. 13, Nouvelle S é rie Tome 3 (May–July 1934 ): 227–252.

21 . Maurel, Saint-Domingue et la R é volution , 63. 22 . J. Saintoyant, “La Repr é sentation Coloniale Pendant la Revolution,” Revue de

l’Histoire des Colonies Fran ç aises 17, no. 22 ( 1929 ): 355. 23 . Saintoyant, “La Repr é sentation Coloniale Pendant,” 374. 24 . Ibid. 25 . Ibid., 379. 26 . Garriaud-Maylam, Qu’est-ce Que l’Assembl é e . 27 . S é nat Fran ç ais, “2 è me Journ é e des Fran ç ais de 1’Etranger—Destination

Monde, Samedi ler Mars 2008,” 2009a, http.7/www.senat.fr/colloques/2 jfe actes/2 jfe actes0.html#toc3 (accessed September 30, 2009).

28 . Cant é grit, Les Fran ç ais de 1’Etranger . 29 . S é nat Fran ç ais, Destination monde. 2 è me Journ é e des Fran ç ais de l’ étranger ,

2008a http://www.senat.fr/colloques/2_jfe_actes/2_jfe_actes.html (accessed September 30, 2009).

30 . Assembl é e des Fran ç ais de 1’Etranger: Historique, http://www.assemblee-afe.fr/-historique-.html (accessed July 28, 2008).

31 . S é nat Fran ç ais, “L’instance Electorate de Premier Degr é : L’Assembl é e des Fran ç ais de1’Etranger,” 2009d, http://intranet.senat.fr/basile/visio.do?id=a/role/fiche/franc_etran.htm (accessed September 6, 2009).

32 . Johanna Safar, “Onze Si è ges de Conseillers pour Repr é senter les Expatri é s Fran ç ais d’Am é rique,” France-Am é rique: Le Journal Fran ç ais des Etats-Unis , 16 Avril 2009.

33 . Garriaud-Maylam, Qu’est-ce Que l’Assembl é e . 34 . Ibid., 101. 35 . Johanna Safar, “Onze Si è ges de Conseillers.” 36 . Cant é grit, Les Fran ç ais de 1’Etranger , 20. 37 . Garriaud-Maylam, Qu’est-ce Que l’Assembl é e, 66 38 . Damien Regnard, “Candidat de l’Union des Fran ç ais de 1’Etranger:

Circonscription de Houston,” France-Am é rique , 17 Avril 2009.

Notes ● 147

39 . Agendas de Louis Duvernois, Jo ë lle Garriaud-Maylam, et de Richard Yung, http://www.expatries.senat.fr./agendas/duvernois.html (accessed April 21, 2011).

40 . Garriaud-Maylam, Qu’est-ce Que, 100. 41 . Cant é grit, Les Fran ç ais de 1’Etranger . 42 . Nicolas Sarkozy, Preface to Qu’est-ce Que l’Assembl é e des Fran ç ais de l’Entranger? ,

by Jo ë lle Garriaud-Maylam (Paris: L’Archipel, 2008 ).

4 Croatia: Diaspora Parliamentary Representation

1 . Mirjana Kasapovi ć , “Notes on Recent Elections: 1995 Parliamentary Elections in Croatia,” Electoral Studies 15, no. 2 ( 1996 ): 269–282 and Daphne Winland, “The Politics of Desire and Disdain: Croatian Identity Between ‘Home’ and ‘Homeland,’” American Ethnologist 29, no. 3 ( 2002 ): 693–718.

2 . Tiljana Bartulac-Blanc, New Borders and Anomalies in the Balkans: Croatia’s Diaspora Constituency , Special Report (Washington DC: National Endowment for Democracy, 2007 ).

3 . Bogdan Denitch, “Democratic Breakthrough in Croatia,” Dissent 47 ( 2000 ): 34–36.

4 . Zlatko Skribis, Long-Distance Nationalism: Diasporas, Homelands and Identities (Sydney: Ashgate, 1999) and Daphne Winland, “Ten Years Later: The Changing Nature of Transnational Ties in Post-Independence Croatia,” Ethnopolitics 5, no. 3 ( 2006 ): 295–307.

5 . Ivana Djuric, “The Croatian Diaspora in North America: Identity, Ethnic Solidarity, and the Formation of a ‘Transnational National Community,’” International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society 17, no. 1 ( 2003 ): 113–127 and Bartulac-Blanc, New Borders and Anomalies .

6 . Nils Gunnar Songstad, Republic of Croatia: Parliamentary Elections 2003 , NORDEM Report 03/2004 (Oslo: Norwegian Center of Human Rights, 2004 ).

7 . Ivan Cizmic, “Political Activities of Croatian Immigrants in the USA and the Creation of an Independent Croatia,” Drustvena Istrazivanja 7 ( 1998 ): 20.

8 . Val Colic-Peisker, “‘Ethnic’ and ‘Cosmopolitan’ Transnationalism: Two Cohorts of Croatian Immigrants in Australia,” Migracijske I Etnicke Teme 22, no. 3 ( 2006 ): 211–230.

9 . Zlatko Skrbis, “The Distant Observers? Towards the Politics of Diasporic Identification,” Nationalities Papers 25, no. 3 ( 1997 a): 607–608.

10 . Benedict Anderson, “Long-Distance Nationalism,” in Spectres of Comparison , ed. Benedict Anderson (New York: Verso, 1998 ), pp. 58–76.

11 . Kasapovi ć , “Notes on Recent Elections,” 270. 12 . Skrbis, “The Distant Observers?,” 601–610; Zlatko Skrbis, “Homeland-Diaspora

Relations: From Passive to Active Interactions,” Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 6, nos. 3–4 ( 1997 b): 439–455; Cizmic, “Political Activities,” 5–25; and P. Stubbs, “Nationalism, Globalization and Civil Society in Croatia

148 ● Notes

and Slovenia,” Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change 19 ( 1996 ): 1–26.

13 . Christian Buric, “On the Possibility of Reforming the HDZ: Aspects of the Route to a Christian Democratic Party,” Politicka Misao 39, no. 1 ( 2002 ): 159–165.

14 . Mirjana Kasapovi ć , “Electoral Politics in Croatia 1990–2000,” Politicka Misao 37, no. 5 ( 2000 ): 3–20 and Mirjana Kasapovi ć , “Coalition Governments in Croatia: First Experience in 2000–2003,” Politicka Misao 40, no. 5 ( 2003 ): 52–67.

15 . Tatiana Kostadinova, “Party Strategies and Voter Behavior in the East European Mixed Election Systems,” Party Politics 12, no. 1 ( 2006 ): 133.

16 . Š tefica Deren Antoljak, “The Croatian Electoral Model: Its Most Important Elements,” Croatian Political Science Review 1 (1992): 100–124.

17 . Sinisa Kusic and Claudia Grupe, “A Slap in the Face from Brussels: A Short Bang or a Long Pain? The Postponement of EU-Membership Talks with Croatia,” Sudosteuropa 53, no. 2 ( 2005 ): 227–241.

