notes - springer978-0-387-09469-4/2/1.pdf · 15. tierney, j. (2008, january 1). a 100 percent...

Notes

1. Pool, R. (2001). Fat: Fighting the Obesity Epidemic. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press.

2. Shell, E.R. (2002). The Hungry Gene: The Inside Story of the ObesityIndustry. New York: Grove Press.

3. Brownell, K.D. (1991). Personal responsibility and control over our bodies:when expectation exceeds reality. Health Psychology, 10, 303–310.

4. Leichter, H.M. (2003). Evil habits and personal choices: assigningresponsibility for health in the 20th century. Milbank Quarterly, 81(4),603–626; cited in Schwartz, M.B. and Brownell, K.D. (2007). Actionsnecessary to prevent childhood obesity: creating the climate for change.Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics, 35(1), 78–89.

5. Kolata, G. (2005, April 17). The body heretic: it scorns our efforts. NewYork Times.

6. Brownell, K.D. (1991). Personal responsibility and control over ourbodies: when expectation exceeds reality. Health Psychology, 10,303–310.

7. American College of Sports Medicine. (1995). ACSM’s Guidelines forExercise Testing and Prescription. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

8. Wadden, T.A. and Stunkard, A.J. (Eds.). (2002). Handbook of ObesityTreatment. New York: Guilford Press.

9. Brownell, K.D. and Fairburn, C.G. (Eds.). (1995). Eating Disorders andObesity: A Comprehensive Handbook. New York: Guilford Press.

10. Ibid.11. Skrabanek, P. and McCormick, J. (1990). Follies and Fallacies in Medicine.

Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books.12. Ibid.13. Sterman, J.D. (2000). Business Dynamics: Systems Thinking and Modeling

for a Complex World. Boston: Irwin McGraw-Hill.14. Plous, S. (1993). The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making. New

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15. Tierney, J. (2008, January 1). A 100 percent chance of alarm. New YorkTimes.

16. Plous, S. (1993). The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making. NewYork: McGraw-Hill.

17. Diez-Roux, A.V. (1998). On genes, individuals, society, and epidemiology.American Journal of Epidemiology, 148(11), 1027–1032.

18. Ibid.19. Krieger, N. (1994). Epidemiology and the web of causation: has anyone

seen the spider? Social Science and Medicine, 39(7), 887–903.20. Wadden, T.A. and Stunkard, A.J. (Eds.). (2002). Handbook of Obesity

Treatment. New York: Guilford Press.21. Bjorntorp, P. (2001). Thrifty genes and human obesity. Are we chasing

ghosts? Lancet, 358, 1006–1008.22. Wadden, T.A. and Stunkard, A.J. (Eds.). (2002). Handbook of Obesity

Treatment. New York: Guilford Press.23. Diez-Roux, A.V. (1998). On genes, individuals, society, and epidemiology.

American Journal of Epidemiology, 148(11), 1027–1032.24. Cutler, D.M., Glaeser, E.L. and Shapiro, J.M. (2003). Why have Americans

become more obese? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17(3), 93–118.25. Porter, R. (Ed). (1996). The Cambridge Illustrated History of Medicine.

Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.26. Lawrence, P.R. and Nohria, N. (2002). Driven: How Human Nature

Shapes Our Choices. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.27. Pool, R. (2001). Fat: Fighting the Obesity Epidemic. Oxford: Oxford

University Press.28. Lawrence, P.R. and Nohria, N. (2002). Driven: How Human Nature

Shapes Our Choices. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.29. Ibid.30. Ibid.31. Eaton, S.B. (1992). Humans, lipids and evolution. Lipids, 27(10), 814–820.32. Pi-Sunyer, X. (2003). A clinical view of the obesity problem. Science, 299,

859–860.33. Peters, J.C., Wyatt, H.R., Donahoo, W.T., and Hill, J.O. (2002). From

instinct to intellect: the challenge of maintaining healthy weight in themodern world. Obesity Reviews, 3, 69–74.

