Notes

Introduction

1 The most important work of these historians on this subject are: C. Webster, Britain and the Independence of Latin America 1812–1830, 2 Vols,London, 1938; R.A. Humphreys, British Consular Reports on the Trade andPolitics of Latin America, London, 1952; W.W. Kauffmann, British Policy andthe Independence of Latin America 1804–1822, New Haven, 1951; J. Rydjord,Foreign Interest in the Independence of New Spain, Durham NC, 1935; R. Miller,Britain and Latin America in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, London,1993; J. Lynch, ‘British Policy and the Independence of Latin America’,Journal of Latin American Studies, vol. 1, no.1, pp. 1–30, 1969; W.S. Robertson, France and Latin American Independence, Baltimore, 1939.

2 C. Roberts, Las Invasiones Inglesas del Río de la Plata 1806–1807, BuenosAires, 1938; H.S. Ferns, Great Britain and Argentina in the Nineteenth Century, Oxford, 1960; J. Street, Gran Bretaña y el Río de la Plata, BuenosAires, 1967.

3 Two recent exceptions are the works of A. Hennessy and J. King, The Landthat England Lost: Britain and Argentina, a Special Relationship, London, 1992;and D. McLean, War, Diplomacy and Informal Empire. Britian and theRepublics of La Plata 1836–1853, London, 1995.

1 The River Plate Viceroyalty

1 N. Bessio Moreno, Buenos Aires, Puerto del Río de la Plata Capital de laArgentina. Estudio Crítico de su Población, 1536–1939, Buenos Aires, 1939; J.L. Moreno, ‘La Estructura Social y Demográfica de la ciudad de BuenosAires en el año 1778’, Anuario del Instituto de Investigaciones de Rosario, no. 8,1975.

2 J. Lynch, Spanish Colonial Administration, 1782–1810. The Intendant System inthe Viceroyalty of the Río de La Plata, London, 1958. Argentine edition,Buenos Aires, 1962, p. 37.

3 ibid., p. 38.4 For full demographic details on Buenos Aires during these years see

N. Bessio Moreno, Buenos Aires, and J.L. Moreno, ‘La Estructura Social’.5 T. Halperín Donghi, El Río de la Plata al Comenzar el Siglo XIX, Buenos Aires,

1961, p. 33; and the same author’s Revolución y Guerra, Formación de unaElite Dirigente en la Argentina Criolla, Buenos Aires, 1972, pp. 27–40. Alsovery relevant for this subject is J.C. Garavaglia, Economía, Sociedad yRegiones, Buenos Aires, 1987.

6 T. Halperín Donghi, El Río de la Plata, pp. 35–6. For a vivid contemporarydescription of this area at that time, see Concolorcorvo, El Lazarillo deCiegos Caminantes, Buenos Aires, 1997.

165

7 Halperín Donghi, supra, pp. 36–44; Concorcorvo, El Lazarillo; On thedevelopment of agriculture in the province of Buenos Aires during this period,see the recent works of C. Mayo, Estancia y Sociedad en La Pampa 1740–1820,Buenos Aires, 1995; and S. Amaral, The Rise of Capitalism on the Pampas: The Estancias of Buenos Aires, 1785–1870, Cambridge, 1998.

8 Halperín Donghi, supra, p. 52. For a further understanding of the origins ofthe mercantile society in the River Plate in the late colonial period see S. Socolow. The Merchants of Buenos Aires 1778–1810. Family and Commerce,Cambridge, 1978.

9 On the formation and role of this group during the final stages of theViceregal period, see T. Halperín Donghi, Revolución y Guerra, pp. 130–42;J.C. Chiaramonte, Ciudades, Provincias, Estados: Orígenes de la NaciónArgentina (1800–1846), Buenos Aires, 1987, pp. 37–86.

10 T. Halperín Donghi, n. 6 supra.11 ibid.12 ibid. Also Socolow, The Merchants of Buenos Aires.13 J. Ehrman, The Younger Pitt. The Years of Acclaim, London, 1969, p. 385.14 C. Roberts, Las Invasiones Inglesas, Buenos Aires, 1938, p. 24.15 ibid.16 Dictionary of National Biography (hereafter DNB), London, 1908, vol. I,

p. 504.17 E. Barba, Don Pedro de Cevallos, Madrid, 1988, p. 77.18 For details on the antecedents of Britain and the Falklands see J. Goebel,

The Struggle for the Falkland Islands, 2nd edition, New Haven, 1982.19 ibid.20 ‘Extract for a proposal of an expedition to Spanish America, by India, dated

3 June 1780 – laid before the cabinet of Lord North and approved – by Col. Fullarton. 3 June 1780’, Public Records Office (hereafter PRO) War Office (hereafter WO) 1/178.

21 Colonel Fullarton to W. Pitt, 11 October 1787, PRO 30/8, 103/1.22 DNB, vol. IX, p. 904; R. Terragno, ‘Las fuentes del plan libertador’, Todo es

Historia, no. 231, August 1986.23 J. Hippisley to W. Hastings, 11 August 1782, published in C.W. Vane,

Marquess of Londonderry (Comp.), Lord Castlereagh, Memoirs andCorrespondence, 12 vols, London, 1948–53, vol. VII, p. 267. Hereafter,Castlereagh, Memoirs and Correspondence.

24 Viscount Hood to Lord Hawkesbury, 11 December 1787, British Library(hereafter BL), Additional Manuscripts (hereafter Add. Mss.) 38222.

25 George III to W. Pitt, 3 July 1786, PRO 30/8, 103/1.26 J. Lynch, ‘British Policy and Latin America, 1783–1808’, Journal of Latin

American Studies, vol. 1, no. 1, 1969. p. 10.27 C. Hobhouse, Fox, London, 1938, p. 168.28 J. Ehrmann, The Younger Pitt, p. 66; F. O’Gorman, The Long Eighteenth

Century. British Political & Social History 1688–1832, London, 1997, p. 218;D.D. Raphael, Adam Smith, Oxford, 1987, p. 27; P. O’Brien, ‘Public Financein the Wars with France’, published in H.T. Dickinson (ed.), Britain and theFrench Revolution. 1789–1815, London, 1989, pp. 165–87

29 J. Ehrman, The Younger Pitt, p. 562.30 ibid., p. 571.

166 Notes

31 P. Jupp, Lord Grenville, 1759–1834, Oxford, 1985, p. 176.32 J. Lynch, ‘British Policy’, p. 12. 33 ‘Secret Memorandum. Proposal for an expedition against Spanish America

by the Pacific Ocean. H. Dundas, September 1796’, Scottish Record Office(hereafter SRO) GO 51/1/520.

34 P. Jupp, Lord Grenville, p. 240. 35 W. Husskisson to H. Dundas, 30 October 1796, BL, Add. Mss. 38734. 36 Earl Spencer to H. Dundas, 2 March 1797, PRO, WO 1/178. 37 Thomas Picton to H. Dundas, 17 December 1797, PRO, WO 1/193. 38 W.S. Robertson, The life of Miranda, 2 vols., Chapel Hill, 1929, vol 1,

pp. 142–160. 39 ibid., vol. 1, p. 166. 40 ‘On the liberation of South America from the dominion of Spain’, by

Sir Ralph Abercromby. Castlereagh, Memoirs and Correspondence, vol. VII, p. 269.

41 ‘Memorandum for consideration of the Cabinet. 30 October 1799’,Castlereagh, Memoirs and Correspondence, vol VII, p. 285.

42 ibid.,p. 284. 43 P. Jupp, Lord Grenville,p. 241. 44 P. Mackesy, ‘Strategic problems on the British war effort’, in H.J.

Dickinson(ed. ), Britain and the French Revolution, p. 161. 45 Sir Henry Dundas to W. Pitt, 31 March 1800, PRO, WO1/193. 46 ibid.47 Note in P. Jupp, Lord Grenville, p. 248. 48 C. Roberts, Las invasiones Inglesas, p. 23. 49 J. Street, Gran Bretaña , Buenos Aires, 1967, p. 23. 50 W.S. Robertson, Life of Miranda, vol I., p. 118. 51 J. Lynch, ‘British policy. ‘ p. 12. 52 H. Popham to W. Husskisson, 19 February 1801, BL, Add. Mss. 38736. 53 Castlereagh Memoirs and Correspondence, vol VII, p. 286. 54 ‘Secret. Popham to Yorke. 26 November 1803’, Castlereagh, Memoirs and

Correspondence, vol VII, p. 288. 55 P. Jupp, Lord Grenville, pp. 324–344. 56 W.S. Robertson, Life of Miranda, vol I, p. 278. 57 Annonymous, ‘Miranda and the British Admiralty’, American Historical

Review, VI, 1901. p. 514. 58 D. N. B., Vol X, p. 559. 59 ‘Plans for occupying Spanish America with observations on the character

and views of its inhabitans’, W. Jacob, 26 October 1804. PRO 30/8 345. 60 ibid.61 W. Jacob to W. Pitt, 26 November 1804, PRO 30/8 133/1. 62 ibid.63 Jacob to Pitt, 26 November 1804, PRO 30/8 148/1. 64 Captain Charles Herbert to Melville, February 1805, Archivo General de la

Nación (Hereafter AGN), 2–5–4. 65 W.W. Kauffmann, British Policy, p. 12. 66 J. Rydjord, Foreign Interest, p. 239; D. N. B., vol VI, p. 189; P. Jupp, Grenville,

p. 338. 67 J. Lynch, ‘British policy’, p. 17.