18 . Denitch, “Democratic Breakthrough in Croatia,” 34–36. 19 . Drazen Lalic, “Features of Packaging Politics in the Electoral Campaigns of

HDZ and SDP in 2003,” Politicka Misao 41, no. 1 ( 2004 ): 55–73. 20 . Alejandro Portes, William Haller, Lu í s Guarnizo, “Transnational

Entrepreneurs: An Alternative Form of Immigrant Economic Adaptation,” American Sociological Review 67 ( 2002 ): 278–298.

21 . Peggy Levitt, The Transnational Villagers (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001 ).

22 . Gabriel Sheffer, Diaspora Politics: At Home Abroad (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003 ).

23 . Fran ç ois Pierre-Louis, Haitians in New York City: Transnationalism and Hometown Associations (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2006 ).

24 . Anderson, “Long-Distance Nationalism,” 58–76. 25 . Sanjeev Khagram and Peggy Levitt, The Transnational Studies Reader:

Intersections and Innovations (New York: Routledge, 2008 ). 26 . Michel S. Laguerre, Diaspora, Politics and Globalization (New York: Palgrave

Macmillan, 2006 ). 27 . Bartulac-Blanc, New Borders and Anomalies . 28 . M. Tanner, Croatia: A Nation Forged in War (New Haven: Yale University

Press, 1996 ) and P. Hockenos, Homeland Calling: Exile Patriotism and the Balkan Wars (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003 ).

29 . Ivo Goldstein, Croatia: A History (Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 1999 ).

30 . A. Milardovic, “Hrvatske Kulturne Zajednice u Europi I Njihova Uloga u Cuvanju Hrvatskoga Kulturnog I Nacionalnog Identiteta,” Migracijske Teme 8, no. 2 ( 1992 ): 167–181.

31 . Dubravka Mlinaric, “Emigration Research in Croatia: An Overview,” in Transnational Societies. Transterritorial Politics: Migrations in the (Post) Yugoslav Region 19th-21st Century , ed. Ulf Brunnbauer (Munchen: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 2009 ), pp. 161–191.

Notes ● 149

32 . Zelijko Sabol, Croatian Parliament (Zagreb: Parliament of the Republic of Croatia, 1995 ).

33 . Songstad, Republic of Croatia , 10. 34 . Ibid., 11. 35 . Francesco Ragazzi, “The Croatian ‘Diaspora Politics’ of the 1990s: Nationalism

Unbound,” in Transnational Societies. Transterritorial Politics: Migrations in the Post-Yugoslav Region 19th – 21st Century , ed. Ulf Brunnbauer (Munchen: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 2009 ), pp. 145–167.

36 . Songstad, Republic of Croatia , 12. 37 . Telephone communication with Yale history professor Ivo Banac while in

Zagreb (winter 2008). 38 . Ibid., 22. 39 . Ibid., 16. 40 . Djuric, “The Croatian Diaspora in North America,” 113–127.

5 The Cosmonational Politics of Diaspora Parliamentary Representation

1 . Richard Alba and Victor Nee, “Rethinking Assimilation Theory for a New Era of Immigration,” International Migration Review 31, no. 4 ( 1997 ): 826–874.

2 . N. G. Schiller, L. G. Basch, and C. S. Blanc, Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration (New York: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1992); and Peggy Levitt, “Transnationalizing Civil and Political Change: The Case of Transnational Organization Ties between Boston and the Dominican Republic,” (PhD dissertation, Department of Sociology, MIT, 1996).

3 . Michel S. Laguerre, Diaspora, Politics and Globalization (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006 ); Gabriel Sheffer, Diaspora Politics: At Home Abroad (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003 ); M. Collyer, “Transnational Political Participation of Algerians in France: Extra-territorial Civil Society versus Transnational Governmentality,” Political Geography 25 ( 2006 ): 836–849.

4 . Michel S. Laguerre, “The Transglobal Network Nation: Diaspora, Homeland and Hostland,” Transnationalism: Diasporas and the Advent of a New (Dis)Order , ed. Eliezer Ben-Rafael and Yitzhak Sternberg (Boston: Brill, 2009), pp. 195–201; Michel S. Laguerre, “A Cosmonational Theory of Global Neighborhoods,” Amerasia Journal 36, no. 3 (2010): xv–xxxiii; Michel S. Laguerre, Network Governance of Global Religions: Jerusalem, Rome, and Mecca (New York. Routledge, 2011); and Michel S. Laguerre, Global Neighborhoods: Jewish Quarters in Paris, London, and Berlin (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2008).

5 . Blanche Maurel, Saint-Domingue et la R é volution Fran ç aise: Les Repr é sentants des Colons en France de 1789 à 1795 (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France,

150 ● Notes

1943 ); and Jo ë lle Garriaud-Maylam, “La Repr é sentation Parlementaire des Fran ç ais de l’Etranger: 60 Ans d’Histoire Mouvement é e (1944–2004),” Revue Politique et Parlementaire 106, nos. 1029–1030 ( 2004 ): 162–175.

6 . S. Battiston and B. Mascitelli, “The Challenges to Democracy and Citizenship Surrounding the Vote to Italians Overseas,” Modern Italy 13, no. 3 ( 2008 ): 261–280; and M. Colucci, “Il Voto Degli Italiani all’Estero,” in Storia Dell’Emigrazione Italiana , ed. Piero Bevilacqua, Adeina De Clementi and Emilio Franzina (Rome: Donzelli Editore, 2002 ), pp. 597–609.

7 . Jean-Pierre Capelli, “Onzi è me Session Pl é ni è re de l’AFE,” Francais du Monde , no. 156, October 2009 ; and Boris Faure, “Fran ç ais de l’Etranger, Vers une Repr é sentation Parlementaire Compl è te,” Fran ç ais du Monde, no. 168 (F é vrier–Mars 2012 ): 5.

8 . Pascale Seux, “Fran ç ais à l’Etranger, Quel Sens Donner à la Citoyennette D é centralis é e,” Fran ç ais du Monde, no. 168 (F é vrier–Mars 2012 ): 4.

9 . Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Republic of Croatia: Parliamentary Elections 2011 , OSCE/ODHIR Needs Assessment Mission Report, September 21–23, 2011 , Warsaw.

10 . David Butler and Bruce Cain, Congressional Redistricting: Comparative and Theoretical Perspectives (New York: Macmillan, 1991 ).

11 . Charles S. Bullock III, Redistricting: The Most Political Activity in America (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2010).

12 . Corinne Deloy, “The Social Democratic Opposition Running Favourite in the General Elections on the 4th December in Croatia,” Foundation Robert Schuman, 2011 , www.robert-schuman.eu/doc/oee/oee-737-en.pdf .