34. Brownell, K.D. and Horgen, K.B. (2004). Food Fight. Chicago: Contem-porary Books.

35. Lawrence, P.R. and Nohria, N. (2002). Driven: How Human NatureShapes Our Choices. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

36. Ibid.37. Bray, G.A, Bouchard, C., and James, W.P.T. (Eds.). (1998). Handbook of

Obesity. New York: Marcel Dekker.

146 Notes

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39. Brown, P.J. (1998). Culture, evolution, and obesity. In: G.A. Bray, C.Bouchard, and W.P.T. James (Eds.). Handbook of Obesity. New York:Marcel Dekker.


41. Bray, G.A, Bouchard, C., and James, W.P.T. (Eds.). (1998). Handbook ofObesity. New York: Marcel Dekker.

42. Eaton, S.B., Eaton, S.B., Konner, M.J., and Shostak, M. (1996). An evolu-tionary perspective enhances understanding of human nutritionalrequirements. Journal of Nutrition, 126, 1732–1740.


44. Ibid.45. Flier, J.S. (2004). Obesity wars: molecular progress confronts an expand-

ing epidemic. Cell, 116, 337–350.46. Leonard, W.R. (2002). Food for thought: dietary change was a driving

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Industry. New York: Grove Press.49. Whitney, E.N. and Rolfes, S.R. (1999). Understanding Nutrition.

Belmont, CA: West/Wadsworth.50. Peters, J.C., Wyatt, H.R., Donahoo, W.T., and Hill, J.O. (2002). From


51. Bjorntorp, P. (2001). Thrifty genes and human obesity. Are we chasingghosts? Lancet, 358, 1006–1008.

52. Ibid.53. Jungermann. K. and Barth, C.A. (1996). Energy metabolism and nutri-

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54. Ibid.55. Russell, S.A. (2005). Hunger: An Unnatural History. New York: Basic

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57. Powell, K. (2007). The two faces of fat. Nature, 447, 525–527.

Notes 147

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60. Marx, J. (2003). Cellular warriors at the battle of the bulge. Science, 299,846–849.


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63. Whitney, E.N. and Rolfes, S.R. (1999). Understanding Nutrition.Belmont, CA: West/Wadsworth.

64. Peters, J.C., Wyatt, H.R., Donahoo, W.T., and Hill, J.O. (2002). Frominstinct to intellect: the challenge of maintaining healthy weight in themodern world. Obesity Reviews, 3, 69–74.

65. Polivy, J. and Herman, P. (1985). Dieting and binging: a causal analysis.American Psychologist, 40(2), 193–201.

66. Shetty, P.S. (1990). Physiological mechanisms in the adaptive response ofmetabolic rates to energy restriction. Nutrition Research Reviews 3, 49–74.

67. Pi-Sunyer, X. (2003). A clinical view of the obesity problem. Science, 299,859–860.

68. Ibid.69. McArdle, W.D., Katch, F.I., and Katch, V.L. (1996). Exercise Physiology:

Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance. Baltimore: Williams &Wilkins.

70. Dalton, S. (Ed.). (1997). Overweight and Weight Management: The HealthProfessional’s Guide to Understanding and Practice. Gaithersburg, MD:Aspen.

71. Pi-Sunyer, F.X. (1999). Obesity. In: Shils, M.E., Olson, J.A., Shike, M., andRoss, A.C. (Eds.). Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. Baltimore:Williams & Wilkins.

72. Ibid.73. Whitney, E.N. and Rolfes, S.R. (1999). Understanding Nutrition.

Belmont, CA: West/Wadsworth.74. Ibid.75. Koplan, J.P. and Dietz, W.H. (1999). Caloric Imbalance and public health

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148 Notes



78. Anderson, G.H. (1993). Regulation of food intake. In: Shils, M.E., Olson,J.A., and Shike, M. (Eds.). Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 8thed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger.

79. Baumeister, R.F., Heatherton, T.F., and Tice, D.M. (1994). Losing Control:How and Why People Fail at Self-Regulation. San Diego: Academic Press.

80. Germov, J. and Williams, L. (1996). The epidemic of dieting women: theneed for a sociological approach to food and nutrition. Appetite, 27,97–108.

