356

tiiiiicd, nlitl I iiiost still ntllicrc to tho onitiio

sylciic niiil iiictnsyIciio ivl~cii Iii.csciit i i i criitld gn tnr sylcnc is sullicic~itly grcnt to iiinko i t prncticnll niqilicnblc to n iiictliod for scitnrntitig nnt l npltr(isi iiintcly clctcrniiliillg tlic niiiount of pnrnsylc~ic prcscii iii criitlc sylc~ic.

---

NOTES ON T I l E CONCENTRRTION 01 SULIW i ~ i i rc) ACLII.

tnny bc OJiilhyCd in tlic finnl conccntrntion with impinity niid s ~ ~ c c c s s i{ !lit ncid bc Iirst filllychnrgctl wit11 siillilintc iron. lllis sulplintc iron docs not rciiiniii in tlic acid np. n pcriiinnclit impurity, Imt ns tlic strcngtli of tlic ncid iiicrcascs duriiig tho c\*np?- intiori tlic iron bcc,o,t~ics insolitblc, until Imt n trace I S lcft i n tho ncid." 1 Iic rciliniiidcr of tlic sliccificntion is tnlicti up with &tails of workiiig wliicli niiyoiic iiiny obtniii from tlint soiircc. AIfrcd Julius I~oiilt, for Jniiics C:ridlcy, of l!rooklyn, Now York, No. 4709, 3rd Oct., 1882, rcccivcd provisioiiiil sliccificntion for his invcntioii. l l c says : "Sly iiivcntioii isbnsctl iipon tlic fnct that sulpliuric acid of 66" 13cnu1ti6 nt GO' Lpnhr. lins littlc or no action 011 cnst iron,-nntl iiiy iiivcntioii consists first of tlic IN-OCCW of iiitrotliiciiig a siitnll strcniii of diliitc acid from tho cvnpoiatitig p i s , of strcngth, say of tio" I!cnuiiil., iiito n lnrgc quniitity(sny onc toii or iiioro of acid of tlic strcngtli of W I:cnmn6) contnincd in n coiicciitrniiiig pail or rctort ~ l i i t r j i ~ d origirmlly n.ithncirl of 66" J:cnii~i)i., nntl kcpt tlicrc nftcr It tlic l)oiling point. 'l'llc fccd of tlilutc acid to Itc 50 rcglntctl ns not to rctlucc tlic ncid iii tho COIICCII- tratii!cr Inn or rctort bclow 66" I h i i i n i : at tlic sivfoce 3r n c ~ line, nt wliicIt ioint, n i i c ~ four inc~ics bc~ow t ~ t c wrncc, tltc pan nt t!ip sit~cs is protcctc(1 froin t ~ i o ictioii of tlic iicid." 1 licsc scciii to bc thc guiding rJriiiciplcs of this ilivcntioii, tlic rciiinitiing portion of :iis inpcr bciiig conlinctl to dcscriptions of nppnmtus. SIr. Mcnzics, i'ntcnt No. RZ:30, 2!)tli .Tniinnry, I8R:$