Notes 167

2 The British Invasions of the River Plate

1 Sir D. Baird to General W. Beresford, 12 April 1806, PRO, WO 1/161.2 Baird to Castlereagh, 14 April 1806, PRO, WO 1/161.3 Popham to Castlereagh, 30 April 1806, PRO, WO 1/161.4 H.S. Ferns. Great Britain and Argentina, p. 22.5 DNB, vol. XIV, pp. 143–6.6 Sir Home Popham to William Huskisson, 19 February 1801, BL, Add. Mss.

38736.7 Popham to Huskisson, 19 February 1801, BL, Add. Mss. 38736.8 Lord Melville to A. Davison, 15 July 1806, Scottish National Library. MS

3393.9 A Full and Correct Report on the Trial of Sir Home Popham, London, 1807,

p. 92.10 ibid., pp. 94–5.11 The Morning Chronicle, 22 July 1806.12 T. Waine to Popham, 28 March 1806, PRO, WO 1/161.13 Popham to Admiralty, 9 March 1806, PRO, Adm. 1/58.14 J.W. Fortescue, A History of the British Army, London, 1899–1930, 13 vols,

vol. V, p. 315.15 Beresford to Castlereagh, 11 July 1806, PRO, WO 1/161.16 ibid.17 Popham to W. Marsden, 25 August 1806. In Trial to Sir Home Popham,

appendix.18 ibid.19 For a more detailed account of the actions which occurred during the inva-

sions see W. Fortescue, British Army, vol. V, pp. 310–18, 368–436; H.S. Ferns,Britain and Argentina; Carlos Roberts, Las Invasiones Inglesas, and I. Fletcher,The Waters of Oblivion. The British Invasion of the Rio de la Plata, TunbridgeWells, 1991.

20 H. Fortescue, British Army, vol. V, p. 371.21 H.S. Ferns, Britain and Argentina, p. 22.22 Trial of Sir Home Popham, London, 1807, p. 92.23 W. Windham to General Crauford, 30 October 1806, BL, Add. Mss. 37884.24 ibid.25 S. Auchmuty to Windham, 6 March 1807, PRO, WO 1/161.26 W. Fortescue, British Army, vol. V, p. 386.27 ibid., p. 389.28 Whitelocke to Windham, 20 June 1807, PRO, WO 1/161.29 W. Fortescue, The British Army, vol. V, p. 386.30 The Morning Chronicle, 14 September 1807.31 Miranda to Cochrane, 4 June 1807, PRO, WO 1/1113.32 Blanchard and Ramsay, The Trial at Large of Lieut-Gen. Whitelocke, Late

Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in South America, by General Court Martial,Held at Chelsea Hospital, on Thursday January 28th, 1808, London, 1808, pp. 689–90.

33 ibid., p. 694.34 Beresford to Castlereagh, 23 January 1808, PRO, WO 1/354.35 The Morning Chronicle, 30 September 1806.

168 Notes

3 The Ministry of All the Talents and the River Plate

1 P. Jupp, Grenville, p. 370.2 C. Hobhouse, Fox, London, p. 264. The latest and most exhaustive work on

Fox, is Leslie Mitchell’s Charles James Fox, Oxford, 1992.3 G.M. Trevelyan, Lord Grey of the Reform Bill, London, 1920, p. 142.4 P. Jupp, Grenville, p. 370.5 C. Hobhouse, Fox. p. 58.6 V. Chancellor, ‘The Ministry of All the Talents. January 1806–March 1807, a

Political Study’, unpublished D.Phil thesis, University of Oxford, 1978,introduction, p. 3.

7 Carlos Roberts, Las Invasiones Inglesas , p. 181.8 W.B. Taylor, ‘The Foxite Party and Foreign Politics’, unpublished Ph.D

Thesis, University of London, 1974, p. 186.9 V. Chancellor, ‘The Ministry of All the Talents’, p. 92.

10 The Morning Chronicle, 25 October 1806.11 V. Chancellor, ‘The Ministry of All the Talents’, p. 99.12 J. Lynch, ‘British Policy’, p. 19. 13 A. Aspinall, The Later Correspondence of George III, 1783–1810, Cambridge,

5 vols, 1962–70, vol. IV, p. 458. 14 ibid., pp. 469–70.15 The Times, 16 September 1806.16 The Times, 20 September 1806.17 W.S. Robertson, The Life of Miranda, vol. I, p. 278.18 Historical Manuscripts Commission, Manuscripts of J.B. Fortescue, Preserved at

Dropmore, London, 1892–1927, 10 vols, vol. VIII, pp. 352–3. Referred to asDropmore Papers hereafter.

19 DNB, vol. V, pp. 350–1.20 Thomas Douglas, Earl of Selkirk to Sir J. Hippisley, 22 March 1806, BL, Add.

Mss. 37849.21 Selkirk to Windham, 7 June 1806, BL, Add. Mss. 37884.22 Jacob to Fox, 26 February 1806, BL, Add. Mss. 51468.23 John Lynch, ‘British Policy’, p. 20.24 Vansittart to Fox, 5 February 1806, BL, Add. Mss. 51468.25 W.S. Robertson, The Life of Miranda, vol. 1, p. 260.26 Gen. Sullivan to Grenville, 19 April 1806, BL, Add. Mss. 59079.27 Sir P. Francis to Grenville, 19 February 1807, BL, Add. Mss. 59079.28 W.B. Taylor, ‘The Foxite party’, p. 86.29 Grenville to the Earl of Lauderdale, date unknown. Dropmore Papers,

vol. VIII, pp. 419–20.30 Grenville to Lauderdale, 14 September 1806, ibid., vol. VIII, p. 358.31 Wellesley to Grenville, September 1806, ibid., vol. VIII, pp. 433–4. 32 Windham to Grenville, 22 September 1806, ibid., vol. VIII, p. 436.33 The Times, 2 October 1806.34 Windham speech in the House of Commons on 21 January 1807, in

T.C. Hansard, The Parliamtary Debates, London, 1812, vol. VIII, cols 492–3.35 Fortescue, British Army, vol. V, p. 319.36 C. Roberts, Las Invasiones Inglesas, p. 186. Fortescue, British Army, vol. V,

p. 319.

Notes 169

37 Windham to Crauford, 30 October 1806, BL, Add. Mss. 37884.38 A.D. Harvey, ‘The Ministry of all the Talents: The Whigs in Office, February

1806 to March 1807’, Historical Journal, 1972, no. 15, p. 636.39 Jacob to Windham, 24 September 1806. BL, Add. Mss. 37884. promote

economic progress in the River Plate region. It was apparently Castelli’sfaction which sent Mariano Castilla to London with the object of securingBritish support and assistance for the independence of the River PlateViceroyalty.72

40 V. Chancellor, ‘The Ministry of all the Talents’, p. 214.41 W.B. Taylor, ‘The Foxite Party’, p. 108.42 DNB, Vol. XXI, p. 644.43 A.D. Harvey, ‘The Ministry of All the Talents’, p. 627.44 Ibid., p. 633.45 Holland to Grenville, 7 December 1806, Dropmore Papers, vol. VIII, p. 460.46 Parliamentary Debates, vol. IX, cols 73–74.47 Ibid.48 Ibid., vol. IX, cols 74–5.49 BL Add.Mss. 5191. V. Chancellor, ‘The Ministry of All the Talents’, p. 215;

E.A. Smith, Lord Grey 1764–1845, Oxford, 1990, p. 118.50 Sir Home Popham to William Marsden, 25 August 1806, in Correct Report of

Trial to Sir Home Popham, Appendix.51 Lord Stavordale (ed.), Further Memoirs of the Whig Party, 1802–21 by Lord

Holland, London, 1905, p. 114. 52 V. Chancellor, ‘The Ministry of All the Talents’, p. 215; E.A. Smith, Lord

Grey, p. 169.53 Lord Holland, Further Memoirs of the Whig Party, p. 116.54 H. Baring (ed.), Diary of the Rt. Hon. William Windham, 1866, p. 467.55 W. Fortescue, British Army, vol. V, pp. 435–6.56 Lord Holland, Further Memoirs of the Whig Party, pp. 115–16.57 Castlereagh, Memoirs and Correspondence, vol. VII, p. 321.58 The Morning Chronicle, 14 September 1807.59 Duke of Northumberland to Colonel Macmahon, 30 September, 1807.

In Correspondence of George Prince of Wales 1770–1812, ed. A. Aspinall, 1938,7 vols, vol. VI, pp. 211–12.

60 Auckland to Grenville, 23 September 1807, Dropmore Papers, vol. X. p. 138.61 W.W. Kaufmann, British Policy, p. 32.62 Temple to Auckland, 2 October 1807, BL, Add. Mss. 34457.63 J. Rodríguez, ‘William Burke’ and Francisco Miranda. The Word and the Deed in

Spanish America’s Emancipation, Landham, 1994.64 W. Burke, Aditional reasons for our inmediately emancipating Spanish America,

London, 1808, pp. 19–20.65 L. Mitchell, Holland House, London, 1980, p. 40. 66 C. Roberts, Las Invasiones Inglesas, pp. 182, 186; J. Street, Gran Bretaña y la

Independencia del Río de la Plata, Buenos Aires, 1967, pp. 44, 96.67 John Lynch, ‘British Policy’, note on p. 21.68 ibid., p. 21.69 Beresford to Castlereagh, 23 January 1808, WO 1/354. 70 C. Roberts, Las Invasiones Inglesas, p. 42.71 P. Groussac, Santiago de Liniers, Buenos Aires, 1907, pp. 3–12.