13 . Simon Gleize, “Elections 2012: Axelle Lemaire: Un Enorme D é fi à Relever,” Lepetitjournal.com: Le M é dia des Fran ç ais et Francophones à l’Etranger. Mardi 1er Novembre, 2011 (www.lepetitjournal.com/Londres).

14 . JFB, “A vos agendas é lectoraux!,” Le Journal Francophone de Budapest , July 15, 2011 , http://www.jfb.hu/node/181 .

15 . Ibid. 16 . Gleize, “Elections 2012.” 17 . Jean-Pierre Cant é grit, “Le S é nateur S’inqui è te de la Faible Politique Sociale du

Minist è re des Affaires Etrang è res vis- à -vis des Fran ç ais de l’Etranger,” La Voix de France 529 ( 2008 ): 18–19.

18 . State Electoral Commission, “Elections to the Zastupnicki Dom (House of Representatives). Republic of Croatia,” Legislative Elections of November 17, 2007 , http://psephos.adam.carr.net/countries/c/croatia/croatia2007.txt .

19 . State Electoral Commission, “Elections to the Zastupnicki Dom (House of Representatives),” Republic of Croatia. Legislative Elections of 2011, http://psephos.adam.carr.net/countries/c/croatia/croatia2011.txt .

20 . International IDEA, Voting from Abroad: The International IDEA Handbook (Stockholm: International IDEA, 2007 ), p. 86.

21 . International IDEA, Voting from Abroad . 22 . Guido Tintori, “The Transnational Political Practices of ‘Latin American

Italians,’” International Migration 49, no. 3 ( 2011 ): 168–188.

Notes ● 151

23 . Ibid. 24 . Fran ç ois Nicoullaud, Des D é put é s, oui mais comment? Fran ç ais du Monde ,

2009 , p. 2, www.adfe.org/adfe/wp-content/ . . . /fdm-153.pdf ; and H é l è ne Conway-Mouret et al., “Inquietudes Quant au Vote par Correspondance ou par Voie Electronique pour les Fran ç ais de l’Etranger lors des Elections L é gislatives,” F é d é ration des Fran ç ais à l’Etranger, 23 F é vrier 2012, http://ffe-ps.org/2012/02/23/inquietude-quant-au-vote-par-corre . . . .

25 . Avraham Azoulay, “Philippe Karsenty: Peut- ê tre le premier d é put é des Fran ç ais d’Isra ë l!,” Le P’tit Hebdo , March 29, 2011, p. 2, http://www.terredisrael.com/infos/?p=33195 .

26 . JFB, “A vos agendas é lectoraux!” 27 . Tintori, “The Transnational Political Practices,” 168–188. 28 . Jo ë lle Garriaud-Maylam, “Un Pays Pionnier: La Repr é sentation Politique des

Expatri é s en France,” in Loin des Yeux, Pr è s du Coeur: Les Etats et Leurs Expatri é s , ed. St é phane Dufoix (Paris: Presses de Science Po, 2010 ), pp. 105–128.

29 . Francesco Ragazzi, “Le Cas Croate: La Diaspora Comme Programme Politique,” in Dufoix, Loin des Yeux , pp. 305–322; and Guido Tintori, “L’Italie et ses Expatri é s: Une Perspective Historique,” in Dufoix, Loin des Yeux , pp. 79–104.

30 . International IDEA, Voting from Abroad.

Conclusion: Parliament of the Cosmonation

1 . Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000) and David Held, Models of Democracy (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1987).


3 . Jean-Pierre Cant é grit, Les Fran ç ais de 1’Etranger: La Troisi è me France (Paris: Economica, 1995) and Jo ë lle Garriaud-Maylam, “La Repr é sentation Parlementaire des Fran ç ais de l’Etranger: 60 Ans d’Histoire Mouvement é e (1944–2004),” Revue Politique et Parlementaire 106, nos. 1029–1030 (2004): 162–175.

4 . Beatrice Verguin, “Du Mod è le Migratoire Colonial à la Circulation Mondiale des Elites Professionnelles: Le Cas des Fran ç ais de l’Etranger,” Th è se de Doctorat de G é ographie, Universit é de Poitier, 2000, 593 p.

5 . International IDEA, Voting From Abroad: The International IDEA Handbook (Stockholm: International IDEA, 2007).

6 . Tiljana Bartulac-Blanc, New Borders and Anomalies in the Balkans: Croatia’s Diaspora Constituency , Special Report (Washington, DC: National Endowment for Democracy, 2007).

7 . Francesco Ragazzi, “Le Cas Croate: La Diaspora Comme Programme Politique,” in Loin des Yeux, Pr è s du Coeur: Les Etats et Leurs Expatri é s, ed. St é phane Dufoix (Paris: Presses de Science Po, 2010 ), pp. 305–322

152 ● Notes

and Daphne Winland, “‘We Are Now an Actual Nation’: The Impact of National Independence on the Croatian Diaspora in Canada,” Diaspora 4, no. 1 (1995): 3–30.

8 . Letizia Tesi, “Ensuring the Rights of Italians Living Abroad,” Tandem News , Canada’s Cosmopolitan Newspaper, Friday, January 18, 2008 .

9 . Ingrid Therwath, “Les ‘Journ é es des Indiens de 1’Etranger’: Le Gouvernement Face à la Diaspora,” in St é phane Dufoix, Carine Guerassimoff, and Anne de Tinguy, . Loin des Yeux, Pr è s du Coeur, pp. 205–220.

10 . F. H. Colson, The Week (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1926 ); E. Zerubavel, The Seven Day Circle: The History and Meaning of the Week (New York: Free Press, 1985 ); and Jean-Paul Parisot, Calendriers et Chronologie ( Paris: Masson, 1996 ).

11 . Michel S. Laguerre, Urban Multiculturalism and Globalization in New York City (New York. Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).

12 . Ibid. 13 . Ravindra K. Jain, Nation, Diaspora, Trans-Nation: Reflections from India (New

Delhi: Routledge, 2010) and Katie Willis and Brenda Yeoh, eds., State/Nation/Transnation: Perspectives on Transnationalism in the Asia Pacific (New York: Taylor & Francis, 2004).