proccctls to nttnck tlic nrscnic ~roblciii, n poiiit ovcr- 'ooketl or iIitcntioiinlly ncglcctcd by tlic ~ircvioi i~ iivcntors. Hc tiio\w iiincli nloiig tlic sniiic liiics ns qg~rds strciigtli, ctc.,. ns tlic otlicrs just Inciitioiicd. I-tc ositliscs tlic nrsciiic a i d iron to tlic liiglicst poiiit, )y ii~cans of iiitrous vitriol, iiitric ncitl, or uitratcs, ,oils off tlic rciiininiiig wntcr, niitl tlicii procccds to listill off tho rciiiaiiiiiig strong ncid, iisiiy glnsn tubcs i s n coiidcnscr, t.Iius obtniiiiiig n purc ncitl ns nll tlic qiiiritics rciliniii in t ~ i c still to 11c cjcnnctl oiit icriotIicnlIy. I t sceiiis surprising tlint tecliiiicnl :Iicniists sliould, for so ninny ycars, I inw tortured ,Iicir brnins tlevisitiy o i w y Itossildc corifigiirntioii ol' ;lnss or precious aictnl, niitl l i n ~ o orcrlookcd thc fnct lint coiiitiio~~ prosnic cast iron coiiltl bc ci~iployctl. I'his is tlic iiiorc rciiii~rknllc ns it lins bccii Iilio\vli for .t Icnst thirty ycnrs, tl:at cnst iron wns bat sliglitly .ctcd ul,oli by boiling siilphuric acid. .It will be ; I I O W I I to lrlniiy of yon that 1111 opcrntion 1;110~~~11 ns ' nrtiitg)' tnkes plnco nt the illitit find otlici~ plnccs. i i s ' 6 liiirtiitg 1' nicniis tlic scpnrnting silver froiii , t ~ l t l . 'flit grniiiilntctl nlloy, OP iiiisturc of tlicsc two ictnls, wns, nt oiic tinic, trcntcd with nitric ncitl, to issoIvc out tlic silvcr, c\~ciitunlly sul huric ncitl WQS libstitutcil, iising 1ilntitiiuii l>oilcrs, hit i n tJliillips / c q ~ ~ [ [ t w g ~ , I~iiblislictl in 1652, it snys :-'I l!lic grniiu- itcd 1tiistiir.c (~iicniiiiig nlloy) is now plnccd in large ast-iroii l~oilcrs, into wliicli nrc tlirown two niitl ;L

tiiiics its \wiglit of strong s~illil~uric ncid, 01s. g. '8.18 (icin fl!\v.), nntl tlic d i o l c is nt o~icc Iicntcd to Ijiillition by n firc plncctl liciicntli tho ~inns." l ' l io >ilinintlcr of tlic proccsa ncctl not clct.nin 11s. 'I'hc oillt of interest lies iii tlio fnct !lint Iicrc the ycriii f coilcciitrntioii i i i iroii lias rc~aniiictl Iiiclclcti for siicli lotigth of tiiiir. I do not clniiii for tlioso somawlint iisty rind str!ipglin:: notes nny vnluc oitlior liistoricnl r Iirncticnl ; 11 t h y poiiit IL iiioinl n t nll it is, tlint iii ciicrnI sciciitific niid tcclinicnl !itcrntwc, tlicrc csist IC biitls of ninny scwiccnblo invciitioas, nnrl tlint, I tllcsc lnttcr evil tlnys of niiicli work for siiinll ~ n r t l oii which wo linvc fnlloii, i t boliovcs 11s 1111 to lok nroiuiil niitl cscrcisc tho wliolo of our skill niitl iloilt t o rcdnco tho cost of irotluction to tho uti~iost, i p Iiti\vovci* itoIiticiniiti R i i t l stutIciits or tlio c~ootiiv

3Dti THE JOUliNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF CTIEhlICAL INDUSTIW. [Junc ?0,1681

YOUR Coiiiiiiittcc, ns iiistriictctl I J ~ tlic rcsoliitioii iinniiiiiiously i i ~ w c t l to nt tlic Coiil’crciicc of Aliril lst, ]ins cnrcrllTiy coiisitlcrctl tlic rciiinrtis iiintlc a t tlint iiicctiiig, niid nlso t tic opiiiioiis csprcssctl i i i tlic 0 t h Scctiotis of the Socicty.

Xntioiinl” iiictliotls ns rigniiist t i liitcrnntionnl ’1 oiics, rclircsciits tlic very strong fccliiig which csists i11roii tlic siilJ,jcct i i i this Scctioii, niitl your Coiiiiiiittcc IS iiiiniiiiiioiisly of oliinioii that n iintioiinl ngrcciiiciit, ns fnr ns rcgiirtls sntiipliiig niitl st:ititig the results, \voultl iiicct nll

Tlic rcsolutioii of April Ist, pro )osiiig

1 )111’1 roscs.