170 Notes

72 C. Roberts, Las Invasiones Inglesas, p. 42.73 The letter to Castlereagh is dated 27 August 1807, WO 1/1117. His other

correspondence is under PRO, WO 1/1111, 1/117 and 1/354. Further infor-mation about this mission can be found in C. Roberts, Las InvasionesInglesas, p. 49.

74 C. Roberts, ibid., p. 42.75 ibid., p. 49.76 ibid., p. 49.77 ibid., p. 118. ‘Notas de las invasiones inglesas recogidas por Florencio Varela

de Don Bernardino Rivadavia’, Museo Mitre 3–2–1; Alberto M. Salas, Diariode Buenos Aires 1806–1807, Buenos Aires, 1981, p. 107; J.C. Chaves, Castelli,el Adalid de Mayo, Buenos Aires, 1943, p. 86.

78 J.C. Chaves, Castelli, p. 86.79 Beresford to Castlereagh, 16 July 1806, PRO, WO 161/1.80 C. Roberts, Las invasiones Inglesas, p. 123.81 ‘Belgrano-Autobiografía’, published in Biblioteca de Mayo, Buenos Aires,

1960, p. 9.82 Manuel Moreno, ‘Memorias de Mariano Moreno’, published in Biblioteca de

Mayo, Buenos Aires, 1960, p. 5183 W. Gillespie, Gleanings and Remarks Collected During Many Months Residence

in Buenos Ayres and the Upper Country, Leeds 1818, p. 298.84 H.V. Livermore, ‘Captain Gillespie and the 58 Anglophiles of Buenos Aires

in 1806’, Hispanic American Historic Review, 1981, pp. 69–78.85 ibid., p. 78.86 J.C. Chaves, Castelli, p. 84. 87 C. Roberts, Las invasiones Inglesas, p. 123.88 Windham to Beresford, 21 September 1806, PRO, WO1/161.89 E. Williams Alzaga, La Fuga del General Beresford, Buenos Aires, 1965, p. 262.90 ibid., pp. 142–3.91 ‘Notas de las invasiones inglesas recogidas por Florencio Varela de

Bernardino Rivadavia’ Museo Mitre 3–2–1.92 Auchmuty to Windham, 6 March 1807. PRO, WO 1/162.93 General Campbell to Auchmuty, 20 March 1807, PRO, WO 1/161.94 Captain Gillespie, Gleanings and remarks, p. 299.95 Whitelocke to Windham, 20 June 1807, PRO, WO 1/162.96 E. Wiliams Alzaga, Fuga del General Beresford, pp. 230–1.97 General Leveson Gower to Windham, 9 July 1807, PRO, WO 1/162.98 Whitelocke to Castlereagh, 10 September 1807, PRO, WO 1/162.

4 Stangford, Independence and the London Missions

1 J. Street, ‘Lord Strangford and Río de La Plata’, Hispanic American HistoricalReview, vol. XXXIII, no. 4, November 1953, p. 477.

2 P. Jupp, Lord Grenville, pp. 421–3; G.M. Trevelyan, Lord Grey, pp. 160–2.3 Castlereagh, Memoirs and Correspondence, vol. VII, p. 321. J. Street, Gran

Bretaña, p. 97; P. Mackesy, ‘Strategic Problems’, p. 163.4 Castlereagh, Memoirs and Correspondence, vol. VII, p. 98.5 J. Street, Gran Bretaña, note p. 89.

Notes 171

6 ibid. note p. 99.7 Castlereagh to Major James Burke, 4 August 1808, PRO, FO, 72/91.8 DNB, vol. XVIII, pp. 571–4.9 ibid., pp. 603–4.

10 ibid.11 J. Street, ‘Lord Strangford’, p. 481.12 Castlereagh to Smith, 4 August 1808, PRO, FO 72/91. J. Street, ‘Lord

Strangford’, p. 482.13 Smith to Liniers, 18 March 1808, AGN, Sala 7, 17–6–2.14 ibid.15 C. Roberts, Las Invasiones Inglesas, p. 336.16 ibid., p. 329.17 ibid., p. 328.18 J. Street, Gran Bretaña, p. 121.19 R.A. Humphreys, Liberation in South America 1806–1827. The Career of James

Paroissien, London, 1952, p. 26.20 ibid., pp. 28–9.21 J. Street, Gran Bretaña, pp. 122–3.22 ibid., pp. 122–4.23 J. Street, ‘Lord Strangford’, p. 214. 24 W.W. Kauffmann, British Policy, p. 39.25 For this particular subject the recent book by J.E. Rodríguez, The

Independence of Spanish America, Cambridge, 1998, particularly Chapter 2, ismost useful.

26 T. Halperín Donghi, Revolución y Guerra, pp. 169–74.27 ibid.28 J. Street, Gran Bretaña, pp. 169–70.29 ibid., p. 170.30 ibid., p. 172.31 M. Irigoyen to C. Saavedra, September 1810. AGN, Misiones Diplomáticas,

Buenos Aires, 1937, pp. 32–3.32 ibid.33 J. Street, Gran Bretaña, p. 173. The most interesting books on Spanish policy

towards their former colonies in America are; M. Costeloe, Response toRevolution. Imperial Spain and the Spanish American Revolutions 1810–1840,Cambridge, 1986; and also B. Hamnett, La Política Española en una EpocaRevolucionaria, México, 1985.

34 ibid., p. 176.35 E. Fitte, El Precio de la Libertad, Buenos Aires, 1965, p. 181.36 ibid., p. 216.37 J. Street, Gran Bretaña, pp. 179–94.38 Strangford to Wellesley, 28 September 1810. AGN Sala 7, 2–5–4.39 ibid.40 Street, Gran Bretaña, p. 197.41 ibid., p. 199.42 ibid.43 Moreno to Saavedra, 21 August 1811. AGN, Misiones Diplomaticas,

pp. 218–19.44 L. Mitchell, Holland House, p. 229.

172 Notes

45 T. Halperín Donghi, Revolución y Guerra, pp. 179–86.46 J. Street, Gran Bretaña, p. 209. 47 C. Roberts, Las Invasiones Inglesas, p. 40.48 W.W. Kaufmann, British Policy, p. 66.49 J. Street, Gran Bretaña, p. 202.50 ibid., p. 199. See also, M. Murphy, Blanco White. Self Banished Spaniard,

New Haven, 1989.51 W.W. Kaufmann, British Policy, p. 69.52 M. Moreno to Saavedra, 19 February 1812. AGN, Misiones Diplomáticas,

pp. 258–9.53 J. Street, Gran Bretaña, p. 206.54 ibid., p. 205.55 ibid., p. 209.56 Castlereagh to Strangford, 13 July 1812. C. Webster, Independence of Latin

America, 2 vols, Oxford, 1937, vol. 1, p. 83.57 J. Street, Gran Bretaña, p. 216.58 W.S. Robertson, Life of Miranda, vol. I, p. 199.59 T. Halperín Donghi, Revolución y Guerra, pp. 239–42. J. Street, Gran Bretaña,

p. 229.60 T. Halperín Donghi, n. 59 Supra, pp. 242–4.61 ibid.62 ibid., p. 229.63 Staples to Hamilton, 18 November 1813. AGN, Sala 7 17–6–2.64 Strangford to Castlereagh, 18 December 1813, in C. Webster, Independence of

Latin America, vol. I, pp. 85–6. 65 J. Street, Gran Bretaña, p. 237.66 Strangford to Castlereagh, 20 April 1814, in C. Webster, Independence of

Latin America, vol. I, p. 91.67 T. Halperín Donghi, Historia Argentina. De la Revolución de Independencia a la

Confederación Rosista, Buenos Aires, 1993 4rta, reimpresión, p. 96; J. Street,Gran Bretaña, p. 239.

68 T. Halperín Donghi, Historia Argentina, p. 76; J. Street, Gran Bretaña, p. 242.69 J. Street, ibid.70 ibid., pp. 243–4.71 T. Halperín Donghi, Historia Argentina, pp. 96–7; R. Piccirilli, Rivadavia y su

Tiempo, 2 vols, Buenos Aires, 1943, p. 262.72 T. Halperín Donghi, n. 71 Supra.73 B. Mitre, Historia de Belgrano, Buenos Aires, 1887, 4 vols, vol. III,

pp. 264–342.74 Strangford to Castlereagh, 30 November 1814. C. Webster, Independence of

Latin America, vol. I, p. 93. 75 J. Street, Gran Bretaña, p. 246.76 T. Davis, Carlos de Alvear. Man of Revolution, New Haven, 1955, p. 60.77 Rivadavia to Alvear, 28 February 1815, Universidad de Buenos Aires,

Comisión de Bernardino Rivadavia (1814–1820), Buenos Aires, 1933–36, p. 116.

