Sequence of Moods

Indicative tenses divided in two: Primaryreferring to present or future timeand Secondaryreferring to past time. The primary main verb governs a subjunctive in the dependent clause; a secondary main verb governs an optative in the dependent clause. These sequences are called primary and secondary, respectively.

Present, Future, Perfect Indicative Subjunctive Mood (tense shows aspect only)

Imperfect, Aorist, Pluperfect Indicative Optative Mood (tense shows aspect only)

Purpose Clauses: , , ()

X does Y in order that ________________ .

So, what is the tense of the Y being done (the main verb)? Is that tense primary or secondary? Check. Next, what is the tense of the dependent verb? Does it show repeated/progressive aspect or simple aspect?

Primary sequence is translated with may; secondary with might.

Position

I. Attributive position: the article of the noun modified precedes the adjective modifying that noun.

1) the good man2) the man the good 3) man the good

**these are phrases, NOT complete sentences

II. Predicative position: the adj. agrees with a noun + article, but the article does not precede the noun.

1) the man good2) good the man3) the men good

**the adjective here is called the predicate adjective, i.e., one that stands in predicate position. the sentence, which amount to, e.g., the man is good, is called a nominal sentence. noun, article, and adj. in nominal case. there can also be a predicate noun: the book gift the book is a gift.

Conditional Sentences

A sentence of two statements, one making an assumption and the other drawing a conclusion or expressing what follows, e.g., If I buy a cow, then my wife will finally love me. There are six formulas given:

1) Future More Vivid Conditional Sentence

+ subjunctive future indicativedoes will do

If you eat this turd, I will buy you a car.

2) Future Less Vivid CS

+optative + optativeshould do would do

Should you fail the exam, he would buy you ice cream.

3) Present General CS

+ subjunctive present indicativedoes does

When/If ever I feel fat and sassy, I go for a walk and listen to Kelly Clarkson.

4) Past General CS

+ optative imperfect indicativedid did

When Fido farted, the cats fled the room.

5) Present Contra CS

+ imperfect indicative + imperfect indicative were doing would be doing

Were we to beat them, we would be crowned champions of the universe.

6) Past Contra CS

+ aorist indicative + aorist indicativehad done would have done

If you had listened to me, you would have been a star.

Gen. of Personal Agent; Dative of Pers. Agent and Dat. of Means

1) Genitive of Personal AgentWith passive verbs the person by whom the action of the verb is carried out is expressed by the preposition + the genitive case of the agent:

I was taught by Homer. Here, by Homer would be expressed by the genitive case of Homer.

2) Dative of Personal AgentBut with the perfect and pluperfect cases, the dative is used, without any proposition, i.e., without :

The turkey has been slain by the mad scientist. (the preceding expressed by the dative case of scientist.

3) Dative of Means or Instrument/Instrumental DativeAs well, the things used to do something, the things by means of which something is done, is put in the dative, sans preposition:

They were stopped by a giant wall.

Substantive Use of Adjective

In Greek, the article, adjective, and noun all convey gender, number, and case:

(Hes a good boy.)He -- singular, masculine, accusativegood -- singular, masculine, etc.

singular, masculine, nominative singular, masculine, nominative, etc.

Hence, the noun may be omitted:

(He [obviously a boy] is good.)

This is called a substantive use of the adjective, and these substantive adjectives (substantives) do everything a noun can do.

Substantive Use of Article

Similarly, the articleaccompanied by an adverb, prepositional phrase, or other modifiermay be used as a substantive:

(The men on the island...)... this is the plural, masculine, nominative article, hence: the men... ... ...not on the island...

The Articular Infinitive

The infinitive is the noun of a verbe.g. potatoes suck and writing sucks (English often expresses with the gerund form) or to poop is humanthus, this verbal noun may be used as a subject, as a direct object, as an indirect object of sorts, or with a preposition:

Infinitive as subject- To err is human. Infinitive as direct object- I desire to believe (i.e., to have faith). Here, I is the subject performing the action of desiringthe desired object is to believe or to have faith.- I ordered Bob to kiss my ass. Here, both Bob and to kiss (inf.) are in the accusative, i.e., both are objects of the main verb (I) ordered.)Infinitive etc.-To err is human Erring is human

When the infinitive is accompanied by an article it is called an articular infinitive. The infinitive has tense and voice; the accompanying article conveys the infinitives case. It will be the neuter singular form of the definite pronoun: , , , .

The desire to learn is noble. In Greek: the desire of learning (genitive) is

The Relative Pronoun

A relative pronoun can introduce a dependent clause that modifies a noun or pronoun:

The asshole who ran me off the road died in a helicopter crash.