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abroadcampaigning, 48, 58–9, 60–1citizens, 21–2, 24–5, 32constituencies, 112–4rights, 49travel, 8, 65–7, 77, 91, 113, 126voting, 6–9, 32–3, 67–8, 85–9

absenteeism, 50, 59Act on Election of Representatives to the

Croatian Parliament of 2003, 83administration, 2, 10, 53, 89, 108advisory body, 24, 53affiliations, 136Afghanistan, 103Africa, 21, 29–31, 49, 72, 101, 106,

111, 117Agence pour l’Enseignement Français à

l’Etranger, 55agency

government, 134Agency for the Teaching of French

Abroad, 134airlines, xiAlgeria, xvii, 64, 94, 118alliance, 17, 70, 90, 115Alliance Française, 49, 54, 66, 107, 134Alliance Française Foundation, 49, 134analytical, xii, 49, 93–5Andrić, Ivo, 88Angeli, Giuseppe, 29–30Antarctica, 21, 29–31Antoljak, Štefica Deren, 78

Argentina, 29–31, 38, 61, 77Armenia, 104Asia, 21, 29–31Assemblée des Français de l’Etranger,

48, 53–7, 131–3Assemblée Nationale (Chamber of

Deputies), 38, 48, 72, 100–2, 105, 107

assimilation, 51, 98Association Démocratique des Français

de l’Etranger-Français du Monde (ADFE-FdM), 54, 63–4

Association Nationales des Ecoles Françaises à l’Etranger, 55

Associazioni Italiane in Sud America, 29–30, 31

Australia, 19, 29–31, 35, 38, 76–7, 81, 91, 94, 103, 106

Austria, 63–4, 81, 102, 107, 113awards, 129, 134Azerbaijan, 103

Babić-Petričević, Zdenka Nedijka, 87Bafile, Mariza Antonietta, 29Bagarić, Ivan, xxi, 87–8ballots

boxes, 88delivery, 110–1diaspora, 21, 68, 91distribution, 9, 26–7, 111–2

Banac, Ivo, 90Bangladesh, 103

Index

Note: references for tables are made in bold.

170 ● Index

Bastille Day, 133Belgium, 29, 38, 81, 118Beljo, Ante, 86–7Berardi, Amato, xix, 30Berlusconi, Silvio, 17, 35, 42Biagio, Aldo Di, 30Biarnes, Pierre, 63bicameral, 83, 86bifocal identities, xiiBirmanie, 104Boato, Marco, 18Bolivia, 38Boras, Florijan, 87Bosnia-Herzegovina, 75–6, 78–9, 85,

87–8, 89, 91, 96, 123, 125Bošnjak, Rade, 88boundaries

circumscription, 9geographical, 7, 13, 84jurisdictional, 15–6, 36, 69, 135symbolic, 103territorial, 56, 97, 121

Brajković, Ante, 86Brazil, 30, 38, 65Brisepierre, Paulette, 63Brunei, 104Brunetti, Maria, 18Brussels, 63–4Bucchino, Gino, 29–30, 32–3, 40, 127Budapest, 107–8Bulgaria, 81, 105, 107bulletins, 113Buric, Christian, 78Bušić, Zdravka, 86–7business(es)

community, 50, 131, 134diaspora, 130ethnic, 24investment, 117opportunities, 130, 135

Cambodge, 104Canada, 26, 29–31, 34, 41–4, 63–4,

84, 91, 111

candidatesdiaspora, 25, 84, 90, 98–9, 102, 109homeland, 5, 45, 102

Cantégrit, Jean-Pierre, 48, 63–4, 70Cape Verde, xvii, 118Caribbean, xx, 26, 32, 50, 111Caselli, Esteban Juan, 31Cassarino, Mirella, 43Cassola, Arnold, 29Catholic Church, 23, 81caucus, 115, 126

cosmonational, 95national, 95parliamentary, 70, 95transnational, 95

Central America, 29–31Česić-Rojs, Ljubo, 87Chamber of Deputies, xii, 16, 20, 25,

29–30, 33, 93see also Lower House

Chicago, 32, 56children, 5, 81, 108–9Chile, 38, 81China, 65, 104, 106Christian Democratic Party, 93Ciampi, Carlo Azeglio, 38circumscription, 29–31, 56–62, 75

abroad, 16, 41, 67cross-border, 168diaspora, 3, 9, 18, 21, 32, 99, 104–6,

127electoral, 19, 25, 48, 67, 73ethnic minority, 10, 105geographical, 11, 22, 55–6, 105, 112homeland, 8, 27, 75, 90, 103world circumscription model, 55–6,

72, 106, 123citizenship, xi, 18

cosmonational, 7–8, 65diaspora citizens, xii, 17, 101dual, xvii, 6–8, 85, 108, 122; see also

dual citizenshiprights, 11–12, 70, 101second-class, 12

Index ● 171

verification, 102–3voting, 8

civicduty, 116engagement, 24

coalition, 17, 35, 40, 78, 114coethnics, 40cogovernance, 3, 4, 7, 69, 127, 136cohort, 63–4, 87, 114, 116–7Cointat, Christian, 63Cold War, 19Colic-Peisker, Val, 77Colombia, xvii, 110, 117colonial, xi, xii, 2, 49–52

parliament model, 2, 9period, 2, 50population, 2, 52representation, 9–11, 50–1territories, 48, 122

Commission de L’Union Européenne, 55Commission des Affaires Culturelles et

de L’Enseignement, 55Commission des Affaires Sociales, 55Commission des Finances et des

Affaires Economiques, 55Commission des Lois et Règlements, 55Commission Nationale des Bourses, 55Committee of Italians Living Abroad

(Com.It.Es.), 23–4communication

mass media, 62, 132technology, 122, 132

Communist, Republican, and Citizen Group (CRC), 63

Conseil Départemental de l’Accès aux Droits de Paris, 55

Conseil Economique et Social, 55Conseil Supérieur des Français de

l’Etranger, 53Conservative Party, 26, 35, 61constituency, 12, 25, 35, 98, 104

diaspora, 27, 60, 75, 83, 85, 106, 112–4

external, 35–6

extraterritorial, 20foreign, 37homeland, 85hostland, 39overseas, 17–8, 21–7, 35–6, 70

Constituency 11, 83, 86, 105Constituency 12, 105constitution(al), 18, 76, 101–6

amendments, 69, 74debates, 17–8, 21, 77law, 106requirements, 11, 104, 124reunification, 95rights, 83

consulate, 2, 22, 24–6, 34, 42, 54, 58, 61, 66–8, 88, 102, 107–9, 112–3, 132

controversies, xi, 92, 98Cosić, Krešimir, 87cosmonation, xiii, 13, 15, 76, 95

centric-state, 12, 15–6, 19, 131de facto, 6de jure, 6law, 20, 69–71model, 1–3, 9–11, 122, 135; see also

diaspora parliamentarypolitics, 76–8, 97–119

cosmopolitan transnationalism, 77cost, xi, 8, 18, 73, 94, 99, 109, 118Council of Europe, 4country

Afghanistan, 103Algeria, xvii, 64, 94, 118Antarctica, 21, 29–31Argentina, 29–31, 38, 61, 77Armenia, 104Australia, 19, 29–31, 35, 38, 76–7,

81, 91, 94, 103, 106Austria, 63–4, 81, 102, 107, 113Azerbaijan, 103Bangladesh, 103Belgium, 29, 38, 81, 118Bolivia, 38Bosnia-Herzegovina, 75–6, 78–9,

85, 87–8, 89, 91, 96, 123, 125

172 ● Index

country—ContinuedBrazil, 30, 38, 65Brunei, 104Bulgaria, 81, 105, 107Brazil, 30, 38, 65Canada, 26, 29–31, 34, 41–4, 63–4,