work wliicli lins bccii tlotic by tho AInnclicstcr Section tliiriiig the wit twelve itioiitlis,\vc iiiny wcll fccl proutl of tlic rcsiilt of its In1Joiir.r. Not o t i~y ~invc we tint1 n Inrgc iiuriiLcr of iiitlloftntit niitl iiitcrcstitig pnpcrs, but tlic cotistniitly iiicrcnsing iiiiiiilcr of gctitlcilicn nttctitl- i n g our iiiniitlily tiicctiiigs l)ro\-cs tliat oiir work lins bccii npprccintctl by !iiniiy d i n nrc iiot yet nctiinl i i i ~ i i i l ~ ~ r s of oiir Socic!.y. ‘l’lic nttctitlniicc nt our iiicctiiigs lins nvcrnwl ovcr :HIO, wliilc iiliiiost cvcry iiioiitli ]ins Lroiiglit iis frotii oiir own tlistrict, froin tcii to liftccii new I I I C I I I ~ U I . ~ , so tlint oiir Section is nlrcritly rclii‘csciitctl IJY tlic sotiicwlint foriiiitlnble ligiirc of nlioiit :]Go ; wliicli ligiiro, IIo\vcver, I Iiopc irtny Irc d~i i l~lct l bcforc tlic close 01

i i i ~ i i i i ~ r in which sninplcs slioultl bc tnkcii. Each siib-coiiiiiiittcc slioultl tlciil with tlic spccinl nrticlcs i i i wliicli its i i i c i i i l ~ ~ r ~ nre iiitercstctl nntl cspcriciicctl, niid slioiild rcport to n Gciiernl Coiiiiiiittcc, which iiiny 1)c nppoiiitctl to coiisitlcr tlic suljjcct.

After carefully rccoiisitlcritig tlic rcport niid tlic vnrioiis tliscussioiis which I i n w tnkcii plncc in the dift’crent Scctioiis, your Cotiiiiiittec is uiiniiiiiiously of opiiiioii tlint i t woiiltl IJC prncticnlly iiiipossillc to insist on ccrtaiii stniitlnrd iiictliotlu uf niinlysis, iiiitl tlint cliciiiists iiiny bc left. to lisp tlic iiiost rcli:ilJlc. Your Coiiiiiiittcc, Iio~vcver, rccogtiises tlic fnct tlint iii tiiiiiiy cnscs i t ~voiiltl I)c iiiost tlcsirnl)lc tlint cliciiiists slioultl stntc tlic iiictliotl usctl upoii tlic ccrtilicntc of tlic nnnlysis or iissny.

A s to iiliiforiii iiictliotls of stntiiig tlic rcsiilts of ntinlyscs or nssnys, your Coiiiiiiittcc is of 0l)iiiioii t.lint sucli nii ngrcciiiciit ivoultl IN? Iiossihlc, hit iis only tlic iitciiiLer~ of the vnrioris trntlcs, or tlicir sciciitilic ntlviscrs, would be likely to kiiow the rccliiirctiiciits of those trndcs, y u r Coiiiiiiittco suggests tltnt tlic clucstioii of stittiiig tlic results slioiild IJC tliscusscd 1~5’ tlic sill,-coiiiiiiittccs Iinving clinrgc of tlic cliicstioii rcliiting to iiiiiforiii iiictliotls of sniiipliiig,

11s to tlic nlipoiiitiii~iil of n g~iicrril coiiitnittcc niitl its powrs, yoiir Coiiiiiiittco IS of o Jiiiioii tlint s u c ~ i n qucstioii iiiny safely tjc left to tlic Couiicil nntl n gciicrul tiiccLiiiK of tlic Society ; bclicviiig! Iio~vovcr, tlint tlic qucstioii cnti oiily 1)c sntisfnctorily clenlt with Ly n large cniiiiiiittcc, ii i which tlic i i in i i j 1Jrniiclics of triitlc nrc ntlciluntcly rcprcsciitctl.

