noun phrases

NOUN PHRASE

English Grammar

Group members:

1. Le Thi Hoai Thanh2. Nguyen Hanh Le3. Tran Thi Ut Tram4. Hoang Thi Thu Huong5. Le Thi Thu Phuong6. Nguyen Thi Thu Trang

Noun – Noun classes

Noun classes

Proper nouns

Common nouns

Definition : Nouns are words that name people, places, things, or ideas.

person

place

thing

idea

?


Proper nouns

Bill Clinton the Nile the UNICEF

geographical names

Personal names

institutions/ organizations

calendar itemsEaster


car

cars

Common nouns

Count Ns Non-count Ns

Singular

Plural

Singular

salt


Noun classes

Proper nouns Common nouns

Count Ns Non-count NsE.g. Tom, John

Singular

Plural Singular

table tables freedom

Noun Phrase

Example: The second black bag on the table is very nice.

art numeral adj head PP

WHAT IS A NOUN PHRASE ?

Definition: A noun phrase is a group word with a noun or a pronoun as the head & other constituents as modifiers.

Noun Phrase

Functions: noun phrases perform 6 major grammatical functions in the English language:

1. Subject: This book is very interesting.

S2. Direct Object: Mary kicked the ball.

Od

3. Indirect Object: He gives his father a hat.

Oi

Noun Phrase

4. Subject Complement Ex: He is a student. S Cs 5. Object Complement: Ex: We elected you team leader O Co6. Prepositional Complement Ex: I work in this company. PP Cpp

Basic noun phrase

Basic NP

(Determiners)

Head noun+

Determiners = words of close-system used before a N to “determine” the precise meaning of the N.

Pre-determiners

( Central ) Determiners

Post-determiners

Pre-determiners All, Both, Half

Multipliers

Fractions

such , what (exclamative).


+ Before: - Articles ( a, an, the, zero articles)

Ex: All the time

- Possessive determiners (my, her ,his, etc.)

Ex: Both his sisters

- Demonstrative determiners ( this, that, these, etc.)

Ex: Half those days.

+ Not before: Quantitative determiners (no, each, any, some, enough, (n)either, every)


+ Take partitive “ of-phrases” Optional with Nouns

Ex: All (of) the time

Obligatory with pronouns

Ex: All of them, both of us, Half of it

+ “All, both” occur after head, either immediately or after the operator

Ex: They (all) were (all) accepted.

Pre-determiners Multipliers Once, twice, three times, double, etc.

+ Used to denote the quality of the nouns Ex: Twice his strength Double their papers+ Occur with the determiners “a, every, each” and “per” to indicate frequency. Ex: Once a week Twice every day Three time each year

Pre-determiners Fractions one-third, two-fifths, three- quarters, etc .

+ The fraction have the alternative of-construction.

Ex: One-third (of ) the time .

Two-fifths (of) the students.

+ The indefinite article can replace “one”

Ex: He did it in one-third/ a third of the time it took me

Pre-determiners such , what (exclamative).

+ Occur before the head noun .

+ “ Such” combined with “all/no, quantifiers, cardinal numbers”

Ex:No/many/30 such incidents


(1)

Possessive : My, our, her, .etc...Wh-words, some, any (stressed), no

(2)

Zero Article some,

any (unstress

ed) enough

(3)

(A)n every, each, (n)either

(4)

This,

That

(5)

, Those

These

(6)

much

(central) Determiners respect to their co-occurrence with the noun classes

bottle

bottlesfurniture

Count Non-count

SINGULAR

PLURAL


(1)

Possessive : My, our, her, .etc...

The Possessive (‘my’, ‘your’, 'his’, etc.)Genitive (‘my father’s’, ‘Anne’s’, etc.)NoWhoseWhich (ever)What (ever)Some (stressed)Any (stressed)

Book

Books

Ink

+

Ex:


Ex:

Zero articleSome (unstressed)Any (unstressed)enough

Books

ink +

(2)

Zero Article some,

any (unstress

ed) enough


Ex:

An/aeveryeacheitherneither

Book

ink +

(3)

(A)n every, each, (n)either


Ex:

(4)

This,

That

This

That

+Book

ink


Ex:

(5)

, Those

These

Book

ink

+Those

These


Ex:

(6)

much

+Much Ink

Post-determiners

Cardinal numerals

Ordinal numerals

closed-system quantifiers

Opened-system quantifiers

Post-determiners

Cardinal numerals

- Apart from One , which can co-occur only with singular count nouns , all cardinal numerals ( two, three...) co-occur only with plural count nouns:

Ex: The two students The two carsDet post-det head Det post-det head

Post-determiners

Ordinal numerals

-In addtion to the ordinals which have a one-for-one relation with the cardinals ( fourth~four; twentieth-twenty), we consider here items like next, last, (an) other, additional, which resemble them grammtically and semantically.Ordinal numerals, exept first, co-occur only with count nouns.

