notes lecture 2 aqu2203 201213
TRANSCRIPT
AQU2203
Teknik Pembiakbakaan Ikan
LECTURE 2
TYPES OF FISH BREEDING TECHNIQUES
IN FISH PRODUCTION
© Dr. Shahreza, FPAI, UMT
Lecture 1
TYPES OF FISH BREEDING TECHNIQUES
IN FISH PRODUCTION
Objective :
1) To expose students to the different types of
breeding for stock improvement
2) To develop understanding about fish breeding
techniques in fish production.
© Dr. Shahreza, FPAI, UMT
AQU2203 Teknik Pembiakbakaan Ikan 2
Introduction
Types of Breeding
Crossbreeding
Hybridization
Monosex Culture
Chromosome Manipulation
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AQU2203 Teknik Pembiakbakaan Ikan
Learning Outcome :
At the end of lecture, students should be able to :
Explain the breeding techniques in fish production
Diferentiate the different breeding techniques in fish
production
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Lecture 1
TYPES OF FISH BREEDING TECHNIQUES
IN FISH PRODUCTION
• IMPROVEMENT IN REPRODUCTION
• IMPROVEMENT IN GROWTH AND NUTRITION
• IMPROVEMENT IN HEALTH
IMPROVEMENTS IN AQUACULTURE
• IMPROVEMENT IN QUALITY AND VALUE
• CONSERVATION OF GENETIC RESOURCES
• IMPROVEMENT IN BIOMEDICINAL VALUE
INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY
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Increase Productivity
Environmental Manipulation Genetic Manipulation
Culture System
Feed Additives – hormone,
probiotic, chemicals
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GENETIC IMPROVEMENT IN FISH BREEDING
A method to increase the quality or to obtain the desired traits using various selected breeding techniques
Involves genetic manipulation in which the traits can be modified and inherit
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Main Aim : Increase quality of stocks (stock improvement) Produce high commercial value and profitable cultured fish
BREEDING
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Increase productivity which can benefit the consumers
Example. Fish that has high growth rates
Solving problems in occurrence of pathogens
Example. Production of disease resistant and hardy fish
Reduce inbreeding in wild and cultured population
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Improvements in quality of stock through management of broodstock and seedlings
- Able to select and identify quality broodstock and seed for breeding
Creation of new export comodity in the industry
Example. Production of fish with new characteristics
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BREEDING
Traits that are desired in fish production:
High growth rate High dressing percentage (more meat less waste) Resistant to disease Hardy (able to tolerate harsh condition) Good food conversion ratio (FCR). Variability in body colours and patterns
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Crossbreeding
Hybridization
Chromosome Manipulation
Sex Reversed Population (Monosex)
BREEDING
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There are several types of fish breeding techniques commonly used in fish production :
Mating or crossing 2 different strains or varieties of the same species Also known as Intraspesific Hybridization
A breeding program that increases the breeding value
- resulted in production of new strain
X
Same species (goldfish) but different strain
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Application of Crossbreeding :
Increase performance of the entire stocks Producing progeny that has intermediate performance obtained from the broodstocks Produce and increase the quality or performance of a new pure stock (pure breed). To exploit heterosis
Heterosis : increase in performance of progeny that exceed the performance of the broodstock.
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Mostly applied in ornamental fish breeding program
More focused on the production of colours, patterns and shapes
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Define as mating of two different species
Also known as Interspesific Hybridization.
Main Purpose : To combine the main traits of both species.
X
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Breeding of 2 different species (goldfish) and carp
Hybrids are generally intermediate (can be distinguished between parents).
However hybrids are biased towards one parent
Example of hybridization :
Hybrid Striped Bass X White Bass
Hybrid Channel Catfish X Blue Catfish
Nile Tilapia X Blue Tilapia
Breeding can occur naturally or induced using hormone
Conducted between species that are closely related
- same family or same genus.
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Production of a population with single sex characteristics
Conducted to control production of certain sex for growth.
Avoid occurrence of breeding during grow-out.
Main purpose of Monosex production in a population
advantage of certain sex
desire for certain sex
avoid reproduction during culture
avoid aggressive behaviour which normally exist during reproduction
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Perform due to interest towards a certain gender which has a better performance compared to the other gender
Produced using hormone tratment
All produced seeds will be either 100% male or 100% female
XX
100%
Female
XY
100%
Male
OR
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Feminization
Masculinization
Seed Female
Hormone
Estrogen
Seed Male
Hormone
Androgen
Changes in sex of individuals to male through administration of andogen hormones
Changes in sex of individuals to female through administration of estrogen hormones
Example : Tilapia, channel catfish
Example : salmon
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Example : Tilapia - male are more desired due to faster growth rate compared to female
Salmon – female are more desired due to bigger size and faster growth rate
Channel catfish
Tilapia
Channel catfish
Salmon
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Main Purpose : production of sterile fish
Production of monosex population
Attain higher growth rate
Applied to eggs or spermatozoa or fertilized eggs
Manipulation of the whole genome of an organism
at the chromosomal level to obtain desired
characteristics.