Yoiir Coiiiiiiittcc is uiiriiiiiliously of opiiiioii tlni niiy iiyrcciiiciit wliiclt iiiny 110 siiggrstctl slioiiltl O I ~ J Lc considcrctl ns n rccotiitticiitlritioii to cliciiiists biiycrs, scllcrs and ~ ~ i i s ~ i t i i c r s , i i i i t l tlint no nttctiil)i

biiitliiig on tlic ~rnrtics coiicertictl, tliouyli yoiir COIII iiiittcc fccls sure, tliiit tlic InilJlicntioii of tlic 1 ) ~ s ’ iiictliotls i i i tlic J o i i r t i n l of tlic Society woiiltl, i l l I sliort tiinc, Iiiivc coiisiclcrnl~lo irillitciicc i i i scciirin; tlioir ntltrptioii.

Y t ~ i i r Coiiliiiiltco woiiltl nlso siiggcst tlint nil! stniidnril iiictliotls slioiiltl IJU rcvisctl I J ~ tlic gcncrn coiniiiittco from titiic to tiiiic.

This rcport wns rcccivctl unniiitnoiisly, nil& passed witli tliu rcclticst tliut it IJO for\viirdctI to tlic CoLllicil

Slloll~t~ IJO lllndc to lllnkc SllCll Illct~lOllS llbSoliltC!l)

CLO.SlS0 OY 1’1IIC 81:YsIos, 1883-4. T111: Cll’illt~l’\x’ Ruiutess.

Tho currciit scssioii closes with tlic iiicctiiig of tlli cvciiiiig, niitl tho lirst tiicotiiig pf tlic new scssioll l y i l trike ptncc i n Octobcr. l i t tiilatig n rctroslrcct of ti1

iiglit iiot to bc lost sight of in t.lic future titniiiigciiient f our Scctioii, niitl i i i iity opinion cncli iiittivitliid iectioii can rciitler tlic Lest service iii ntlvniiciiig tlic bjccts of tlic Society, by rciidiiig iiiitl tlisciissitig ~ ~ i p c r s oii sul,jccts which linvc, iiiorc or lcss, II sliccinl lciiriiig on tlic priticipnl iiitliistrics locntctl iii its OWI ,istrict. Soiiic of t.ltosc lrrcsctit iiiny I)crliiips bcnwnrc lint n nc\v socicty lins lccii foriiictl at Ilrntlford, iiiitlcr !ic iiniiic of ‘l’lic Socicty of Ijycrs niitl C‘oloiirists.1’ .his socicty wns foriiinlly o iciictl last iiiotitli i i i ii iiinugiiml n t ~ r c s s ~ i y Lr. ~:oscoc, niitl it .Ircntly iiiuiibcrs XI iiiciiibcrs. \\‘licii it bccniiic :iiowti tlint i t was i i i coiitciiiplntioii a t 1:rntl- ortl to stiirt n socicty of tlyers nnd tcstilo coloiirists, iintiy of us fclt tlcsirous tlint oiir l’orksliirc frietitls iiiglit scc tlicir \vny to niiinlgntnntc with oiir Society, .tit1 to form n sl~ccinl section, niitl l iiiny sny tliis ivris rlso iiiy tlcsirc. Our friciitls coultl not, Iio~revcr, ~ J O iitlucetl to nltcr tlic tlctcriiiiiintion tlicy lint1 coiiic tn