The millionaire whose dog died when his helicopter crashed was less of an asshole than the rest of them.

The heiress to whom his millions went was a professional clown by training, but an amateur pole dancer in spirit.

The clown-school teachers whom I hired were the crme de la crme.

None of the underlined relative clauses are complete sentences, but are part of complex sentences with an independent clause/verb. The relative pronoun refers to its antecedente.g., who refers back to that asshole, the one that ran me off the roadand has the same NUMBER and GENDER. However, its CASE is determined by the pronouns function within its own clause:

whom we sacrificedHere, whom functions as the object of our sacrifice and is therefore in the objectivethat is, the accusativecase. But:

to whom we sacrificedwill have a dative relative pronoun.

Compare the definite articles to the relative pronouns:

The Definite Article

S.masc.fem.neuternom.gen.dat.acc.P. nom.gen.dat.acc.Relative Pronoun S.masc.fem.neuternom.gen.dat.acc.P.nom.gen.dat.acc.

Note that the relative pronouns each possess both accent and rough breathing marks, and have lost the s present in the definite article. Independent Subjunctive

The subjunctive has been seen in 1) the latter part of purpose clauses when the main verb is in a primary tense, and 2) the Future More Vivid ( + subj. fut. indicative) and Present General ( + subj. present indicative) conditional sentences. It is also used in independent clauses:

1) Hortatory Subjunctive -expresses the will of the speaker using the first person of the present or aorist subjunctive-its negative is -tense shows aspect only-translation: Let us (not) subjunctive .

2) Deliberative Subjunctive -expresses speakers uncertainty about an action to take w/ 1st pers. pres. or aor. subjunctive-its negative is -tense shows aspect only-translation: Am I/Are we to (not) subjunctive .

3) Prohibitive Subjunctive -expresses a prohibition using and the second person of the aorist subjunctive-tense shows aspect only-translation:Do not subjunctive .

***Any independent subjunctive can be used instead of a future indicative in the apodosis of a FUTURE MORE VIVID Conditional Sentence:

If we buy cake, do not hide it from your sister. ***

Omitted:

- Partitive Genitive - Genitive of Time Within Which - Dative of Time at Which - Accusative of Extent of Time - Accusative of Extent of Space (see pgs. 146 149)

The Independent Optative

1) Optative of Wish

-expresses a wish for the future using either no introductory word, , or . - negative is -tense shows aspect -translation:May the God save the city. I wish that the God would save the city. examples on pg. 718

2) Potential Optative

-expresses an action that might possibly occur using the optative and but no introductory word-the negative is -tense shows aspect-translation:The God might save the city.The peace might not be destroyed.example on pg. 718

The Demonstrative Adj./Pronoun

Demonstrative Pronouns () S. masc. fem. neuternom. gen. dat. acc. P.nom. gen. dat. acc.

Vocabulary Notes: Units 1 7 (what words take what cases)

Unit 1

+ accusativeinto, to; for (purpose) e.g., for battle

, + genitivefrom, out of

+ dativein; or on as in on the island

all three of the above (as well as the masc., fem., singular and plural definite articles, , , , ) are proclitics

Unit 2

+ genitivefrom, away from namely, a motion away from a boundary, as opposed to from within

+ genitivefrom (the side of)+ accusativeat (the side of), at the house of+ dativeto (the side of), beside; contrary to

+ genitivebefore; in front of spatially or temporally

takes a direct object of the person commanded (in the accusative) and an infinitive of the action commanded Unit 3

+ genitiveinstead of

+ genitivethrough+ accusativeon account of+ genitiveconcerning, about+ dativearound stationary+ accusativeconcerning, around circling

Unit 4

+ genitivewith (people) + accusativeafter

+ datwith used in dative of accompaniment e.g. with the help of the gods.

takes an object infinitivean infinitive that serves as the object of the main verbto indicate the action one wishes to perform. the infinitive can take an object, direct or indirect, of its own.

genitive of valueepexegetical infinitivedative of referencerules for augmentation of stems beginning with vowels

Unit 5

, , hostile (toward: + dative); enemy

+ genitiveby (personal agent; under+ dativeunder, under the power of+ accusativeunder (with motion); toward (of time)

, , holy, sacred to (+ genitive)

, etc. rule, command (+ genitive)

Unit 6

, etc.be a slave (to whom?: + dative)

, etc.free (+ genitive)

+ preceding genetive for the sake of

+ genitiveunder; against+ accusativeaccording to

takes the acc. of the person hindered and the infinitive of the action hindered

Unit 7

+ genitivewithout

genitive of chargeinternal/cognate accusative