84, 91, 111Cape Verde, xvii, 118Chile, 38, 81China, 65, 104, 106Colombia, xvii, 110, 117Cyprus, 38, 111Croatia, xi, xii, 6, 11, 72, 75–96,

105, 109, 123–4Dominican Republic, 38, 118East Timor, 104Ecuador, xvii, 38, 117, 118France, xi, xii, xiv, xvii, xviii, xxiii, 20,

29–30, 47–73, 99–102, 105, 122Germany, 30, 43, 60, 81, 86, 91Great Britain, 29Greece, 29, 63–4, 106, 111Haiti, 10, 50, 65, 118Honduras, 38Indonesia, 65, 104Iran, 104Italy, xi, xii, xiv, xvii, xviii, xxiii,

15–45, 72, 122–4Japan, 65, 104Kazakhstan, 104Kenya, 104Kirghizstan, 104Lebanon, 63–4, 65Luxemburg, 63–4Macedonia, 81, 105, 107Malawi, 104Maldives, 104Mexico, 65, 118Moldavia, 104Monaco, 38, 64Montenegro, 81, 86, 90–1, 107Morocco, 61, 63, 65Mozambique, xvii, 94, 104, 117–8New Zealand, 77, 81–2, 104Pakistan, 104

Palaos, 104Panama, 32, 94, 118Papua New Guinea, 104Paraguay, 38, 65Peru, 38, 81Philippines, 2, 104, 118Portugal, xvii, xviii, 72, 94, 117–8Romania, 81, 107Rome, 17, 21, 31, 32–3Russia, 19, 21, 30, 104, 106Salomon, 104Samoa, 104Serbia, 81, 90, 105, 107Singapore, 104Slovakia, 81, 107Slovenia, 38, 81, 107South Africa, 104South Korea, 65, 104Soviet Union, xi, 19, 89, 122Swaziland, 104Sweden, 81, 107Switzerland, 29–31, 32, 38, 43, 65, 86Tadjikistan, 104Tanzania, 104Thailand, 104Tonga, 104Tunisia, 63–4Turkmenistan, 104Ukraine, 104United Kingdom, 30–1, 38, 65, 107,United States, 29–30, 44, 55–6, 61,

86, 111, 126Uruguay, 38Uzbekistan, 104Vanuatu, 104Venezuela, 29, 38Vietnam, 104Zambia, 104Zimbabwe, 104see also individual countries

Croatia, xi, xii, 6, 11, 72, 75–96, 105, 109, 123–4

constituency, 81, 83–4, 86diaspora representatives, 89–91election campaigns abroad, 84

Index ● 173

immigration, 81–2law, 75, 79, 83–4, 88, 93; see also law

generallyMinistry of Foreign Affairs, 80, 84, 94Parliament, 84–6politics, 77–8representative requirements, 90, 102,

124tax, 91–2, 94voting, 109–10

Croatia-Bosnia War, 81Croatian Democratic Union (Hrvatska

Demokratska Zajednica) (HDZ), xii, 85, 86–8, 89, 90, 123, 125

Croatian National Parliament, 86Croatian News Agency (HINA),

92–3Croatian Peasants’ Party, 77cross-border

agencies, 134campaigns, 25–8, 59diaspora, 128institution, xxiv, 16, 128–31, 135law, 19–22, 82–4nation, xiv, 12–4, 136nodes, 23, 127–8organizations, 98, 128politics, xisocial formations, 8, 76, 119support infrastructure, 22–4, 31, 48,

70, 76travel, 32–3

Crown, 2, 9–10, 51, 133Cyprus, 38, 111Czech Republic, 81, 105

debates, xi, 21, 48, 69, 107decolonization, xi, 52, 72, 122deconstruction, xiiDel Picchia, Robert, xxii, 100, 102,

106, 112–5democratic

elections, 89, 111parliaments, 4process, 36

society, 12state, 52

Democrats of the Left (DS), 18demographic, 15, 23–4, 47, 52, 62, 70,

103, 105, 111Denitch, Bogdan, 78Department of France, 18th, 48Départements d’Outre-Mer, 55, 58, 70diaspora, xi, xii, xvii, 1–14

associations, 115–6candidates, 8, 9, 85, 102–3, 116–7collectivity principle, 13debate, 99–102electoral college, 10, 106, 117, 123, 131law, 19, 20, 82–4media, 113parliamentarians, 28, 29–31, 112–5participation, 94–5population, 52post World War II, 80senators, 56–8, 65–7typology, 80–2, 116voters, 115–6voting, 83–4

diaspora circumscription, 105Diaspora Day, 128–31, 133–4Diaspora Electoral College, 52, 53–65diaspora geography, 103–4, 129diaspora parliamentary candidates,

116–17diaspora representation, xi, xvii, xviii,

6, 7, 9–11, 13, 96, 106–7, 118colonial, 9–11, 50–3cosmonational, 9–11ethnic, 9–11indirect, 10quota, 10–12, 50proportional, 10–11virtual, 10, 50segmented, 10, 50see also Parliamentary representation

diaspora senatorial elections, 62–5Senatorial elections of 2004, 62, 63Senatorial elections of 2007, 62, 64, 67

diasporization, xii, 3, 38

174 ● Index

Di Pietro Italia Dei Valori, 29–30, 31diplomacy

parliamentary, 73traditional, 73

Direzione Generale degli Italiani all’Estero, 45

discrimination, 5, 11–2, 19, 24, 43disenfranchisement, 49dissenters, 33diversity

ethnic, 12geographical, 125ideological, 53, 123national, 82regional, 86

Dominican Republic, 38, 118dual citizenship, xvii, 6–8, 85, 108, 122

bound, 7expansive, 7

dual nationality, xviiDussin, Luciano, 18Duvernois, Louis, 63–4, 65

East Timor, 104Eastern Europe, xi, xviiieconomic development, 117, 130Ecuador, xvii, 38, 117–8elections, 8–9, 20, 26

campaigns, 25, 27–8, 44, 58–62, 84–5diaspora senatorial elections, 62–5legislative, 16, 111see voting

electoral districts, 55–6, 72, 132electoral fraud, 36–7, 93, 99electoral law, 23, 25, 56, 69, 82–4electoral zone, 21eligibility requirements, 25, 44, 84, 99,

102–3see also representative requirements

email, 22, 68–9, 99, 113, 130, 132embassy, 5, 25–6, 54, 81, 88, 109emigration, xi, 48emigrés, 33, 36, 42enclaves, 49, 84, 95, 97–8, 122, 128ethnic cosmopolitanism, 77

ethnic minority circumscription, 105ethnic minority populations, xi, 80–1, 86ethnic parliamentarians, 37Euro MPs, 39European Common Market, 52European parliament, 38–9, 103European Union, xi, xiv, 38, 52, 60–2,