founding R scli:irntc society of tlicir owii ; niitl IIOW .lint this society Iiiis IJCCII nctunlly LroiiKlit into :sistciicc niitl cstiiblislicd for nil object partly itlciiticnl ,sit11 oiirs, v k , tlint of ntlvnnciiig ntitl protiiotiiig iciciitilic niitl tccliiiicril kiiowlctlyc, it is oiily bccoiiiiti:: II 11s to wish i t cvcry siicces~. lzioiiic of our iiiciiibcrs :Itoiigltt tlint, tlic hi ic l ics tcr Scctioii lint1 nlrcritly iintle II sliccinlity of tlic siibjccts of dyciiignntl 1Ai t - tig tlirit tlicro wns reiilly no ~ O O I I I for II ticw socicty, i i it i tlint s i ic~ i nii nesocirition ns tliat coiiteitijlliitctI iiiglit C\*CII tlrnir iiwny soiiic of our iiiciiiLcrs. I IJC~* ioivcvcr to t l i t i ix frotii tliis Inttcr opiiiioti, nntl 1 tliiiX :lint so Cnr ns t ~ i o elt’cct oii our tiietii~Jcrs is coiiccriicti, tlic ncw Society will, on tlic coiitrnry, ntltl to tlio i i i i t i i - ber of niciiilcrs of oiir scctioii, niitl nlrccitly tlircc gcntlciiicii liiivc joiiictl 11s froiii tlio Society of Dyers niit l Coloiirists. \Yo ttiust nlso not forget tlint llrritl- ford is n iiiost iiiiportniit tlycitig cciitrc,iiiid tliiit tlycrs rroiii tliiit district cniiiiot coii~ciiiciitlynttetitloiiriiicot- iiigs rcgiilnrly. Ihit tlicrc isiinotlioriiti(I iiiorc wciglity i’ciisoii why tlio iicw Society, i f liropcrly tiiniiiigetl, slioiiltl I~ccottio IL wry tlcsirnl.do niitl nscl’iil t~iie. \\‘it11 nll tluo respect to the iriicticnl skill, iiidustry niitl siignaity of our dyors, t h y iirc iiot ns n rille cliciiiicnl .wru/it.v, niitl tho iiinjority of our IinIlcrs ntitl of tho otlicr v~+ l~ lc cotiiiiiuiiicntioiis to Lo Ibiiiid i i i oiir csccllciit Joiirtinl, pro-supposo for tlicir ~irolrcr c0iiil)rcliciisioii n stiiiitlnrtl of ktio\vlctlgo siilierior to tlint of iiiost of tlioso gciitlctiicn. ‘J’lic princi in1 \vork of t ~ i o Socicty of u y c r y niit~ coloiirists will, Lliercforc, consist in cntlcnvoiiriiig to ntlvntico tcclinicnl i i i i t l sciciitilic k i i i ~ ~ l ~ t l g ~ nitionfist this clnss ol’ I I I C I I , who liuvc iiot lint1 tho opport~iiiity of ~rnssiiig tlirongli irtiy rcgiilnrsciciitilic triiiiiiiig, or of ncquiriti 1 tliiit ricciiriitu sciciitilic kiiowlcc~gu wliicli iu so t lScrJ niitl vii~unb~c

fi ino 3. lssll THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY. 387

C c o r ~ o Ilcllby. I’rofcssor Cruiii Urown. .I. Clirletlu. llr. Joliir Clnrk. l’rufc.wur 1)lttiiinr. (;coix’u G . Ilciidurnon. GcorKu 3l’lluberla Juiiiue Jliiclciir.

in tlicir diffcrcnt trades. Tlic socicty in qiicstion will, tlicrcforc, not bc n rivnl to our O W I I , cvcii t l io~gl i \w nrc both piirsuing to IL grcnt estcnt tlic coiiiino11 nhjcct of ndv:inciiig tcclinicnl nntl scicntificknowlctlgc; hiit will, on tIic contnry. bo of grcnt nssistnncc in preparing tlic ground and t h i s iiiiitcrinlly nitlin:: tlic \.cry purliosc wit11 ivliic1i oiir own Socicty ]ins bccn fouiided. On tlic otlicr Iiantl, tlicrc nrc innny dycrs, csl)ccinlly of tlic youngcr gciicrntion, wlio linvc nc- i[nirccl n fnir ninoiint of tcclinicnl kno~vlcdgc, nnd it is tlicsc to ~ ~ l i o i i i our section iiiust direct its nttcntion. riiitl wlioiii wc mist show Iiy o w InlJours tlint it will be to tlicir Imicfit to join our Society. I t will, tlicrc- fore, 1Ic to our OWI intcrcst nntl tlic iiitcrmt of nll wlio renlly Iinvc n t Iicart tlic dilriision nntl ntlvnnccnicnt of t ccliiiicnl niid scientific knowledge, to co-opcrate in n fricntlly innnncr with tho 13rndford Society of Ilycrs nntl Coloiirists. I Iinvc ::rent plcnsuro i n inforiiiiiig you t h t tlic coiincil of tlic new socicty lins nlrcndy pnsssctl n rcsolrition allowing nny mcinbcr of our hliinclicstcr Scction to nttcnd their ordiiinry !iiontlily incctings, and lisiiig tlic ilntcs of tliosc incct- ings so ns not to clnsli with tlic dntcs nt i~*Iiicli oiir iiicotings nrc usiinlly licltl. I doubt not, gcntlcincii, that you will glntlly rcciprocntc this fricntlly nctioii on tlicir part by Iicriiiitting inciiibcrs of tho ncy so- ciety to nttcntl our ortlinnry iiionthly nicctinks It is !)y tlius Iinrinonioiisly working togctlicr, niitl nn’ortl- in:: cncli otlicr iiiiituiil slipport nntl rccojiiiition, tlint socictics foiuiilctl with ol!lccts such ns ours inny hcst nttniii tlicir cntls, nntl confcr tlic grcntcst bcnclit 011 tlicir iiiciiibcrs nntl tlic world nt lurgc. - --. . - . ~ . . .. . . .. . . . . . . -