81. Baumeister, R.F., Heatherton, T.F., and Tice, D.M. (1994). Losing Control:How and Why People Fail at Self-Regulation. San Diego: Academic Press.

82. Capaldi, E.D. (Ed.). (1996). Why We Eat What We Eat: The Psychology ofEating. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

83. Blundell, J.E. (1995). The psychobiological approach to appetite andweight control. In: Brownell, K.D. and Fairburn, C.G. (Eds.). EatingDisorders and Obesity: A Comprehensive Handbook (pp. 13–20). NewYork: Guilford Press.


85. Krieger, N. (1994). Epidemiology and the web of causation: has anyoneseen the spider? Social Science and Medicine, 39(7), 887–903.

86. Blundell, J.E. and King, N.A. (1996). Overconsumption as a cause of weightgain: behavioral-physiological interactions in the control of food intake(appetite). In: Ciba Foundation Symposium (Ed.). The Origins and Con-sequences of Obesity (pp. 138–154). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.

87. Bray, G.A, Bouchard, C., and James, W.P.T. (Eds.). (1998). Handbook ofObesity. New York: Marcel Dekker.


89. Glanz, K., Rimer, B.K., Lewis, F.M. (Eds.). (2002). Health Behavior andHealth Education: Theory, Research, and Practice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

90. Forrester, J.W. (1979). System Dynamics: Future Opportunities. PaperD-3108–1, The System Dynamics Group, Sloan School of Management,Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

91. Foster, G.D. (2003). Principles and practices in the management ofobesity. American Journal of Respiration and Critical Care Medicine,168, 274–280.

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92. Stokols, D. (1992). Establishing and maintaining healthy environments.American Psychologist, 47(1), 6–22.

93. Diez-Roux, A.V. (1998). On genes, individuals, society, and epidemiol-ogy. American Journal of Epidemiology, 148(11), 1027–1032.

94. Jervis, R. (1997). System Effects: Complexity in Political and Social Life.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

95. Olshansky, S.J., et al. (2005). A potential decline in life expectancy in theUnited States in the 21st century. New England Journal of Medicine,352(11), 1138–1145.

96. Taubes, G. (2002, July 7). What if it’s all been a big fat lie? New YorkTimes Magazine, p. 22.

97. Nestle, M. (2002). Food Politics: How the Food Industry InfluencesNutrition and Health. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

98. Nielsen, S.J. and Popkin, B.M. (2004). Changes in beverage intakebetween 1977 and 2001. American Journal of Preventive Medicine,27(3), 205–210.

99. Puttnam, J., Kantor, L.S., and Allshouse, J. (2000). Per capita food supplytrends: progress toward dietary guidelines. Food Review, 23(3), 2–14.

100. Nielsen, S.J. and Popkin, B.M. (2004). Changes in beverage intakebetween 1977 and 2001. American Journal of Preventive Medicine,27(3), 205–210.

101. Young, L.R. and Nestle, M. (2002). The contribution of expandingportion sizes to the US obesity epidemic. American Journal of PublicHealth, 92(2), 246–249.

102. Nestle, M. and Jacobson, M.F. (2000). Halting the obesity epidemic: apublic health policy approach. Public Health Reports, 115, 12–24.

103. McCrory, M.A., Suen, V.M.M., and Roberts, S.B. (2002). Biobehavioralinfluences on energy intake and adult weight gain. Journal of Nutrition,132, S3830–S3836.

104. Cutler, D.M., Glaeser, E.L. and Shapiro, J.M. (2003). Why haveAmericans become more obese? Journal of Economic Perspectives,17(3), 93–118.


106. Puttnam, J., Kantor, L.S., and Allshouse, J. (2000). Per capita foodsupply trends: progress toward dietary guidelines. Food Review, 23(3),2–14.


108. Oliver, J.E. (2006). Fat Politics: The Real Story Behind America’s ObesityEpidemic. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

150 Notes



111. Ibid.112. Cutler, D.M., Glaeser, E.L. and Shapiro, J.M. (2003). Why have

Americans become more obese? Journal of Economic Perspectives,17(3), 93–118.