78 J. Street, Gran Bretaña, p. 249.79 B. Mitre, Historia de Belgrano, vol. VII, p. 347. In one of the most dramatic

passages of this letter Alvear exclaimed: ‘Estas Provincias desean pertenecer

Notes 173

á la Gran Bretaña, obedecer su gobierno, y vivir bajo su influjo poderoso.Ellas se abandonan sin condición alguna á la generosidad y buena fe delpueblo Inglés, y yo estoy resuelto á sostener tan justa solicitud para librarlade los males que la afligen.’ ibid.

80 ibid.81 ibid. pp. 348–9. A curious anecdote surrounds the story of this letter. García

handed it to Rivadavia, who also feared what it contained and the conse-quences it might produce. He therefore decided not to open it and kept itclosed until 1842. While in exile in Rio de Janeiro, he came across it whenhe was clasifying his personal papers.

82 T. Halperín Donghi, Historia Argentina, p. 97.83 R. Pichirilli, Rivadavia y su tiempo, vol. I, p. 267.84 T. Halperín Donghi, Revolución y Guerra, p. 366; J. Street, Gran Bretaña p.

256.85 R. Piccirilli, Rivadavia y su Tiempo, vol. I, pp. 268–9. Mitre, Historia de

Belgrano, vol. III, p. 349.86 H. Chamberlain to Castlereagh, 10 February 1816, in C. Webster, Great

Britain and the Independence of Latin America, p. 99

5 Rivadavia and the British Attitude towards Recognition

1 J. Lynch, Spanish American Revolutions, 2nd edition, London, 1986, p. 209.2 Kauffmann, British Policy, pp. 81–933 ibid.4 H.S. Ferns, Britain and Argentina, p. 90; M. Belgrano, ‘La política extranjera

en los Estados de Europa (1813–1816)’; in Academia Nacional de la Historia;Historia de la Nación Argentina, vol. VI, pp. 577–611.

5 H.S. Ferns, Britain and Argentina, p. 90.6 J. Lynch, Spanish American Revolutions, p. 66; H.S. Ferns, Britain and

Argentina, p. 73.7 P. Ferré, Memorias, Buenos Aires, 1921, p. 21; H.S. Ferns, Britain and

Argentina, p. 74.8 H.S. Ferns, Britain and Argentina, p. 84; F.Crouzet, ‘The Impact of the

French Wars on the British Economy’, in Britain and the French, p. 192.9 Ferns; n. 8 Supra.

10 J.P. and W.P. Robertson, Letters on South America: Comprising Travels on theBanks of the Parana and the Río de la Plata, 3 vols, London, 1843.

11 J. Lynch, Spanish American Revolutions, p. 68; T. Halperín Donghi, Revolucióny Guerra, p. 249. On the much debated topic regarding the origins of theformation of a true Argentine identity see J.C. Chiaramonte, Ciudades,Provincias, Estados, Particularly pp. 111–77.

12 T. Halperín Donghi, Revolución y Guerra, p. 269.13 The Times, 18 December 1817.14 For more information on the Venezuelan diplomatic mission in London at

this time, see P. Grases, Tiempo de Bello en Londres y Otros Ensayos, Caracas,1962.

15 R. Piccirilli, Rivadavia y su Tiempo, vol. I, p. 271.16 ibid.

174 Notes

17 W.S. Robertson, France and Latin American Independence, Baltimore, 1939, p. 158.

18 Rivadavia to Pueyrredón, 18 December 1816, published in Comisión deBernardino Rivadavia ante España y Otras Potencias de Europa (1814–1820),Buenos Aires, 1933–36, p. 178.

19 Chamberlain to Castlereagh, 17 February 1817, In C. Webster, Independenceof Latin America, vol. I pp. 101–2.

20 B. Mitre, Historia de Belgrano, vol. III, p. 66.21 ibid.22 Rivadavia to Pueyrredón, 22 March 1817 Museo Mitre 7–10–6; also in

Comisión de Bernardino Rivadavia, p. 178.23 Rivadavia to Pueyrredón, n. 22 Supra.24 ibid.25 J. Lynch,’Great Britain and Spanish American Independence 1810–1830’,

in J. Lynch (Ed.), Andrés Bello. The London Years, London, 1982; pp. 15–16.

26 For more references on this subject, see B.M. Fontana, Rethinking the Politicsof Commercial Society. The Edinburgh Review,1802–1832, Cambridge, 1985;and R. Stewart, Henry Brougham. His Public Career 1778–1868, London, 1986.

27 P. Grases, Tiempo de Bello, pp. 43–60; M. Murphy, Blanco White, p. 98. Anexhaustive analysis of the contacts between South American emmisariesand these London circles can be found in M.T. Berruezo León, La Lucha deHispanoamérica por su Independencia en Inglaterra, Madrid, 1989.

28 W. W. Kauffmann, British Policy, p. 78.29 ibid., p. 93; also, M. Belgrano, ‘La Santa Alianza. las evidencias al exterior’,

in A.N. de la Historia, Historia Argentina, vol. VI. pp. 949–1001.30 C. Webster, Independence of Latin America, vol. I, p. 14.31 D.A.G. Waddel, ‘International Politics and Latin American Independence’,

in L. Bethell(Ed.), The Independence of Latin America, Cambridge, 1987, p. 205.

32 Chamberlain to Castlereagh, 14 July 1818, in C. Webster, Independence ofLatin America, vol. I, p. 104.

33 San Martín to Castlereagh, 11 April 1818, in C. Webster, Britain and theIndependence of Latin America, vol. I, p. 554.

34 M. Williford, Jeremy Bentham on Spanish America, Baton Rouge, 1980, p. 36.

35 For more details of Bentham’s relationship with Bolívar, see P. Schwartz andC. Rodríguez Braun, ‘Las Relaciones entre Jeremías Bentham y S. Bolívar’ inA. Filippi, Bolívar y Europa, vol. 1, Caracas, 1986.

36 Kauffmann, Britain Policy, p. 103.37 For more information on the careers of these British legionaries see, A.

Hasbrouck, Foreign Legionaries in the Liberation of Spanish America, New York,1969.

38 D.A.G. Waddell, ‘Intrnational Politics and Latin America’, p. 207.39 H.S. Ferns, Britain and Argentina, p. 91.40 ibid., p. 91.41 ibid., p. 93.42 Rivadavia to Pueyrredón, 28 November 1818, AGN Sección 1, 2–1–6.43 R. Piccirilli, Rivadavia y su tiempo, vol. I, p. 276.

Notes 175

44 M. Williford, Jeremy Bentham on Spanish America, Baton Rogue, 1980, p. 20.

45 ibid., p. 14. The articles written by Mill and Miranda were: ‘Emancipation ofSpanish America’ which appeared in January 1809, and ‘Molina’s accountof Chile’, which appeared in July 1809, both in the The Edinburgh Review.For full details of these publications see J. Rodríguez, ‘William Burke’ andFrancisco Miranda, Chapter 6.

46 M. Williford, Bentham on Spanish America, p. 12.47 J. Dinwiddy, ‘Liberal and Benthamite Circles in London 1810–1829’, in

J. Lynch (ed.), Andrés Bello. The London Years, p. 134.48 ibid., p. 34.49 R. Piccirilli, Rivadavia y su tiempo, p. 284.50 M. Belgrano, La Francia y la Monarquía en el Plata, Buenos Aires, 1933, p. 66.51 W.S. Robertson, France and Latin American Independence, Baltimore, 1939,

p. 17.52 ibid., pp. 36–47.53 W.S. Robetson, France and Latin American, pp. 157–76; M. Belgrano, La

Francia, p. 69.54 The Times, 3 July 1820.55 W.S. Robertson, France and Latin America, p. 174; C. Webster, Independence

of Latin America, vol I, p. 16; and W.W. Kauffmann, British Policy, p. 125.56 T. Halperín Donghi, Revolución y Guerra, p. 352.57 ibid. Also useful for this period is R. Levene, La Anarquía del Año 20,

Buenos Aires, 1954.58 T. Halperín Donghi, n. 56 Supra, p. 364.59 W.W. Kauffmann, British Policy, p. 126. J. Derry, Castlereagh, London, 1976,

p. 226.60 J. Lynch, Spanish American Revolutions, p. 76.61 For the Rioplatense foreign policy in this period see M. Belgrano, ‘La política

exterior de Martín Rodríguez, el resurgimiento de la independencia’,Academia Nacional, Historia Argentina; vol. VI, pp. 521–569.

62 For the reforms inspired by Rivadavia in the 1820s, see: R. Piccirilli,Rivadavia y su Tiempo; D. Bushnell, Reform and Reaction in the PlatineProvinces, Gainsville, 1983, pp. 20–9; M. Williford, Bentham on SpanishAmerica, p. 39; L.A. Romero, La Felíz Experiencia 1820–1824, Buenos Aires,1976, pp. 191–211; S. Bagú, El Plan Económico del Grupo Rivadaviano, BuenosAires, 1966; M. Ternavasio, ‘Nueva Régimen Representativo y Expansión dela Frontera Política. Las Elecciones en el Estado de Buenos Aires: 1820–1840,in A. Annino (ed.), Historia de la Elecciones en Iberoamérica, Siglo XIX,Mexico, 1995; J.C. Chiaramonte, Ciudades, Provincias, Estados; J. Myers, ‘LaCultura Literaria del Período Rivadaviano: Saber Ilustrado y DiscursoRepublicano’, in F. Aliata y L. Munilla Lacasa, Carlo Zucchi y el Neoclasicismoen el Río de la Plata, Buenos Aires, 1998.