I’rofcssor hllllu. Jiiiiicn Snpiur, juii T. I,. I ’ l r l l o ~ l l . J. IS. Ilciitliiiiui. I)r. JSdi i i i i i i i I llonnlds. I?. . I . I l O W l l l l . 11. IL.‘rllLluck. 1)r. \\‘ilIliriii \Vtrllirco.

@laegolu and a63wt of %cotland section. -

Chairiiiaii: IEtl. C. C. Sliinlortl. Vice-cbairiiiair : Professor l~crgiison.

Corri iii illcc :

I IY 0 1 . . I . coI,l:Jl.m, l~.l,c., 1:C.H.

As cescntinl constitueiit of niiy iiincliinu Iiitlicrto usctl for Iirotlucinji cold coiitiiiuouely, is ! in clnstic Iluid 01 viipoiir, wliiclr iiiny bo ntiiiosplicric nir, aniinoniacnl

:as, sulpliurons ncid gas, ethcr vnpour, mctliylic ctlier vnpour, kc., C ~ C . Such vnpour is nltcrnntcly coni- mssctl and cspnndctl, during which ccrtnin phc- ioiiieiia iiiniiifcst tlicnisclvcs, nnd n succession of jucli constitutcs thc working of n iiincliiiic for lucing cold. If tliesc cyc~cs lie stu(lic(1, i t iviIKi ‘ound tlint t h y nll iiivolvc introtlnciiig cncrgy [in tlic ’orin of Iicnt, or its erlnivnlcnt niecliniiicnl work] into ;Iic cycle, nnd t l w L ~ i - c j ~ c t b q it ; by this iiicnns tlic vnpour is brought into that Iihysicnll contlciisctl con- lition, by wliicli i t mill ahsorb h a t ? roiii an csternnl iubstnnce by its own CSI)RIISIOII or cvnporntioii. A :old I)rodiicing inncliinc nbstincts licnt froin tho j lhtal lcc being coolctl by tlic spontancoris cspnnsion 11’ cvnporntioii of nn elastic Ilnid insitlc tlic iiincliinc, iiitl to kccp up n succession of such cspnnsioiis niitl ibstrnctions of licnt froin an outs.iilc body, lient or m q y )ins to bc g i m i to thc nincliincs.