113. Dunn, D. (1997). Introduction to the study of women and work. In:Dunn, D. (Ed.). Workplace/Women’s Place: An Anthology. Los Angeles:Roxbury.



116. Chou, S., Grossman, M., and Saffer, H. (2001). An economic analysis ofadult obesity: results from the behavioral risk factor surveillancesystem. Third International Health Economics Association Conference,York, England, July 23–25, 2001.

117. Burke, J. (1995). Connections. Boston: Little, Brown.118. Cutler, D.M., Glaeser, E.L. and Shapiro, J.M. (2003). Why have Americans

become more obese? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17(3), 93–118.119. Ibid.120. Philipson, T. (2001). The world-wide growth in obesity: an economic

research agenda. Health Economics, 10, 1–7.121. Cutler, D.M., Glaeser, E.L. and Shapiro, J.M. (2003). Why have

Americans become more obese? Journal of Economic Perspectives,17(3), 93–118.

122. Bowers, D.E. (2000). Cooking trends echo changing roles of women.Food Review, 23(1), 23–29.

123. French, S.A., Story, M., and Jeffery, R.W. (2001). Environmentalinfluences on eating and physical activity. Annual Review of PublicHealth, 22, 309–35.




Notes 151

127. Mitka, M. (2003). Economist takes aim at ‘‘big fat’’ US lifestyle. JAMA,289(1), 33–34.

128. Hill, J.O., et al. (2003). Obesity and the environment: where do we gofrom here? Science, 299, 853–855.

129. Philipson, T.J. and Posner, R.A. (2003). The long-run growth in obesityas a function of technological change. Perspectives in Biology andMedicine, 46(3), S87–S107.

130. Raeburn, P. et al. (2002, October 21). Why we’re so fat. Business Week,pp. 112–114.

131. French, S.A., Story, M., and Jeffery, R.W. (2001). Environmental influ-ences on eating and physical activity. Annual Review of Public Health,22, 309–35.

132. Philipson, T. (2001). The world-wide growth in obesity: an economicresearch agenda. Health Economics, 10, 1–7.


134. Laigh, A. (2003, May 15). Increasing obesity: slim hopes for a culturethat lacks self-control. Sydney Morning Herald.

135. Critser, G. (2003). Fat Land: How Americans Became the Fattest Peoplein the World. Boston: Mariner Books.

136. Cutler, D.M., Glaeser, E.L. and Shapiro, J.M. (2003). Why have Americansbecome more obese? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17(3), 93–118.



139. Franklin, B.A. (2001). The downside of our technological revolution? Anobesity-conducive environment. American Journal of Cardiology, 87,1093–1095.

140. Zizza, C., et al. (2001). Significant increase in young adults’ snackingbetween 1977–1978 and 1994–1996 represents a cause for concern!Preventive Medicine, 32, 303–310.

141. Kenney, J.J. (2004). To snack or not to snack, that is the question. www.foodandhealth.com.

142. Ibid.143. McCrory, M.A., Suen, V.M.M., and Roberts, S.B. (2002). Biobehavioral

influences on energy intake and adult weight gain. Journal of Nutrition,132, S3830–S3836.


152 Notes




148. Schlosser, E. (2002). Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-AmericanMeal. New York: Perennial.

149. DiMeglio, D.P. and Mattes, R.D. (2000). Liquid versus solid carbohy-drate: effects on food intake and body weight. International Journal ofObesity, 24, 794–800.




153. Ibid.154. Taras, H., et al. (2004). Soft drinks in school. Pediatrics, 113(1), 152–154.155. Critser, G. (2003). Fat Land: How Americans Became the Fattest People

in the World. Boston: Mariner Books.156. Ludwig, D.S., Peterson, K.E., and Gortmaker, S.L. (2001). Relation

between consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and childhoodobesity: a prospective, observational analysis. Lancet, 357, 505–508.


158. Popkin, B.M. (2007). The world is fat. Scientific American, 297(3), 88–95.159. DiMeglio, D.P. and Mattes, R.D. (2000). Liquid versus solid carbohy-

drate: effects on food intake and body weight. International Journal ofObesity, 24, 794–800.

