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N O T E S P T. 3

BIOCHEMISTRY

CARBOHYDRATES

LIPIDS (fats)

PROTEINS

NUCLEIC ACIDS

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

These substances have certain MOLECULAR •   STRUCTURES & BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS.

•  We call these four main types of carbon- based molecules MACROMOLECULES

FOUR MAIN TYPES OF ORGANIC MOLECULES THAT MAKE UP LIVING

THINGS

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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

•  Contain Carbon & Hydrogen •  Necessary for life to exist •  Macromolecules with a carbon backbone

•  These backbones can be 3 different forms

C – C – C – C – C – C (straight chain)

C – C – C – C – C

C – C

C – C – C

(branched)

C

C

C

C C

C (ring)

DIFFERENT BACKBONE FORMS

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BACKBONE FORM

•  The shape depends on the arrangement of the carbon atoms that make up the backbone

•  The shape defines the properties and function in living organisms.

CHNOPS WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS THAT ORGANIC MOLECULES??

MAKE UP •  

Answer: •   Organic molecules MUST be made of Carbon & Hydrogen. They CAN contain Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus & Sulfur.

•  

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MONOMERS & POLYMERS OF ORGANIC MOLECULES

•  Monomer – base unit or a building block of a polymer (macromolecules) •  Mono means ONE •  Poly means MANY

•  Polymer (macromolecules) – many monomers bonded together (long chain unit) •  Examples:

•  Amino acids are the monomers (building blocks) of Proteins.

•  Monosaccharides are monomers of Carbohydrates

Monomer Polymer

MONOMERS & POLYMERS

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REMEMBER, REMEMBER…

•  Monomers (building blocks) covalently bond together to form a polymer (macromolecule)

ORGANIC MOLECULES OF LIVING THINGS

• In addition to hydrogen and carbon they contain atoms of other elements

• They tend to be large and complex

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MACROMOLECULE 1: CARBOHYDRATES

Simple Sugars Complex Carbs

MACROMOLECULE 1: CARBOHYDRATES

Monosaccharides Polysaccharides

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CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrates are used in our bodies to store potential energy & release energy when our bodies need to use it.

They are made of carbon, hydrogen & oxygen.

The simplest type of carbohydrate is a simple sugar called a monosaccharide.

Carbohydrates have a ratio of about 2 Hydrogens to 1

•  

•  

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•   Carbon to 1 Oxygen. Glucose = C6H12O6

MACROMOLECULE 1:

WHAT IS YOUR FUNCTION?

•  The primary function of carbohydrates is for short-term energy storage (sugars are for Energy).

•  A secondary function is intermediate-term energy storage (as in starch for plants and glycogen for animals).

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•   MONO = One

•   DI= Two

•  POLY= Many •   Monosaccharides like glucose & fructose can

combine together to form: •   Disaccharides like sucrose which combine together to

form: •   Polysaccharides (polymer) like starch & cellulose.

•   WHICH IS BIGGER? A monosaccharide or a disaccharide or a polysaccharide?

MONOSACCHARIDES VS. DISACCHARIDES VS. POLYSACCHARIDES

MONOSACCHARIDES

• Some carbohydrates are relatively small molecules, the most important to us is glucose which has 6 carbon atoms.

• These simple sugars are called monosaccharides

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DISACCHARIDES

• Hooking two monosaccharides together forms a more complex sugar.

• Compounds such as sucrose are called Disaccharides (two sugars).

• Both monosaccharides and disaccharides are soluble in water.

POLYSACCHARIDES

• Larger, more complex carbohydrates are formed by linking shorter units together to form long or very long sugar chains called Polysaccharides.

• Because of their size, these are often times not soluble in water.

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MONOSACCHARIDES BUILD POLYSACCHARIDES

BUT WAIT! THERE’S MORE

• Many biologically important compounds such as starches and cellulose are Polysaccharides.

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COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATE

•  Large polymers of sugars are called Carbohydrates.

•  The term Complex Carbohydrate, or sometimes even just Carbohydrate refers to long chains of sugars.

•  Three common types of complex carb's are:

•  Starch – used for long term energy storage in plants

•  Cellulose – used for plant cell wall structure

•  Glycogen – used for long term energy storage in humans

MONOMERS JOIN TOGETHER!...BUT HOW!?

•  The subunits (monomers) of the macromolecules (polymers) are covalently-bonded.

•  The covalent bonds between the subunits are always formed by a type of reaction

•  This reaction is called Dehydration Synthesis (making something while losing water – get it? LOSING WATER… DEHYDRATION!)

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Dehydration Synthesis •   When a water (H & OH) is removed from

monosaccharides, a disaccharide can be formed.

•   When combining monosaccharides to form a disaccharide, there usually has to be a loss H and an OH.

•   This is also known as DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS because a water molecule is removed.

of an

SO, WHAT HAPPENS?

•  During dehydration synthesis, a water molecule is lost, electrons are rearranged, and a new bond is formed between the subunits.

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COVALENT BOND FORMS

Your body wants to BREAK DOWN disaccharides into simple sugars (monosaccharides).

•  

When breaking down a disaccharide into monosaccharides, a water (a H and an OH) is added back into the two simple sugars.

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HYDROLYSIS