63 J. Dinwiddy, Bentham, Oxford, 1989, pp. 16–17. Also, R. Stewart, HenryBrougham, pp. 88–9; and T.A. Jenkins, Sir Robert Peel, London, 1999, pp. 32–3.

64 The exact degree of Bentham’s influence over Rivadavia has recently beendebated by J. Harris, ‘Bernardino Rivadavia and Benthamite Discipleship’,in Latin American Research Review, vol. 33, no. 1, 1998, pp. 137–58.

176 Notes

65 S. Bagú, El Plan Económico, pp. 15–110.66 Anonymous, A Five Years Residence in Buenos Aires During the Years 1820 to

1825. By an Englishman, London, 1825; Argentine translation, Un Inglés.Cinco Años en Buenos Aires. 1820–1825, Buenos Aires, 1986, pp. 54–7.

67 J.A. Droz, Europe Between Revolutions 1815–1848, London, 1985, pp. 219–20.68 J. Derry, Castlereagh, p. 199.69 C. Webster, Independence of Latin America, vol. I, p. 16.70 ibid., p. 16.71 ibid., p. 16.72 ibid., p. 16.73 G.K. Clark, Peel and the Conservative Party, London 1969, p. 41.74 C. Webster, The Foreign Policy of Castlereagh 1815–1822, London, 1908.75 J. Derry, Castlereagh, p. 218.76 ibid., p. 128, from C.Webster The Foreign Policy of Castlereagh, p. 436.77 C. Petrie, Canning, p. 182.79 C. Webster, Independence of Latin America, p. 104.80 W.W. Kaufmann, British Policy, p. 139.81 C. Webster, Independence of Latin America, p. 18.82 ibid., p. 19.83 D.A.G. Waddell, ‘International Politics’, p. 209.84 W.W. Kaufmann, British Policy, p. 144.

6 Great Britain and the Recognition of the River Plate

1 W.W. Kauffmann, British Policy, p. 148.2 J. Lynch, ‘Great Britain’, p. 17.3 ibid., p. 17.4 ibid., p. 17.5 Earl of Stanhope, Notes of Conversations with The Duke of Wellington, Oxford,

1888, p. 69.6 D.A.G. Waddell, ‘International Politics’, p. 211.7 Sir C. Webster, Independence of Latin America, Vol. I, p. 20.8 D.A.G.Waddell, ‘International Politics’, p. 212.9 W.W. Kauffmann, British Policy, p. 157.

10 ibid.; H. Peterson, Argentina and the United States 1810–1960, New York,1964, pp. 83–91.

11 W.W. Kauffmann, n. 9 Supra.12 ibid.13 Un Inglés, Cinco Años, p. 61.14 H.S. Ferns, Britain and Argentina, p. 114; W. Hinde, George Canning, London,

1973, p. 349.15 H.S. Ferns, Supra.16 ibid., p. 116.17 L.A. Romero, La Feliz Experiencia, p. 244.18 Parish to Canning, PRO, FO 6/4; also in R.A. Humphreys; British Consular

reports, pp. 1–26.19 Parish to Canning, 27 April 1824, AGN Sala 7, 17–6–2.20 H.S. Ferns, Britain and Argentina, p. 119.

Notes 177

21 Canning to Parish, 19 November 1824, PRO, FO 6/3; also in H. Ferns,Britain and Argentina, p. 117.

22 Parish to Canning, 12 April 1824, P.R.O., F. O. 6/3; also in Sir C. Webster,Independence of Latin America, vol. I, pp. 110–14.

23 T. Davis, Man of Revolution, p. 31.24 ibid., pp. 23–26.25 ibid.26 ibid., p. 37. Parish to Canning, 25 April 1824, P.R.O. , F.O. 6/3; also

published in Sir C. Webster, Independence of Latin America, vol. I, pp. 110–12.

27 T. Davis, Man of Revolution, pp. 33–4.28 H.S. Ferns, Britain and Argentina, p. 123.29 Alvear to Rivadavia, 15 June 1824; published in G. Rodríguez, Contribución

Histórica y Documental, Buenos Aires, 1921, pp. 14–17. 30 T. Davis, Man of Revolution, p. 36. 31 Alvear to Rivadavia, 29 June 1824, in G. Rodríguez, Contribución Histórica,

pp. 32–33.32 T. Davis, Man of Revolution, p. 37.33 F. G. Dawson, The First Latin American Debt Crisis. The City of London and the

1822–25 Loan Bubble, New Haven, 1990, pp. 79–80.34 T. Davis, Man of Revolution, pp. 37–8.35 ibid., pp. 39–42; G. Rodríguez, Contribución Histórica, pp. 44–9.36 ibid.37 ibid.38 ibid.39 A. Mitchell, Whigs in Opposition 1815–1830, Oxford, 1967, pp. 175–6.40 F.G. Dawson, Latin American Debt Crisis, p. 76.41 P. O’Leary, Sir James Mackintosh. The Whig Cicero, Aberdeen, 1989, p. 159.42 ibid., p. 158.43 The Times, 29 June 1824.44 A. Mitchell, Whigs in Opposition, p. 176.45 W.W. Kauffmann, British Policy, p. 214; W. Hinde, Canning, p. 349.46 W.W. Kauffmann, Supra, pp. 176–8.47 ibid., p. 174.48 F.G. Dawson, Latin American Debt Crisis, p. 77.49 Canning to Parish, 23 August 1824, PRO, FO 6/2; also in C. Webster,

Independence of Latin America, vol. I, pp. 114–16, and in H.S. Ferns, Britainand Argentina, p. 124.

50 ibid.51 ibid.52 J. Lynch, Spanish American Revolutions, p. 77.53 Parish to Canning, 20 June 1824, AGN, Sección 7, 17–6–2.54 ibid.55 Canning to Parish, 29 September 1824, AGN, Sección 7, 17–6–2.56 H.S. Ferns, Britain and Argentina, pp. 134–7. Also on this subject, the

very critical reports of an English traveller specially commisioned to give more information about this project are most revealing; F.B. Head,Reports Relating to the Failure of the Río de la Plata Mining Association, London,1827.

178 Notes

57 ibid., pp. 138–9; L.A. Romero, La Felíz Experiencia, p. 251; S. Bagú, El PlanEconómico; and, on the subject of immigration, the extremely criticalaccount of this whole enterprise written by the British agent who wasresponsible for this enterprise along with Rivadavia: J.A.B. Beaumont,Travels in Buenos Aires and the Adjacent Provinces of the Río de La Plata,London, 1828.

58 H.S. Ferns, Britain and Argentina, pp. 141–7; F. Griffith Dawson, LatinAmerican Debt Crisis, pp. 77–80; S. Amaral, ‘El Empréstito de Londres de1824’, in Desarrollo Ecinómico, vol. 23, no. 92, Enero-Marzo, 1984; E. Fitte,Historia de un Empréstito: La Emisión de Baring Brothers en 1824, Buenos Aires,1962.

59 G. Canning to W. Parish, 26 September 1824, AGN, Sección 7.60 Sir C. Webster, Independence of Latin America, vol. I, p. 23.61 W.W. Kauffmann, British Policy, p. 176; W. Hinde, Canning, pp. 357–8;

Annonymous, Un Inglés, p. 45.62 Sir C. Webster, Independence of Latin America, vol. I, p. 23. 63 ibid., H.S. Ferns, Britain and Argentina, p. 125.64 ibid.65 ibid., p. 127.66 ibid., p. 126.67 ibid.68 ibid.69 Parish to Canning, 24 October 1824, PRO, FO 6/5; Also in Sir C. Webster,

Independence of Latin America, vol. I, pp. 116–19. The most exhaustive workon this congress is still E. Ravignani, ‘El Congreso Nacional de 1824–1827.La Convención Nacional de 1828–1829. Investigación y régimen de Pactos’.Academia Nacional de la Historia, Historia de la Nación Argentina, BuenosAires, 1949, vol. VII, pp. 10–129.

70 Parish to Canning, Supra.71 Canning to Parish, 26 December 1824, PRO, FO 6/5; also in Sir C. Webster,

Independence of Latin America, vol. I, p. 119.72 An Englishman, A Five Years Residence, p. 162.73 W.W. Kauffmann, British Policy, pp. 176–9.74 J. Lynch, ‘Great Britain’, p. 19.75 W.W. Kauffmann, British Policy, p. 220; W. Hinde, Canning, pp. 372–4.76 Canning to Parish, 24 May 1825, PR O, FO; 6/7; Also in Sir C. Webster,

Independence of Latin America, vol. I, pp. 121–3. 77 H.S. Ferns, Britain and Argentina, p. 159.78 Canning to Parish, 19 October 1825, PRO , FO 6/7, AGN, Seccion 7; also in

C. Webster, Independence of Latin America, vol. I, pp. 130–4. 79 ibid.80 G. Canning to L. Ponsonby, 28 February 1826, PRO, FO 6/12; also in Sir C.

Webster, independence of Latin America, vol. I, pp. 138–9.

Notes 179

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M. Ternavasio, ‘Nuevo Régimen Representativo y Expansión de la FronteraPolítica, Las Elecciones del Estado de Buenos Aires: 1820–1840’, in A. Annino(ed.), Historia de las Elecciones, op. cit.