160. A measure of the potential of water molecules to move between regionsof differing concentrations across a water-permeable membrane.



163. Brody, J. (2002, July 16). How to eat without tipping the scale. New YorkTimes, p. D7.

Notes 153




167. Barboza, D. (2003, August 3). If you pitch it, they will eat. New YorkTimes.

168. Story, M., Neumark-Sztainer, D., and French, S. (2002). Individual andenvironmental influences on adolescent eating behaviors. Supplementto the Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 102(3), S40–S51.

169. Buckley, N. (2003, February 18). Unhealthy food is everywhere, 24 hoursa day, and inexpensive. Financial Times, p. 13.


171. Rothman Morris, B. (2005, October 26). Eating, drinking, cooking and,oh yes, driving, too. New York Times.



174. Bowman, S.A., et al. (2004). Effects of fast-food consumption on energyintake and diet quality among children in a national household survey.Pediatrics, 113(1), 112–118.

175. French, S.A., et al. (2001). Fast food restaurant use among adolescents:associations with nutrient intake, food choices and behavioral andpsychosocial variables. International Journal of Obesity, 25, 1823–1833.


177. McCrory, M.A., et al. (1999). Overeating in America: associationbetween restaurant food consumption and body fatness in healthyadult men and women ages 19 to 80. Obesity Research, 7(6), 564–571.

178. Bowman, S.A., et al. (2004). Effects of fast-food consumption on energyintake and diet quality among children in a national household survey.Pediatrics, 113(1), 112–118.

179. Pollan, M. (2006). The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of FourMeals. New York: Penguin Press.

180. French, S.A., et al. (2001). Fast food restaurant use among adolescents:associations with nutrient intake, food choices and behavioral andpsychosocial variables. International Journal of Obesity, 25, 1823–1833.

154 Notes


182. Drewnowski, A. (2003). Fat and sugar: An economic analysis. Journal ofNutrition, 133, 838S-840S.



185. Poppitt, S.D. and Prentice, A.M. (1996). Energy density and its role inthe control of food intake: evidence from metabolic and communitystudies. Appetite, 26, 153–174.

186. Blundell, J.E. (1995). The psychobiological approach to appetite andweight control. In: Brownell, K.D. and Fairburn, C.G. (Eds.). EatingDisorders and Obesity: A Comprehensive Handbook (pp. 13–20). NewYork: Guilford Press.

187. Drenowski, A. and Specter, S.E. (2004). Poverty and obesity: the role ofenergy density and energy costs. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,79, 6–16.

188. Ibid.189. Hill, J.O., Wyatt, H.R., and Melanson, E.L. (2000). Genetic and environ-

mental contributions to obesity. Medical Clinics of North America,84(2), 333–346.

190. Stubbs, R.J., Prentice, A.M., and James, W.P.T. (1997). Carbohydratesand energy balance. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,819(1), 44–69.

191. Blundell, J.E. and King, N.A. (1996). Overconsumption as a cause of weightgain: behavioral-physiological interactions in the control of food intake(appetite). In: Ciba Foundation Symposium (Ed.). The Origins and Con-sequences of Obesity (pp. 138–154). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.

192. Ibid.193. Poppitt, S.D. and Prentice, A.M. (1996). Energy density and its role in

the control of food intake: evidence from metabolic and communitystudies. Appetite, 26, 153–174.

194. Drenowski, A. and Specter, S.E. (2004). Poverty and obesity: the role ofenergy density and energy costs. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,79, 6–16.

195. Brody, I. (2004, October 5). With fruits and vegetables, more can be less.New York Times, p. D8.


Notes 155

197. Hazab, G. (2004, July 6). You are how you eat. New York Times.198. Winter, G. (2002, July 7). America rubs its stomach, and says bring it in.

New York Times, p. 5.199. Shell, E.R. (2002). The Hungry Gene: The Inside Story of the Obesity

Industry. New York: Grove Press.200. Whitney, E.N. and Rolfes, S.R. (1999). Understanding Nutrition.