107expansion

diaspora, 97, 130extraterritorial, 45, 101geographic, 16, 21, 82law, 20, 31, 70national, 16, 51, 56, 69, 70parliament, 70, 75, 93, 127, 134

expatriates, 5, 132, 134experimentation, 122extraterritorial, xii, 21–3, 45, 56, 101

constituencies, 20, 135diaspora, 3–4expansion, 101jurisdiction, 56laws, 21units, 15, 119, 128

Fantetti, Raffaele, 31Farina, Gianni, 29–30Fedi, Marco, 29Ferenčić, Ratko, 86Ferrand, André, 63–4Ferrigno, Salvatore, 29, 32Fifth Republic, 73foreign

circumscription, 135constituency, 37, 84, 126elections, xi, 18, 27, 36, 125parliament, 43policy, 94, 124territory, xii, 19

Forza Italia, 29–31Fourth Republic, 51, 72Français du Monde, 49France, xi, xii, xiv, xvii, xviii, xxiii,

20, 29–30, 47–73, 99–102, 105, 122

Index ● 175

Assemblée des Français de l’Etranger, 48, 53–7, 131–3

Assemblée Nationale (Chamber of Deputies), 38, 48, 72, 100–2, 105, 107

Association Démocratique des Français de l’Etranger-Français du Monde (ADFE-FdM), 54, 63–4

commissions, 55, 66, 73Conseil Supérieur des Francais de

l’Etranger, 53, 58consulate, 58, 61, 66–8, 73Diaspora Electoral College, 53–67,

72, 117, 131diaspora population, 49, 51–2, 69, 72diaspora representation debate,

99–102, 118–9diaspora representation history, 9,

49–53; see also St. Dominguediaspora representatives, 56–8,

108–9, 113–4diaspora senatorial elections, 62–5diaspora voters, 116election campaigns abroad, 59–62,

110–1immigration, 48–9law, 69–71; see also law generallymagazines, 49, 132: La Voix de

France, 49, 68; Français du Monde, 49; L’Esprit des Lieux, 49

media, 59National Assembly, 51newspapers, 49, 59, 113, 132; France-

Amérique, 49parliament, 49–73representative requirements, 102Senate, 56–8

France D’Outre Mer (Second France), 48Franco-Hungarian Chamber of

Commerce, 108Frassa, Christophe, 64fundraising, 5, 25, 33, 48, 84, 125

Garavini, Laura, 30Gardies, Marie Hélène, 68

Garriaud-Maylam, Joëlle, 48, 63–4, 65Gaulle, Charles de, 117genealogy, 8, 20, 48–9, 52General Council of Italians Living

Abroad (CGIE), 24Gentil, B., 49Germany, 30, 43, 60, 81, 86, 91Giai, Mirella, 31Giordano, Basilio, xx, 26, 31, 32,

34–5, 37Giuntadelle Elezioni della Camera dei

Deputatiglobal

cross-border institutions, 23, 98, 127diaspora,104, 118districting, 56–7geography, 130governance, 121parliament, 2, 78, 122, 127politics, 98publicity, 132religion, 23, 133

globalization, 3–6, 72, 129, 136Great Britain, 29Greece, 29, 63–4, 106, 111Gruppo Misto, 31Guerry, Michel, 63–4Guiga, Monique Cerisier-ben, 48,

63–4

Haiti, 10, 50, 65, 118Haitian Revolution, 50healthcare, 89, 130Hexagon (First France), 48, 57–8, 72,

100, 105holy days, 131, 133homeland, xii, xiii, xvii, 17, 27, 33, 131

elections, 8–9, 20government, 2, 5, 36, 44, 132holiday, 133legal structure, 2,21, 135parliament, 3, 6, 9, 19, 37, 40–1, 99,

135policies, 2politics, 3, 5, 78, 85

176 ● Index

homeland—Continuedresidents, 12, 14compare with hostlandsee also diaspora

Homeland Security, 125Honduras, 38hostland, xi, xii, 17, 33, 37–9, 41–4

electoral districts, 125, 135foreign policy, 17government, 17, 36, 44, 59, 73, 125laws, 52, 97legislature, 10, 94parliament, 3, 10, 37–9, 41–4, 71politics, 54, 78

House of Counties, 84, 92, 93House of Representatives, 29, 72, 84,

88, 98, 105, 118, 123Houston, 56Hrkač, Stipe, 86Hrvatska izvjestajna novinska agencija

(HINA), 92–3see also Croatian News Agency

human rights, 5, 19, 24, 43, 49, 54, 93, 122

Il Popolo della Liberta, 28–9, 30–1immigrant associations, 24, 49, 84Immigration Services, 125immunity, xi, 99imperial days, 133imperial parliament, 121, 135implementation, xi, 19, 42, 73, 81, 117–8independence, xi, 52, 71–2, 76, 85, 117Indonesia, 65, 104Industry of the Overseas French, 134information technology, 38, 68–9information technology revolution, xiinfrastructure, xiii, 6, 8–9, 15, 23,

52–6, 70, 98, 110, 119, 132instability, 17, 54, 108, 125Institut Français, 108Intelligence Services, 125Internal Revenue Service Center for

Overseas French, 134Internal Revenue Services, 125

Internet, 9, 61, 99, 110–1, 113–4, 132investment, 19, 107–8, 117, 130Iran, 104Italianity, 38Italian parties

Associazioni Italine in Sud America, 29–30, 31

Di Pietro--Italia Dei Valori, 29–30, 31Forza Italia, 18, 29–30, 31Gruppo Misto, 31Il Popolo della Libertà, 28–9, 30–1L’Unione, 29, 30, 31Movimento Associativo Italiani

all’Estero, 22, 29, 30–1Partito Democratico, 28, 30–1Per L’Italia Nel Mondo, 29

Italy, xi, xii, xiv, xvii, xviii, xxiii, 15–45, 72, 122–4

Conservative Party, 26consulate, 26, 42diaspora representatives, 28, 29–30,

32, 34, 37, 39, 45, 113–4elections, 25–32law, 37; 205, 23; 459, 21–2; 515, 27;

see also law generallyMinistry of Foreign Affairs, 26Ministry of the Interior, 26newspaper, 36; see also L’Unitaparliament, 16, 28–31, 37–9parties, 26, 28–31representative requirements, 25

Janović, Stanislav, 86Japan, 65, 104Journée des Français de l’Etranger, 131jurisdiction, xii, 97, 99, 112

Croatia, 93French, 47, 56, 61traditional, 36–7

Kammermann, Christiane, 63–4Kasapović, Mirjana, 77–8, 89Kazakhstan, 104Kenya, 104King’s Day, 133

Index ● 177

Kinsman, Jeremy, xxiiKirghizstan, 104Knežević, Dragutin, 86Kordić, Krinoslav, 87Kostadinova, Tatiana, 78Kovač, Milan, 87

Lalic, Drazen, 78Latin America, 19, 38, 91, 110–1, 117La Voix de France, 49, 68law, 1–7, 19

Croatian, 75, 79, 83–4, 91, 93, 95diaspora, 19, 20, 82–4France, 69–71Italy, 21, 22, 23, 27, 44