First Ict us tnkc tlic protluction of cold by atiiio!- Iplicricnir. In this cnsa ire linvc fonr rlistinctstngcs i n tlic cycle, tlic first of wliicli is thnt nir is coinprcssed by iiiccliaiiicnl forcc or work, ivhicli iiot orily coiii- prcsscs the nir, but iiinkcs i t osccct1in;jly hot, for kccording to the I n w of t1icriiiodyiiniiiic.s i i 2 foot pounds of ciicrgy uscd i n coiiiprcssiiig tlic air nppcnrs 11s n unit of lient i i i tlic coni1ircssctl nir itsclf. Tho sccontl stage of tho cyclc is tlicreforc to get rid of this licnt actiially put into the air, mid this is tloiic by injcctiiig into tlic nir, ivcll, rivcr, or SCR water, or by pnssinq tlic coiiilircssctl air tlirougli tiibcs sur- roiintlctl wit11 such water. Tliis brings 11s to tlic third stngc of tlic cycle in \rliicli wc Iinvc coiiiprcssctl air of rclttiosp/it*ric (ertc i c t w t w c . If wc tlicn iiinkc this coin- prcsscc~ air i v d nil ciiginc coiistructctl like n steniii cngiric, it dovclops forcc niitl bccoincs iminciiscly cold; rind for orery i i 8 foot ioiuids of iiieclinnicnl cnqrgy (levclopctl, thcro is n rcdiictioii in tcnipcratnrc crliiivn- lciit to oiic licnt unit. \Yo Iinm iiow nrrivcd nt tlic fourth stiiga, ivliicli is, tlint tlic cold nir is lirouglit into contnct with t.hc siibstnn:? wc wish to cool, nntl goes Imk for niiotlicr cyclc. 1 Iicrc is nnotlicr wny oE Iirotlucing cold by ntinosplicric nir, kiio\vii ns tho vncuuni iiictliod,.niitl it coiisists of tlircc stngw. In Lliis cnso ~ncclinnicnl force is used to lift tho piston of an nir piii i ip, tlic cncrgy licrc Icing rcjcctctl iii ,t$o friction or liciit of dislilncing tlic nt.iiiosl)licrc. 1 hc rnrclicd nir iiisitlc the 1 i i i i i ip is inndc to pick up licnt froin tlic substniicc bciii:: coolctl, nnd hcing rcstorctl to its iioriiinl ~)rcssiirc is cs icllcd. \\’hcii ctlicr is usctl t ~ i c cyc~c is ns roiiolvs : I \y iiicc1iniiicnl work tlic ctlicr vnpour is Iniinpctl from tlic rcscrvoir of ctlicr nntl tlicn passctl in n coinprcssctl stntc tlirollgli Iiilics surroiiiirlctl witli cold wntcr ; herc tlic oiicrgy iiitro- diicctl by the )uinp is rcjcctctl i i i thc forin of Iicat., ivliicli is cnrrici awny in tlic cooliiig wntcr ; t ~ i c Iiqiii(1 ctlicr tlicii ~ m s c s on into n rcscrvoir, niid thon cviipornt.cs into tlic vncuiiin inniiit:iiiictl by t.lic ~ I I I I I I ~ I ; in fiict., tho ctlicr cvnliorntcs so rnpitlly i n yncrio t l i n t i t IJnils nt n tcnipornturo qqiroiicliiiig zcro Pnlit.., nnil tlic liqiiitl ctlicr conscquentl nl)strncts licnt froin ,n,ny substniicowo wisli to 110 cooLil by tlic iiincliinc. 11ic cyclo in tlic cnsc of :I’ictct’s Sulphurous Acid Cns blnchiiic is ircciscly tliu sninc, only tlic ivliolc iippn- ratns is ivorhc(1 nt 1iigIicr Iiressiirc, owing to tlic boiling point of liquid sulpliurons ncitl bcing lowcr.

Alncliincs linvc nlso bccii iiitrotlucod by Prof. Linrlc, in whicli nnliydi;ous niiiiiioiiin is asctl instcntl of S U I - ~ ~ ~ l i i v o u s iicid gnn ; t.lint is, niiiliioiiin gns nbsoliitcly frco frow wntcr coniprcsscd by tho ~~icclinniciil forcu 01’ n piiinli ; tlic cncr,yy thus introtliiccd is nbstrnctctl by pnssing ~ l i c hot gns t.lirot1jih pilies snrrollntlctl by wiitcr, i i i i t l the liquid niiinioiiin is tlicil nllo\vctl to boll in vnciio crcntctl by tlic ~ N I I I I ~ , ~vliicli is lit n tcin- pcraturc litill fiirtlicr bclow mro, thnn in tlic cnsc of the sulphurous ncid or otIioi*, nnd blins nbstractti