Belmont, CA: West/Wadsworth.201. Brownell, K.D. and Horgen, K.B. (2004). Food Fight. Chicago: Contem-

porary Books.202. Franklin, B.A. (2001). The downside of our technological revolution? An

obesity-conducive environment. American Journal of Cardiology, 87,1093–1095.

203. Ibid.204. Brownell, K.D. and Horgen, K.B. (2004). Food Fight. Chicago: Contem-

porary Books.205. Nielsen, S.J. and Popkin, B.M. (2004). Changes in beverage intake

between 1977 and 2001. American Journal of Preventive Medicine,27(3), 205–210.



208. Brody, J. (2006, July 11). Forget the second helpings. it’s the first onesthat count. New York Times.

209. Spencer, M. (2004, November 7). Let them eat cake. The Guardian Weekly.210. Goode, E. (2003, July 22). The gorge-yourself environment. New York

Times, p. F1211. Winter, G. (2002, July 7). America rubs its stomach, and says bring it in.

New York Times, p. 5.212. Brody, J. (2006, July 11). Forget the second helpings. it’s the first ones

that count. New York Times.213. Martin, A. (2007, March 25). Will diners still swallow this? New York

Times.214. Brownell, K.D. and Horgen, K.B. (2004). Food Fight. Chicago: Contem-

porary Books.215. Young, L.R. and Nestle, M. (2002). The contribution of expanding

portion sizes to the US obesity epidemic. American Journal of PublicHealth, 92(2), 246–249.


217. Winter, G. (2002, July 7). America rubs its stomach, and says bring it in.New York Times, p. 5.

156 Notes

218. Pollan, M. (2003, October 26). The (agri)cultural contradictions ofobesity. New York Times Magazine, p. 41.

219. Martin, A. (2007, March 25). Will diners still swallow this? New York Times.220. Young, L.R. and Nestle, M. (2002). The contribution of expanding

portion sizes to the US obesity epidemic. American Journal of PublicHealth, 92(2), 246–249.



223. Rolls, B.J., Engell, D., and Birch, L.L. (2000). Serving portion sizeinfluences 5-year-old but not 3-year-old children’s food intakes. Journalof the American Dietetic Association, 100(2), 232–234.



226. Ibid.227. Rolls, B.J., Engell, D., and Birch, L.L. (2000). Serving portion size

influences 5-year-old but not 3-year-old children’s food intakes. Journalof the American Dietetic Association, 100(2), 232–234.


229. Rolls, B.J., Morris, E., and Roe, L.S. (2002). Portion size of food affectsenergy intake in normal-weight and overweight men and women.American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 76, 1207–1213.

230. Ibid.231. Ibid.232. Pollan, M. (2006). The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four

Meals. New York: Penguin Press.233. Brownell, K.D. and Horgen, K.B. (2004). Food Fight. Chicago: Contem-

porary Books.234. Pollan, M. (2006). The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four

Meals. New York: Penguin Press.235. Senge, P.M. (1990). The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the

Learning Organization. New York: Doubleday/Currency.236. Sterman, J.D. (2000). Business Dynamics: Systems Thinking and Model-

ing for a Complex World. Boston: Irwin McGraw-Hill.237. Senge, P.M. (1990). The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the

Learning Organization. New York: Doubleday/Currency.

Notes 157

238. Sterman, J.D. (2000). Business Dynamics: Systems Thinking and Model-ing for a Complex World. Boston: Irwin McGraw-Hill.

239. Ibid.240. Bowers, D.E. (2000). Cooking trends echo changing roles of women.

Food Review, 23(1), 23–29.241. Ibid.242. Foderaro, L.W. (2004, November 14). These days, the college bowl is

filled with milk and cereal. New York Times.243. Drewnowski, A. (2003). Fat and sugar: an economic analysis. Journal of

Nutrition, 133, 838S-840S.244. Shell, E.R. (2002). The Hungry Gene: The Inside Story of the Obesity

Industry. New York: Grove Press.245. Critser, G. (2003). Fat Land: How Americans Became the Fattest People

in the World. Boston: Mariner Books.246. French, S.A., Story, M., Jeffery, R.W. (2001). Environmental influences

on eating and physical activity. Annual Review of Public Health. 22,309–35.