R. Terragno, ‘Los Orígenes del Plan Libertador’, Todo es Historia, 1986.D.A.G. Waddell, ‘International Politics and the Independence of Latin America’,

Published in L. Bethell (ed.), The Independence, op. cit.J. Williams, ‘The Establishment of British Commerce in Argentina’, Hispanic

American Historical Review,1944.

186 Bibliography

Index

Abercromby, Ralph, 23, 24, 35Adams, John Quincy, 140Addington, Henry, Viscount

Sidmouth, 26, 28, 47, 51, 52,59, 63, 65, 66, 103

Addingtonians, 51, 52Admiralty Office, 34, 36, 37, 54, 55,

59Aguirre, José Agustín, 96Aix-La-Chapelle, 124, 129Alcalde Mayor, 76Alexander I, Tsar, 31, 122, 129Alvarez Jonte, Antonio, 105, 126Alvear, Carlos María General, 86,

105, 108, 110–12, 118, 132,144–9, 151

Alvear, Diego de, 110Alzaga, Martín de, 13, 14, 73, 76, 79,

84, 92, 95American War of Independence, 17Amiens, Peace of, 26, 51Anchorena, Manuel de, 13Anglo-American relations, 139Anglo-Argentine Treaty, 147Anson, Admiral George, 15Antwerp, 35Archivo General de la Nación, 73Argentina, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 11, 44,

49, 73, 98, 126, 159, 164Arribeños, 76Artigas, José Gervasio, 100, 108,

111, 116, 130Asia, 29Asunción del Paraguay, 9, 10Atlantic Ocean, 10, 61, 67Auchmuty, Samuel, 40, 43–5, 49,

61, 62, 79, 80Auckland, William Eden, 1st Baron,

56, 69Audiencia, 10, 77

Austerlitz, 32, 37, 51, 53Austria, 22, 25, 32, 115, 122, 123,

126, 133, 137Ayacucho, 157

Baird, General David, 33, 34, 40, 53,55

Bank of Buenos Aires, 147Bath, 141Bathurst, Henry 3rd Earl, 103Bayona, 89, 93, 128Belgium, 20, 22, 87, 127Belgrano, Manuel, 13, 73, 75, 76,

92, 93, 95, 105, 108–12, 118,119, 130, 132

Bello, Andrés, 95, 105, 118, 122Bengal, 16, 17Bentham, Jeremy, 124, 126, 127,

132Beresford, General William Carr, 33,

38–44, 46, 48, 49, 55, 61, 62,67, 72, 75, 77–9, 88, 91

Berlin Decrees, 62Birmingham, 145Blanco White, José María, 102, 122Board of Trade, 56Bolívar, Simón, 95, 118, 123–5, 127,

147, 157Bolivia, 11Bonaparte, Joseph, 85Bonaparte, Napoleon, 4, 6, 22, 23,

28, 32, 37, 53, 62, 85–8, 90, 92,112, 115, 116, 128, 150

Bourbons, 10–12, 116, 118, 133Brazil, 5, 85, 89, 97, 102, 103,

105–7, 111, 142, 147, 159, 160,161

Brissot, Jacques, 128Britain–Argentine relations, 3, 7, 49,

94, 161, 164

187

British Channel, 61British commerce, 6, 11, 18, 19, 23,

25, 26, 28, 30, 47, 54, 56, 58,59, 62, 87, 88, 94, 95, 98, 101,116, 117, 122, 125, 132,

135–9, 143, 149, 155, 157, 161, 162,164

British educational system, 164British forces, 22, 28, 33, 38, 41–6,

49, 56, 57, 66, 75, 77, 78, 80,82, 83, 85, 105, 124, 161

Brtitish immigration, 154, 164British Library, 2British merchants, 6, 11, 39, 56, 61,

65, 83, 92, 97, 99, 116, 117,125, 132, 143, 144, 145, 148,164

British Navy, 21, 32, 35, 36, 65, 125,161

Brooke, Governor, 21Brougham, Henry, 121, 131, 149,

158Brown, Admiral William, 108Buenos Aires, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9–14, 21–3,

27, 29, 30, 35, 36, 38, 41, 43,44, 46, 53–6, 60–2, 64–70, 72–7,79, 81, 82, 85, 89–92, 95–8, 100,102, 103–6, 108, 110, 116–18,120, 123, 125, 127, 129, 130,133, 141–4, 147–9, 151–7, 159,160, 162–4

Burke, Edmund, 19, 52, 63Burke, James Colonel, 74, 88, 93Burke, William (James Mill), 70Bute, John Stuart, Lord, 15Byron, Commodore John, 16Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 16,

124

Cabarrus, Count, 116Cabildo, 77, 94, 132Cabot, Sebastian, 9Cádiz, 73, 94, 95, 101, 159Calcutta, 35Cambridge, 35Campbell, Archibald, 20Canada, 58

Canning, George, 6, 61, 64, 68, 71,86, 90, 93, 125, 134–42, 145–61,163, 164

Cape of Good Hope, 27, 32, 33, 36,37, 42, 53

Caracas, 21, 22, 32, 35, 47, 53, 59,86, 95, 96, 98, 106

Carbonaris, 133Carlota Joaquina, Infanta, 90–4,

109, 119, 161Carlotino, 119Carrera, José Antonio, 144Castelli, Juan José, 73–5, 78, 82, 84,

92, 95Castilla, Mariano, 73, 74, 87Castlereagh, Robert Stewart,

Viscount, 2nd Marquiss ofLondonderry, 6, 34, 38, 40, 49,61, 64, 68, 71–3, 79, 86–8, 90,93, 102–4, 106, 107, 112, 116,118, 121–5, 127, 129, 131,133–5, 138, 141, 150, 153, 162,163

Castro, Félix, 147Catamarca, 10Catholic Emancipation, 26, 52, 68Caudillos, 130Cepeda, 130Cevallos, Pedro de, 11, 73, 110Chacabuco, 123Chamberlain, Henry, 118, 123Chancellor, Valerie, 53Charcas, 10, 11Charles III, 4, 10, 17Charles IV, 85, 112Chathamite Whigs, 18Chiclana, Manuel, 101Chile, 10, 15, 16, 20, 21, 26, 30, 45,

59, 61, 120, 123, 126, 130, 134,144, 162

China, 35Chuquisaca, 14Church of Buenos Aires, 77, 129Cisneros, Baltasar de, 86, 93, 94Cochrane, Admiral Alexander, 125Cochrane, Admiral Lord Thomas,

47, 54, 125

188 Index

Colombia, 10, 134, 141, 157Colonia de Sacramento, 11, 15, 46Colonial Office, 70Concepción del Bermejo, 10Congress of Tucumán, 113, 115–17,

119, 123, 130Congrees of Vienna, 115, 116, 118,

124, 125Congress System, 7Constituent Assembly, 105Contucci, Felipe, 93Córdoba, 10, 11, 31, 41, 76, 95, 117,

130Cork, 87Corrientes, 10, 12, 31, 116, 117Crauford, Colonel Robert, 45, 62,

64, 70Crompton, Thomas, 96Cromwell, Oliver, 15Cumana, 22

D’Osmond, Marquis, 127Dalrymple, Colonel William, 20Davison, Alexander, 27De Courcy, Admiral, 91, 97De Paula, Prince Francisco, 112, 118De Pons, Francois, 128De Pradt, Abbé Dominique, 126De Tracy, Destutt, 126Decazes, Elie, 127Del Pino, Viceroy Joaquín, 109Dessolle, Marquis Augustin, 127,

129Díaz de Solís, Juan, 9Director Supremo, 86, 108, 110–12,

117–20, 129–30, 144Dublin, 89Dumouriez, General Charles, 22, 23,

87, 101, 128Dundas, Henry, Viscount Melville,

5, 20–2, 24–9, 31, 32, 34, 36, 38,42, 47, 53, 57, 59, 63, 103, 161

Dutch War, 17

East India, 16, 23East India Company, 16, 17, 19, 36Ecuador, 10

Egypt, 23, 35Ehrman, John, 20El Español, 102Elío, General Francisco, 100, 101Ellenborough, Edward, 56 Elliott, Captain, 97Emphyteusis system, 133, 154England, 6, 11, 22, 26, 29, 30, 39,

41–4, 50, 61, 71, 75, 77, 79, 80,86–9, 92–6, 98, 99, 103, 106,109–12, 117–19, 121–3, 126,128, 132, 134, 137, 138, 141–3,145, 146, 148–50, 152–5, 159,162, 164

Enlightenment, 14Entre Ríos, 116, 130Esteve y Llach, Gerardo, 76Eton, 141Europe, 4, 6, 7, 13, 15, 17, 21, 27,

29, 32, 37, 42, 50, 51, 53, 60,62, 65, 85, 90, 101, 104, 105,108, 112, 113, 115–20, 122,125, 126, 129–33, 136–40, 144,145, 148–51, 156, 158–60, 162,164

Ezquiaga, Miguel, 76

Fabian, Captain, 97Falkland Islands, 16Famatina, 154Ferdinand VII, 85, 90, 93, 95, 97, 98,