Lebanon, 63–4, 65legal regimes, 52legislative election, 101, 103–4, 109–12,

123legislatures, xi, 114–15

colonial, 9homeland, 10, 20Italian, 23, 28, 29–31, 37local, 9national, 2unicameral, 102

Lepage, Claudine, 64L’Esprit des Lieux, 49liberal, xiLiberal Party, 26

see also Italian partiesliberation, 71, 77, 123lobbying, 5, 18, 33, 37, 41, 73, 77, 94,

98, 124locality, 76, 121logic of the ensemble, xiiilogistics, xi, 5, 59, 72–3, 76, 82,

109–13London, 63–4Lower House, 21

see also Chamber of DutiesL’Unione, 29–30, 31L’Unita, 36Luxemburg, 63–4Lycée Français, 108

Macedonia, 81, 105, 107Madica, 91magazine, 49, 91, 132Malawi, 104Maldives, 104Marić, Goran, 88Marić, Jozo, 86Marshall, 104Martino, Antonio, 18Maurois, Pierre, 60Mayoral, Edouard, xxi, 66media, 17, 59, 62, 78mediation, 108, 114Members of Parliament (MP), 16,

27–33, 35, 39, 84diaspora MPs, 27–32, 42–3, 84,

86–8, 91Euro MPs, 39

Merlo, Ricardo Antonio, 21, 29–30Mexico, 65, 118Micheloni, Claudio, 30–1, 32Micronesia, 104Middle East, 106Migone, Gian Giacomo, 18Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 25–6, 45,

80–2, 84, 94, 132Ministry of the Interior, 26, 52, 56Ministry of Treasury, Budget and

Economic Planning, 22model

circumscription, 72classic national, model, 7, 15, 135colonial parliament model, 2, 50–3cosmonational parliament model,

1–3, 13, 15, 78–9, 121–2, 125, 127–8, 135

Croatian, 77, 123, 125diaspora in hostland parliament

model, 2–3electoral, 77French, 70, 72, 111, 123, 131imperial parliament model, 121, 135Italian, 122–3, 124parliament model, 2, 13world circumscription model, 55–6, 72

178 ● Index

Moldavia, 104Monaco, 38, 64Montenegro, 81, 86, 90–1, 107Montreal, 26, 32, 34, 112Morocco, 61, 63, 65Movimento Associativo Italiani

all’Estero, 22, 29, 30–1Mozambique, xvii, 94, 104, 117–8multiplicity, xi, 114multisite nation, xvi, 15Munich, 61, 63–4

Narducci, Franco, 29, 30nation

classic model, 7, 15, 135parliament model, 2, 13, 50–3; see

also parliament generallystates, xi, xvii, 39, 51–2

National Assembly, 51national sovereignty, 19, 125NATO, 4Nedijka, Zdenka, 87networks

cosmonational, 77, 118, 127–8, 132cross-border, 22–3, 98interparliamentary, 38social, 23transglobal, 96

New Zealand, 77, 81–2, 104newspaper, 26, 36, 49, 59, 77, 113, 132NGO, 82Nogalo, Ivan, 86normative, xi, 16, 101North America, 19, 26, 29–31, 32, 36,

38, 68, 77, 79, 91

Obama, Barack, 61Oceania, 21, 29–31, 38Office for Croatian Diaspora Affairs,

80–1Office for Croatian Minorities, 80–1Office for the Preservation of Croatian

Culture and Heritage Abroad, 80, 82

oligarchy, 50

Oliveira, Andrino de, 38overseas

campaign, 27circumscription, 11, 41constituency, 17, 21–2, 25, 27, 31,

35, 112–5electoral campaign, 127population, 6, 49, 121territories, xii, 4, 105vote, 8, 22, 48; see also voting abroad

Overseas French Departments, 53

Pakistan, 104Palaos, 104Pallaro, Luigi, 30Panama, 32, 94, 118Papua New Guinea, 104paradoxical merger, 77Paraguay, 38, 65Paris, 54–5, 57, 59, 61, 64, 68, 102, 113parliament

colonial parliament model, 2, 50–3committees, 4cosmonational parliament model, 1–3,

13, 15, 78–9, 121–2, 127–8, 135diaspora in hostland parliament

model, 2–3diaspora MPs, 27–32, 42–3, 84,

86–8, 91diasporic parliamentarian, 37–9,

40–1, 94diplomacy, 73ethnic parliamentarians, 4, 37–9,

40–1ethnic parliamentary representation,

10, 12Euro MPs, 39French diaspora parliamentary

representation, 48, 70–2global parliament, 2, 78imperial parliament model, 121Members of Parliament (MP), 16,

27–33, 35, 39, 84national parliament model, 2, 4, 127parliament in diaspora model, 2

Index ● 179

segmented parliamentary representation, 50

transnational parliamentary assemblies, 4, 78–9, 95

Parliamentary Committee for Croatians Abroad, 93

Parliamentary representation, xi, xii, 9–11, 17, 118, 124

see under diasporaparticipatory democracy, xiParti Socialiste (PS), 54, 62, 66Partito dei Comunisti Italiani (Pdci), 18Partito Democratico, 30–1Party of Italian Communists see Partito

dei Comunisti ItalianiPer L’Italia nel Mondo, 29permanent residence, 2, 8, 25, 57, 122Peru, 38, 81Philippines, 2, 104, 118Picchi, Guglielmo, 29, 30policy, xi

diaspora, 117–8foreign, 17, 37, 43, 73, 94, 124public, 69–71

politicscosmonational, 97–119Croatian, 76–8emigration, 49French, 48–9Italian, 16–9transnational, 11–3

polity, xi, 6–7, 12, 100Pollastri, Edoardo, 30Porta, Fabio, 30Portugal, xvii, xviii, 72, 94, 117–8practices, xi

cross-border, 32–3, 77homeland, 5legal, 27parliamentary, 42, 52, 70political, 77–8religious, 129taxation, 34transnational, 80, 97voters, 52

Primo Congresso degli Italiani all’estero, 45

principlediaspora collectivity principle, 13,

104, 135territorial collectivity principle, 13,

105, 135print, 132Prodi, Romano, 35, 42protection

ballots, 22, 42diaspora, 1, 100–1, 108, 130police, 36

protectorates, xipublic

campaigning, 62, 84–5meetings, 59policy, 69–71safety, 44schools, 109services, 108, 134space, 25–6, 59

publicity, 25, 48, 59, 61, 84, 132–3public policy, 69–71

see under policyPublic Sénat, 132

radio, 26, 59, 113, 130, 132Randazzo, Antonino, 30–1Razzi, Antonio, 30Rebuzzi, Antonella, 30reconstruction, 45, 105redistricting, 73, 98–100, 103–7reform, 17–18

legislative, 36party, 77

refugeespolitical, 81

Region of France, 27th, 48relations

diplomatic, 72between homeland and diaspora,

5–7, 16, 27, 40–1, 77, 80, 98, 133–4

between homeland and hostland, 16

180 ● Index

relations—Continuedbetween hostland and diaspora, 39,

41–4bilateral, 43international, 18, 38, 97interstate, 4, 97between parliament and diaspora,