247. French, S.A. (2003). Pricing effects on food choices. Journal of Nutri-tion, 133, 841S–843S.

248. Glanz, K., Rimer, B.K., Lewis, F.M. (Eds.). (2002). Health Behavior andHealth Education: Theory, Research, and Practice. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.


250. Warner, M. (2005, May 15). Low-carbs? Who cares? Sugar is latestsupermarket demon. New York Times.


252. Goode, E. (2003, July 22). The gorge-yourself environment. New YorkTimes, p. F1


254. McCrory, M.A. et al., (1999). Dietary variety within food groups: asso-ciation with energy intake and body fatness in men and women. Amer-ican Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69, 440–447.


256. Story, M., Neumark-Sztainer, D., and French, S. (2002). Individualand environmental influences on adolescent eating behaviors. Sup-plement to the Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 102(3),S40–S51.

158 Notes

257. Buckley, N. (2003, February 18). Unhealthy food is everywhere, 24 hoursa day, and inexpensive. Financial Times, p. 13.

258. Ibid.259. Goode, E. (2003, July 22). The gorge-yourself environment. New York

Times, p. F1260. Nestle, M. and Jacobson, M.F. (2000). Halting the obesity epidemic: a

public health policy approach. Public Health Reports, 115, 12–24.261. French, S.A., Story, M., and Jeffery, R.W. (2001). Environmental influ-

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280. Postrel, V. (2001, March 22). Americans’ waistlines have become thevictims of economic progress. New York Times, p. C2.




284. Ibid.285. Bray, G.A, Bouchard, C., and James, W.P.T. (Eds.). (1998). Handbook of

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290. Cutler, D.M., Glaeser, E.L. and Shapiro, J.M. (2003). Why Have Amer-icans Become More Obese? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17(3),93–118.

291. Koplan, J.P. and Dietz, W.H. (1999). Caloric Imbalance and publichealth policy. JAMA, 282(16), 1579–1581.

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295. Liao, Y. (2002). Vehicle ownership patterns of American households.UTC-UIC Information Brief IB-10B-02, University of Illinois at Chicago,Urban Transportation Center.

296. Moore, M. (2003, April 23). City, suburban designs could be bad foryour health. USA Today, p. 1.


298. Spors, K. (2003, October 21). Don’t just sit there. Wall Street Journal,p. R8.


300. Ibid.301. French, S.A., Story, M., and Jeffery, R.W. (2001). Environmental influ-

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303. Brody, J. (2004, August 3). TV’s toll on young minds and bodies. NewYork Times.


305. Elias, M. (2005, March 9). Electronic world swallows up kids’ time, studyfinds. USA Today.

306. Schlosser, E. (2002). Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-Amer-ican Meal. New York: Perennial.

307. Dalton, S. ed. (1997). Overweight and Weight Management: The HealthProfessional’s Guide to Understanding and Practice. Gaithersburg, MD:An Aspen Publication.


309. McArdle, W.D., Katch, F.I., and Katch, V.L. (1996). Exercise Physiology:Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance. Baltimore: Williams &Wilkins.

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311. McArdle, W.D., Katch, F.I., and Katch, V.L. (1996). Exercise Physiology:Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance. Baltimore: Williams &Wilkins.

312. Markoff, J. (2004, December 30). Internet use said to cut into TV view-ing and socializing. New York Times.

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315. Racette, S.B., Deusinger, S.S., and Deusinger, R.H. (2003). Obesity:overview of prevalence, etiology, and treatment. Physical Therapy,83(3), 276–288.

316. Nestle, M. (2002). Food Politics: How the food industry influences nutri-tion and health. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

317. Brody, J. (2004, January 20). The widening of America, or how size 4became a size 0. New York Times, p. D7.



320. McArdle, W.D., Katch, F.I., and Katch, V.L. (1996). Exercise Physiology:Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.


322. Forrester, J.W. (1979). System Dynamics: Future Opportunities. PaperD-3108–1, The System Dynamics Group, Sloan School of Management,Massachusetts Institute of Technology.