104, 106, 108, 122, 128, 131,133, 137, 141

Ferns, Henry, 2, 35, 42, 49, 125,143, 161, 164

Foreign Office, 25, 86, 90, 99, 102,103, 104, 106, 136, 151

Fortescue, John, 38, 41, 45, 47, 62,67

Fox, Charles James, 18, 19, 28, 51,52, 53, 54, 59, 60, 63, 70, 103,121

Foxites, 19, 51, 52, 65, 66, 69, 135France, 1, 5, 11, 13, 16–28, 31, 32,

37, 41, 51, 53, 57, 59, 60, 71,73, 74, 80, 81, 85–92, 96–8, 101,105, 116, 120, 124, 126,

Index 189

127–30, 133, 134, 137–9, 141,142, 144, 148, 149–51, 158,159, 162

Francis, Philip, 60Franco-Portuguese agreement, 16Franco-Spanish agreement, 16French Army, 85, 89, 105, 108, 110,

127, 137, 138, 139, 144French Revolution, 19, 52, 87, 121,

127French Wars, 19Fullarton, Colonel William, 16, 17, 28Funes, Gregorio, 93

García del Río, Juan, 147García, Manuel, 111, 155, 156, 157Gauchos, 117, 120George III, 18, 26, 28, 34, 41, 43, 44,

51, 52, 54, 55, 63, 64, 67, 68,75, 77, 83, 91, 100, 102, 131

George IV (Prince Regent), 52, 99,100, 102, 103, 131, 136, 138,150, 152, 158

Gibraltar, 89Gillespie, Captain Alexander, 77, 81Gómez, José Valentín, 129, 130Goodwin Keates, Admiral Richard,

36Gorriti, island of, 43Great Britain, 1–7, 11, 13, 15–24, 27,

28, 30–3, 35, 40, 41, 42, 44, 46,47, 49–54, 59, 62, 63, 67, 72–5,77, 78, 82, 84–98, 101–13,115–21, 123–5, 129, 131–4, 136,137, 139–41, 143–5, 150, 151,155–7, 162, 163

Grenville, Tom, 52, 53, 56, 65Grenville, William Wyndham,

Baron, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 28,51–3, 57, 59–61, 63, 64, 66, 69,71, 110

Grey, Charles, 2nd Earl, 52–4, 60,64–7, 71, 100, 103, 110, 121,131, 150

Guayaquil, 123Güemes, Martín de, 120Guido, Tomás, 99

Halperín Donghi, Tulio, 13, 109Hamilton, William, 99, 106Hanseatic Towns, 160Harley, Robert, Earl of Oxford, 15Harvey, A.D., 62Hastings, Francis Rawdon Hastings,

2nd Earl of Moira, 65, 68Hastings, Warren, 17, 19Hawkesbury, Lord, see Lord

LiverpoolHerbert, Captain Charles, 31Heywood, Captain, 104Hippisley, John, 17, 21, 58Hispanic–Mexican groups, 17Hispanic–Peruvian groups, 17Hobhouse, Charles, 18Holy Alliance, 4, 6, 86, 112, 115,

116, 122, 126, 129, 131, 133,136, 137, 139, 144, 149, 150,151, 160

Holland, 20, 22, 35, 87, Holland, Henry Fox, 3rd Baron, 52,

63–70, 100, 122, 125Holland House, 100, 102, 122, 127,

150Hood, Admiral Samuel, 17, 36House of Commons, 19, 20, 61, 64,

65, 86, 87, 121, 149, 151, 158House of Lords, 58, 71, 146, 151Howick, Lord, see GreyHullett Company, 143, 154Hullett, John, 143, 144, 147, 154Humphreys, Robin, 1Hurtado, José Manuel, 146, 147Huskisson, William, 22, 27, 36, 42,

135

Incas, 9, 120India, 17, 25, 28, 35, 59, 61Indians, 9, 21, 154Intendencias, 11Irigoyen Matías, 95, 99Italy, 22, 112, 142

Jacob, William, 30, 31, 58, 59, 61,68

Jacobins, 23, 66, 87, 98

190 Index

Jamaica, 15Jefferson, Thomas, 140Jervis, John, Earl of St.Vincent, 35,

36, 42Jena, 62Jesuits, 10, 12, 17, 21Joao VI, 85, 89, 91Johnson, Samuel, 63Jujuy, 10

Kauffmann, William, 31, 122, 139

La Paz, 11La Rioja, 10, 154Lafayette, Marie Joseph du Motier,

Marquiss de, 126, 127Lancashire, 59Larrea, Juan, 13Las Heras, General Gregorio de, 152Latin America, 1, 6, 7, 29, 57, 85,

122, 160, 162, 163Lauderdale, James Maitland, 8th

Earl of Maitland, 53, 60Lawndsdowne, Lord, see PettyLe Moyne, Hilaire, 127, 128, 129Letters on South America, 117Leveson Gower, General, 46Liberal Tories, 135Lima, 11Lincolnshire, 141Liniers, Santiago de, 41, 43, 44, 73,

76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 84, 86, 91,92, 93, 95, 128

Litoral area, 10, 108, 111, 112, 116,117

Liverpool, 145Liverpool merchants, 125, 145, 163Liverpool, Robert Jenkinson, 2nd

Earl, 6, 86, 103, 112, 121–3, 125,127, 129, 131, 134, 135, 146,149, 151, 152, 155, 158, 163

Logia Lautaro, 105London, 5, 16, 27, 34, 35, 47, 56,

59, 64, 73, 74, 91, 95, 101, 105,109, 110, 111, 112, 116, 118,126, 127, 131, 139, 145, 149,153, 154, 155, 158, 162

London merchants, 149López, Estanislao, 130, 144López Méndez, Luis, 95, 105, 118,

127, 138Louis of Parma, 129Louis XVIII, 127Louisiana, 20Lucca, Duke of, 129Luján, 78, 79Lynch, John, 1, 18, 21, 32, 54, 117Lloyd’s Patriotic Fund Committee,

65

Mackinnon, Alexander, 97Mackintosh, James, 121, 149, 150,

158Madeira, 72Madras, 16, 17Madrid, 31, 138Magallanes, Fernando de, 9Maipú, 123Maldonado, 43Malta, 35, 73Mar Dulce, 9Marsden, William, 34, 39, 40, 65Masonic Lodges, 105May Revolution, 113Mediterranean, 22, 25Melville, Viscount, see DundasMendoza, Pedro de, 9Metternich, Klemens Von, Prince, 4,

115, 116, 139Mexico, 16, 20, 21, 30, 31, 63, 64,

105, 134, 141, 157, 162Michelena, José Mariano, 146Middle East, 25Mier, Fray Servando Teresa de, 105Mill, James, 126Miller, Rory, 1Ministry of all the Talents, 2, 5, 34,

45, 51–4, 56, 57, 59, 61–3, 65,68, 69, 71, 86

Miranda, General Francisco, 5, 16,19–24, 26–30, 32, 34, 35, 47, 53,54, 57, 59, 62, 64, 74, 83, 87,91–3, 95, 96, 105, 118, 119,126–8

Index 191

Misiones, 12Mitchell, Leslie, 70Mitre, Bartolomé, 109 Moira, Lord, see F.R. HastingsMoldes, José, 91Monroe Doctrine, 140, 148Monroe, James, 140, 145Monteagudo, Bernardo de, 105Montevideo, 23, 38, 41, 43–6, 79,

80, 93, 97, 100, 101, 104, 108,123, 128, 144, 159, 160

Moreno faction, 101Moreno, Mariano, 13, 14, 76, 92, 94,

95, 99, 109, 132Moreno, Manuel, 99, 100, 101, 102,

103Morillo, General Pablo, 115Murat, General Joachim, 128Museo Mitre, 73

Naples, 89, 133Napoleonic wars, 71National Congress, 156Netherlands, 128New Granada, 10, 30, 74New Orleans, 26Niort, 73Nootka Sound, 19, 20Norfolk, 67North America, 17, 18, 19, 45, 48,

111, 140North, Lord Frederick, 16, 18Northern Army, 109Northumberland, Duke of, 69

O’Leary, David Florence, 124O’Higgins, Bernardo de, 123Orinoco river, 26Orleans, Louis Phillipe, Duc de, 87,

128, 129Ostend, 35

Pacific Ocean, 29Pack, Colonel Denis, 78Padilla, Manuel Aniceto, 79, 83, 84,

88, 91, 97, 101, 103Panama, 30

Paraguay river, 10Paraguay, 9, 10–12, 21Paraná river, 10, 12Paris, 20, 23, 53, 54, 110, 118, 126,

129Parish, John, 141Parish, Woodbine, 141–5, 147,

151–3, 155–9Parliament, 6, 21, 36, 64, 88, 99, 121,

125, 140, 146, 149, 151, 158, 163Paroissien, James, 92, 93Paso, Juan José, 93, 101, 105Patagonia, 9Patricios, 76Pavia, Joseph, 30Pedro Carlos, 92 Peel, Robert, 133, 135Pelham, Lord Thomas, 27Perceval, Spencer, 86, 93, 103Peru, 9, 10, 15, 16, 17, 20, 123, 124,

147Protector of, 126

Petrie, Charles, 135Petty, Lord Henry, 3rd Marquess of

Landsowne, 56, 121, 146, 149,150

Picton, Thomas, 22Pinto, Manuel, 91Pitt, William (the younger), 5, 15,

16, 18–20, 22–4, 26, 28, 29, 31,32, 34, 36, 37, 42, 47, 48, 52,53, 57, 59, 63, 66, 119, 133