1–3, 24traditional, 3transnational, 80

religion, 78global, 23, 133Catholic Church, 23

remittances, 19, 33, 71, 73, 94, 117, 124repartitioning, 23, 103–4repatriation, 5representation

cosmonational, 10diaspora, 83, 89, 92–3, 95ethnic, 9, 10, 12parliamentary, 88, 92–3, 97–116political,11–12, 85proportional, 9–12, 123quota, 50, 117segmented, 11, 50, 77virtual, 9, 10, 50

representation without taxation, xxiii, 14, 33–4, 52, 135

requirementsage, 102constitutional, 104, 124eligibility, 11, 44, 84, 98–9, 102–3tax, 43

resegregation, 15retirement, 109reunification, 75, 95–6, 129Romagnoli, Massimo, 29Romania, 81, 107Rome, 17, 21, 31, 32–3Russia, 19, 21, 30, 104, 106

Salomon, 104Samoa, 104Sančević, Zdravko, 86San Francisco, 56–7, 59, 65–6

Sarkozy, Nicolas, 72–3satellite

communities, 127state agencies, 136

Scaramozzino, Pasquale, 18schools, 5, 27, 54, 59, 61, 66, 81, 101,

109, 112, 130security, xi, 36

abroad, 101during elections, 26, 36, 73, 88homeland, 125human, 5, 108–9national, 41, 71social, 101, 109, 130

segregation, 12Senate , xii, 20–1

see also Upper HouseSenegal, 63Serbia, 81, 90, 105, 107services

administrative, 56, 109, 130consular, 108to the diaspora, 80, 82, 108, 135foreign, 43by the homeland, 70, 80immigration, 125state, 20, 52, 107, 131

settlements, 104–5Singapore, 104Slovakia, 81, 107Slovenia, 38, 81, 107Social Democratic Party, 60, 92–3social(ist)

candidate, 107–9clubs, 54, 59, 84, 101control, 100events, 59formation, 8, 15, 27, 75–6, 95, 119,

133issues, 43networks, 23, 132protection, 130security, 101, 109, 130

Socialist Party, 63–4, 65, 116social life, 12, 19

Index ● 181

social security, 101, 109, 130Šoljić, Vladimir, 86South Africa, 104South America, 21–2, 28, 29–31, 106South Korea, 65, 104sovereign(ty), xi, 71

national, 19, 125states, 79, 104

Soviet Union, xi, 19, 89, 122Sozialdemokratische Partei

Deutschlands (Social Democratic Party), 60

speeches, 26, 107, 116, 126St. Domingue, 9, 49–53state

borders, 16, 84, 97, 121, 127cosmonation-centric, 12, 16, 18foreign, 122governance, 95homeland, 7, 25, 33, 44, 80, 82, 92,

129, 131hostland, 37, 41nation, 4, 7, 18, 39, 77practices, 80, 135services, 20, 107–9, 131surveillance, 89

stipend, 55structure, xiii, 103, 128

administrative, 53governance, 98institutional, 100legal, 135local, 23occupational, 130support, 22–4transnational, 71

Swaziland, 104Sweden, 81, 107Switzerland, 29–31, 32, 38, 43, 65, 86symbol(ic)

boundaries, 103redistricting, 104–5, 129relationship, 41representation, 123reunification, 129, 133

Tadjikistan, 104Tanzania, 104taxation, 6, 14, 18, 33–4, 42–3, 50, 68,

91–2, 94, 109taxation without representation, 33,

50, 52taxes

income, 33–4property, 33, 94

television, 17, 26, 59, 78, 84, 113, 130, 132

tentaclesdiasporic, 119of the nation, 15, 22, 52, 76

territorial collectivity, 13territoriality, 102territories, xi, xii

boundaries, 97, 103, 121circumscription, 105colonial, 121, 122homeland, 99, 103, 128national, 94, 97, 107principle, 105residence, 101

Thailand, 104theorization, xiiThird France, 48Tonga, 104top-down approach, 5, 122trade, 10, 19, 72, 78traditional diplomacy, 73

see under diplomacytransglobal

mobility, 19parliamentary practices, xix, 76–8political activities, 77social formation, 15, 133

transnational(ism), xiiicosmopolitan, 77identity, 82infrastructure, 23institutions, 134integration, 15, 75, 82, 98, 129jurisdictional boundaries, 36–7mandate, xviii

182 ● Index

transnational(ism)—Continuedparliament, 3, 4, 95–6politics, xi, 5, 11–3, 77–9, 97–8questions, 78–9relations, 80, 132

transparency, 24, 36transportation, xi, 19, 27, 109, 112, 121–3travel

abroad, 8, 65–7, 77, 91, 113, 126occupational, 32–3, 54cost, 22, 55, 82, 112

Tremaglia, Mirko, 18Trophées Sénat de la Présence Française

à l’Etranger, 134Tudjman, Franjo, 90Tunisia, 63–4Turano, Renato Guerino, 30Turkmenistan, 104

Ukraine, 104unemployment -54

benefits, 109unicameral

legislature, 102parliament, 75, 83, 87–8, 123

Union des Français de l’Etranger (UFE), 54, 116

Union of Chambers of Commerce, 134Union pour un Mouvement Populaire

(UMP), 54, 62, 63–4, 65, 95, 100, 107, 109, 116

United Kingdom, 30–1, 38, 65, 107United States, 29–30, 44, 55–6, 61,

86, 111, 126Congress, 4, 37–8

universal suffrage, 59Upper House, xii, 20–1

see also SenateUroić, Bruno, 86Uruguay, 38Uzbekistan, 104

Vanuatu, 104Veltroni, Walter, 17

Venezuela, 29, 38Vietnam, 104visas, 28, 81, 92voting

abroad, xvii, 6, 7, 8–9, 17, 32–3, 67–8, 85–9, 90

abstention, 49apathy, 49, 112behaviors, 17, 49, 83–4, 90diasporic, 21electoral zone, 21in-person, 111internet, 111low voter turnout, 76, 85, 110,

112mail, 26, 111nonregistration, 49period, 27postal, 21, 22proxy, 111registration, 109–12rights, 8–9, 52swing, 17, 35turnout, 109–12

Vukić, Dragan, 88

Washington, DC, 43, 56Western Europe, 49, 94world circumscription model, 55–6,

72, 106, 123World Jewish Congress, 2World War I, 80, 81World War II, 7, 48, 51, 77, 81, 121–2worldwide, xi, 61

Yung, Richard, xxi, 48, 57, 60, 63, 65–6

Zagreb, 76, 86, 89, 91, 110Zambia, 104Zimbabwe, 104zone

electoral, 21time, 27

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