324. Shils, M.E., Olson, J.A., Shike, M., and Ross, A.C. (Eds.). (1999). ModernNutrition in Health and Disease. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

325. Mulvihill, M.L. (1995). Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach. Stam-ford, CT: Appleton and Lange.

326. Brown, G. (1999). The Energy of Life: The Science of What Makes OurMinds and Bodies Work. New York: Free Press.

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328. Bouchard, C. and Perusse, L. (1993). Genetics of obesity. Annual Reviewof Nutrition, 13, 337–354.

329. Spirduso, W.W. (1995). Physical Dimensions of Aging. Champaign, IL:Human Kinetics.

330. Koplan, J.P. and Dietz, W.H. (1999). Caloric imbalance and publichealth policy. JAMA, 282(16), 1579–1581.

331. Diez-Roux, A.V. (1998). On genes, individuals, society, and epidemiol-ogy. American Journal of Epidemiology, 148(11), 1027–1032.



334. Ibid.335. Racette, S.B., Deusinger, S.S., and Deusinger, R.H. (2003). Obesity:

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336. Murray, J.E. (1997). Standards of the present for people of the past:height, weight, and mortality among men of Amherst College,1834–1949. Journal of Economic History, 57(3), 585–606; cited inFriedman, J.M. (2003). A war on obesity, not the obese. Science, 299, 856–863.


338. Marx, J. (2003). Cellular warriors at the battle of the bulge. Science, 299,846–849.


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342. Bouchard, C. and Perusse, L. (1993). Genetics of Obesity. AnnualReview of Nutrition, 13, 337–354.

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348. Kaufman, F.R. (2005). Diabesity: The Obesity-Diabetes Epidemic thatThreatens America—and What We Must Do to Stop It. New York:Bantam Books.

349. Brownell, K.D. and Fairburn, C.G. (Eds.). (1995). Eating Disorders andObesity: A Comprehensive Handbook. New York: Guilford Press.


351. Ibid.352. Bouchard, C. (1997). Human variation in body mass: evidence for a role

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366. Ravussin, E. and Tataranni, P.A. (1997). Dietary fat and humanobesity. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 97(7 Suppl),S42–S46.

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368. Ibid.369. Ravussin, E. and Tataranni, P.A. (1997). Dietary fat and human

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374. Kleinfield, N.R. (2006, January 9). Diabetes and its awful toll quietlyemerge as a crisis. New York Times.

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376. Capaldi, E.D. (Ed.). (1996). Why We Eat What We Eat: The Psy-chology of Eating. Washington, DC: American PsychologicalAssociation.



379. Eaton, S.B., Eaton, S.B., Konner, M.J., and Shostak, M. (1996). Anevolutionary perspective enhances understanding of human nutritionalrequirements. Journal of Nutrition, 126, 1732–40.




383. Ibid.384. Lobstein, T. (2006). Comment: preventing child obesity-an art and a

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388. Boekaerts, M., Pintrich, P.R., and Zeidner, M. (Eds.). (2000). Handbookof Self-Regulation. San Diego: Academic Press.

389. Hill, J.O. and Billington, C.J. (2002). It’s time to start treating obesity.American Journal of Cardiology, 89, 969–970.


391. Jairath, N. (1999). Coronary Heart Disease and Risk Factor Manage-ment: A Nursing Perspective. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.

392. Swinburn, B., Egger, G., and Raza, F. (1999). Dissecting obesogenicenvironments: the development and application of a framework foridentifying and prioritizing environmental interventions for obesity.Preventive Medicine, 29, 563–570.

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394. Neel, J.V. (1999). The ‘‘thrift genotype’’ in 1998. Nutrition Reviews,57(5), S2–S9.

395. Winter, G. (2000, October 29). Search for an easy solution fuels anindustry rooted in gullibility. New York Times, p. 1.

396. USA Today, (2005, January 13). p. 1A.397. Russell, S.A. (2005). Hunger: An Unnatural History. New York: Basic

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399. Grady, D. (2004, June 17). Liposuction doesn’t help health, study finds.New York Times.

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401. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York:W.H. Freeman.

166 Notes

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