Pittites, 64, 69, 71, 86, 87, 134, 135,160

Place, Francis, 132Planta, Joseph, 141Polignac Memorandum, 139, 140,

145Polignac, Auguste Jules, Prince de,

138, 147Popham, Admiral Home, 5, 27–9,

32–43, 46–9, 53, 57, 59, 60, 64,65, 71, 74, 75, 161, 164

Popham, Stephen, 35Portland, William Bentinck-

Cavendish, 3rd Duke of, 24, 86,91, 93, 125

192 Index

Portugal, 5, 6, 11, 23, 89, 93, 97,100, 103, 104, 110, 116, 147,159

Portuguese Court, 79, 85, 89, 91,104, 161

Portuguese forces, 112, 117, 121,123, 142, 148, 163

Portuguese–British expedition, 15Posadas, Gervasio, 86, 108, 110Potosí, 11, 12Presas, José, 93Primera Junta, 86, 94–7, 99, 100, 101Prussia, 32, 62, 115, 122, 137public opinion, 5, 47, 54, 84, 121,

129, 145, 164Public Records Office (PRO), 2Pueyrredón, General Juan Martín

de, 40, 41, 73, 75, 84, 91,117–19, 121, 126–8, 130–3, 144

Pullen, Governor, 15

Queen Anne, 15Queen Caroline, 131

Rademaker, John, 104Ramírez, Francisco, 130Ramsay, Captain, 97Red Sea, 36Reform Bill, 52Representación de los Hacendados, 14Richelieu, Armand du Plessis, Duc

de, 127Riego, General Rafael de, 131, 133Rio de Janeiro, 5, 74, 79, 85, 88, 89,

91, 92, 93, 97, 100, 104, 110,111, 112, 118, 123, 142, 144,163

Río de La Plata Mining Company,154

Río de la Plata river, 12Rivadavia, Bernardino, 6, 108–12,

118, 120–2, 126, 129, 130, 132,141–5, 147, 149, 151, 153–6,158, 159, 162–4

River Plate, United Provinces of the(Provincias Unidas del Río de LaPlata), 1, 2, 4–7, 9, 11–14, 33–5,

37, 40–2, 44–7, 49, 50, 55, 59,61, 68, 69, 71, 73, 77, 83, 85,86, 88–93, 95–101, 103–12,115–21, 123, 125, 127–34, 136,141–3, 145, 147, 151–9, 161–4

River Plate economy, 11–14, 21, 92,94, 116, 117, 130, 133, 147,153, 154, 156, 157, 163

River Plate educational system, 14Roberts, Carlos, 1, 2, 26, 71, 73, 74,

77Robertson, John Parish, 117, 141,

147Robertson, William Parish, 117, 141,

147Robertson, William Spence, 1, 26Rodríguez Peña, Saturnino, 78, 79,

82–4, 91–3Rodríguez Peña, Nicolás, 14, 73, 77,

82, 92, 105Rodríguez, General Martín, 92, 131,

132, 142, 144Rojas, Diego de, 9Rondeau, General José, 108, 112,

130Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 14Rush, Richard, 139, 140Russia, 1, 31, 37, 59, 115, 122, 129,

137Rydjord, John, 2, 31Rye, 30

Saavedra, Cornelio, 92, 93, 95, 99Saint Domingue, 24, 45, 66, 70Saint Helena, 21, 40Saladeros, 13Salamanca, University of, 13Salta, 10, 11San Carlos, Colegio de, 14San Carlos, Duke of, 126San Martín, General José de, 105, 109,

120, 123–5, 127, 130, 132, 144Sancti Spíritus Fort, 9Santa Coloma, Gaspar de, 13Santa Coloma, José Antonio, 92Santa Fe, 10, 12, 116, 117, 130, 144Santiago del Estero, 10

Index 193

Sarratea, Manuel de, 100, 101,106–8, 112, 118, 119, 131

Sassenay, Marquise de, 128Scotland, 26, 58, 117, 125Scott, Walter, 58Selkirk, Thomas Douglas 5th Earl of,

58, 59, 68Semanario de Agricultura y Comercio,

14Sentenach, Felipe, 76Seville, 11Shelburne, William Petty, 2nd Earl

of, 15, 18Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 124Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, 19, 69,

103Sidmouth, Lord, see Addingtonslave trade, 11, 52, 68Smith, Adam, 14, 19Smith, Admiral Sidney, 88–92Sobremonte, Marques de, 14, 41, 43,

76, 81, 86Sociedad Patriótica, 105South America, 1, 3, 5, 6, 11, 13,

15–18, 20–33, 36, 37, 42, 48, 49,53, 57–60, 62–6, 68, 70–2, 74,81, 85–7, 90, 91, 93, 94, 96, 98,100–2, 104–6, 115, 117–19,121–5, 127–9, 131, 134, 135,137–41, 144–50, 158, 160–4

Spain, 4–6, 9–20, 23–5, 27, 28, 30, 31,35, 37, 39, 41, 43–5, 50, 58, 67,69, 71–6, 80, 82, 83, 85–96, 98,100–2, 104, 106–10, 112, 113,115, 116, 121, 122, 125, 126,128, 129, 133, 134, 136–8, 141,142, 144, 146–8, 150, 158, 162

Spanish America, 1, 3–5, 11, 15, 17,19, 21, 23, 26–32, 50, 53, 55,57, 60, 65, 66, 70, 87, 88, 90–2,94, 96–8, 100–5, 107, 112, 115,116, 118, 120–2, 127, 131, 134,136–40, 145, 146, 149, 150,161, 164

Spanish Army, 77, 82, 105, 106,116, 117, 119, 123–26, 128–31,135, 149, 157

Spanish commerce, 11, 13, 16Spanish Constitution of 1812, 131,

133Spanish Cortes, 94, 95, 100, 101,

103Spanish Crown, 11, 42, 79, 82, 85,

91, 94, 108–10, 138Spanish liberals, 132, 133, 141Spanish merchants, 77Spencer, George John, Lord, 22, 56St.Vincent, Admiral, see JervisStaples, Robert, 106, 111, 116, 125Strangford, Percy Clinton Smythe,

6th Viscount, 2, 5, 85, 88–91,93–5, 97, 98, 101–9, 111, 116,118, 159, 161

Street, John, 2, 3, 26, 98, 99, 103Stuart Mill, John, 126Stuart, John, 67Sucre, General Antonio, 157Sullivan, General, 59Sussex, 30Sweden, 89

Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de, 53Temple, Lord, 69Tetuan, 35The Edinburgh Review, 89, 122, 126,

127The Morning Chronicle, 37, 47, 49,

54, 68, 100, 102The Times, 47, 56, 61, 117, 129, 147,

150Third Coalition, 31, 32, 51Tierra firme, 29Tories, 5, 18, 21, 30, 36, 52, 61, 64,

68, 71, 86, 87, 93, 98, 102, 103,122, 135, 150, 151

Trafalgar, 32, 128Treaty of Pilar, 130Treveleyan, George Macaulay, 53Trinidad, 22, 23Trinity College, 89Triunviratos, 86, 101, 108, 132Troppau, 131Tsar Alexander I, 122, 129Tucker, Benjamin, 35

194 Index

Tucumán, 9, 31, 119, 130Tupac Amaru, 17Turkey, 25, 89

Ultra-Tories, 134, 138United States of America, 7, 23, 24,

32, 53, 59, 120, 137, 139, 140,144, 145, 148, 149

Upper Peru (Alto Peru), 14, 79, 117,120, 157

Uruguay (Banda Oriental), 5, 6, 15,43, 89, 97, 100, 104, 108, 112,117, 130, 142, 148, 158, 159, 163

Uruguay river, 9, 10, 11US Congress, 140Utrecht Treaty, 1, 11

Vansittart, Nicholas, 21, 26, 27, 56,59, 59, 103

Vargas, Pedro Fermín de, 30, 74, 87 Vatican, 17Venezuela, 11, 22, 27, 29, 30, 53,

84, 95, 105, 115, 118, 122, 127,128, 162

Vernon, Admiral, 15Verona, 134, 144Versailles Treaty, 17, 18Vienna, 37, 115Viéytes, Hipólito, 13, 73, 82, 92Vigodet, General Gaspar, 108Villele, Jean Baptiste, comte de, 134Vindicae Galicae, 121

Waddell, D.A.G., 136Waine, Thomas, 37Walpole, Robert, 15Walton, William, 102War Office, 21, 25, 34, 49, 57, 63,

68, 78, 86, 103, 125Washington, 144Waterloo, 115Wealth of Nations, 19Webster, Charles, 1, 129, 135, 156Wellesley, Marquess of, 61, 63, 93,

95–7, 99, 101, 102, 110, 134Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke

of, 49, 61, 87, 101, 110, 134,138, 150, 155, 156

West Indies, 45, 53Westminister School, 35Whigs, 5, 6, 18, 19, 52, 53, 63, 68,

100, 103, 111, 121, 122, 125,127, 135, 149, 150, 151, 159,163

Whitelocke, General John, 45–8, 66,67, 69, 70, 82

Williams Alzaga, Enrique, 82Windham, William, 24, 40, 42, 43,

48, 49, 52, 54–9, 61–71, 73

Yerba mate, 12York, Duke of, 67, 70, 102Yorke, Charles, 27

Zapiola, Matías, 105

Index 195