Manipulation is done to the whole chromosome set and not at the DNA strands
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Polyploidy
Gynogenesis
Androgenesis
3 Main Tecniques
Production of seed with
more that 2 sets of
chromosome
Production of seed in which all
genetic information are
inherited from male
Production of seed in which all
genetic information are
inherited from female
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Seeds produced will have higher growth rate
Seeds produced are generally sterile (production of triploid fish)
Androgenesis dan Gynogenesis techniques are commonly used for the production of monosex strain
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2N
Production of individuals with greater than the normal number of chromosomes.
Leads to the addition in the numbers of chromosomes (more than 2 sets)
egg
N
N
2nd polar body restored
Haploid cell
Retention of the polar body through disturbance at the mitosis stage during zygote development
temperature shock
pressure shock
Production of sterile fish - no gonad development
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Induction techniques normally used :
Temperature shock
- cold shock for tropical fish
- heat shock for temprate fish
Pressure shock
Main purpose :
Produced seeds that is able to grow continually and never slow down to mature or reproduce
Also used for production of steril hybrids
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X N N
NNN
Temperature or Pressure Shock
Number of chromosome : 3 set
Concept in Production of Triploid Fish
egg sperm
fertilization
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Benefits of Polyploidy
Higher growth rates
Better feed conversion
Higher survival
Higher turnover
Resistance to disease
Suitable for grow out
Example : Oyster, Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), Hemibragus nemurus (baung), African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
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N
N
N
Normal Fertilization
Triploidy
2nd polar body
N
2nd polar body 2nd polar body
2nd polar body
2nd polar body 2nd polar body
3N
N
N
N
N
2nd polar body
2nd polar body
3N
N
N
Tetraploidy
4N
N
N N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N N
2N
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GYNOGENESIS AND ANDROGENESIS
Production of individuals by limiting inheritance to the maternal or paternal parent
Progeny only inherit genetic material either from the male or female parent
Key concepts in gynogenesis and androgenesis :
Eliminating the genetic contribution of one parent or the other
Interupting the normal cause of events in newly fertilized or activated eggs
Restoration of a 2N state allowing normal development to proceed
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Can be utilized to ascertain mechanisms of sex determination
Production of monosex populations
Production of genetically identical clones (high levels of
homozygosity)
GYNOGENESIS AND ANDROGENESIS
Application of Gynogenesis and Androgenesis :
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Restoration of endangered or extinct species from cryopreserved
sperm
Androgenesis can be used as stringent measure of egg quality in
aquaculture breeding program
Gynogenesis can be useful method to generate fully inbred lines
GYNOGENESIS AND ANDROGENESIS
Application of Gynogenesis and Androgenesis :
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GYNOGENESIS
Production of individuals by limiting inheritance to the maternal parent (all maternal inheritance)
Uniparental inheritance. All chromosome derived from female broodstock
Used for sex control
Gynogenesis produce 100% female (sex chromosome XX)
egg
N
N
2nd polar body
Haploid cell
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Eggs are fertilized with sperm which does not contribute any genetic information to the embryo
GYNOGENESIS
N UV Ray
UV ray disrupt the DNA in sperm causing the DNA unable to function in the egg
Genetic material of the males are destroyed by exposing the sperms to UV irradiation
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X
Polar Body
XX XY
X
XX
UV Light
Temperature or Pressure Shock to the fertilized egg
Female
Genetic material of sperm
destroyed under UV rays
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ANDROGENESIS
Production of individuals by limiting inheritance to the paternal of the parent (all paternal inheritance)
Uniparental inheritance. All chromosome derived from male broodstock
Sperms fertilized eggs which does not contribute any genetic information to the embryo
Genetic material of the females are destroyed by exposing the eggs to UV irradiation
- also lead to the destruction of the RNA, amino acid synthesis and mitochondrial DNA
egg
N
N
2nd polar body
Haploid cell
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ANDROGENESIS
Can be very useful in situation like :
Males have shorter generation times than female
Storing of inbred lines in the form of cryopreserved sperm
Recovering genotypes from cryopreserved sperm
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X XX XY
XX
Irradiation
Temperature or Pressure Shock
Female
X
Y or
YY
Male
or
Genetic material of egg
destroyed under
UV/gamma rays
CHROMOSOME MANIPILATION : ANDROGENESIS
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Normal Fertilization
Androgenesis
Meiotic
Gynogenesis
2nd polar body 2nd polar body
2N
2nd polar body
2nd polar body
2N
N
N N
N
N
N
N
2nd polar body
N
2nd polar body
2N
2nd polar body
N
N N
N
N
2nd polar body
N
N
N DNA of sperm destroyed
DNA of egg destroyed
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