Ex: The first three planes His last two bookDet post-det head Det post-det head

Post-determiners

close-system quantifiers

- Before count Ns: many , (a)few, several- Before non-count Ns: much, (a) little

Ex: The few words Much stressDet post-det head post-det head

Post-determiners

Open-system quantifiers

- Include : plenty of, a lot of, lost of, a great of, a large of etc.

- Verbs have number concord with the second nouns , not the quality nouns (lot, deal, lost, plenty, etc.)

Ex: Lots of food was on the table.

There was a lot of food on the table

Complex noun phrase

I. Structure

- Noun phrases play an important role in the construction of a sentence.

- Basic noun phrases can be pronouns, numerals or head nouns with different determiners while complex ones include pre-modification, head noun and post-modification

E.g.: All the 11 pupils playing football

Complex NP

Pre-modification

Head noun

+Post-modification

+

Structure

Structure

Pre-modification Head noun Post-modification

Three Three men In a boat

The Italian Expression For coffee

A Pen On the table

Structure

Modifiers before the noun are called pre-modifiers. All of the pre-modifiers that are present and the noun together form a noun phrase .

NOUN PHRASE pre-modifiers noun * ← white house * ← large man * ← post -modifiers—modifiers coming after a noun. a dream deferred → *

Head noun

A "head noun" is the main noun that is modified by other elements in a noun phrase.

It is important that you can find head nouns, because this allows you determine whether the phrase can take an indefinite article (if the head noun is a noncountnoun, then it cannot occur with 'a' or 'an')..

Like in the basic noun phrase, the head noun, first of all, is the central element and core component of the complex noun phrase.

It may be count or mass noun which dictates concord and (for the most part) other kinds of congruence with the rest of the sentence outside the noun phrase.

Head noun

Ex: The only girl in this class is hard working

head - All of the beautiful girls in my

class are kind - I like the car that you bought.

Car is the head noun because the adjective clause modifies it.

.

Head noun

Look at these examples. The head nouns are underlined. Notice that the head noun is NOT the noun right before the adjective clause.

Ex:. The people in Japan I met were very polite and friendly.

Modification

Modification

function

status

Restrictive Permanent

Non-restrictive

Temporary

Modification

Modification

function

statusstatus

Restrictive PermanentPermanent

Non-restrictiveNon-restrictive TemporaryTemporary

• helps identify the head &

indicate a

limitation on the possible

reference of the

head• tends to come after the head • tends to be given more prosodic

emphasis

than the head

E.g.: The flowers in your garden

are nice.

He visited his aunt who

often lent

him money.

Modification

Modification

function

statusstatus

RestrictiveRestrictive PermanentPermanent

Non-restrictive

TemporaryTemporary

• gives additional information to the head

but is not essential for identifying the head • the reference: unique or as member

of a class that has been independently identified• tends to come before the head• tends to be unstressed in pre-head

position E.g.: The book, which I gave you yesterday, is quite readable. (member of a class) She is his poor, old mother. (unique)

Modification

Modification

functionfunction status

Non-restrictiveNon-restrictive Permanent

RestrictiveRestrictive TemporaryTemporary

• Have reference to characteristic features

• Mainly the items which are placed in pre-

modification position E.g.: an ugly man the easy-going lady

Modification

Modification

functionfunction status

Non-restrictiveNon-restrictive PermanentPermanent

RestrictiveRestrictive Temporary

• Have reference only to a specific time

• Mainly those adjectives which have to be

predicate E.g.: A man who is timid = A timid man A man who is afraid # An afraid man

1. Defination

•Pre- modification including modifiers that stand before the head off complex NP.

• modifiers is a word (adj, adv…) that describes an other word or group of words or restrict its, meaning in some way. IT is the unit of forming a structure element.

• modification is the act or process of changing something in order to improve it or make it more acceptable. It is the structure element

Premodification

OverviewPremodificationPremodification

PredeterminerPredeterminer

DeterminerDeterminerDeterminerDeterminer

SentenceSentence

AdverbialAdverbial

AdjectivesAdjectives

Noun modifierNoun modifier

Post-determinerPost-determiner

Multiple premodifi-cationMultiple premodifi-cation

participleparticiple

PremodificationPremodification

determinerdeterminer

AdverbialAdverbial

SentenceSentence


DeterminerDeterminer



PredeterminerPredeterminer


Post-determinerPost-determiner

Overview



AdverbialAdverbial

SentenceSentence


DeterminerDeterminersizesize

opinionopinion

materialmaterial

origionorigion

colorcolor

shapeshape

ageage

purposepurpose



PremodificationPremodificationopinionopinion

SizeSize

shapeshape

ColorColor

originorigin

materialmaterial

purposepurpose

ageage

Beautiful, good


AdverbialAdverbial

SentenceSentence






sizesize

opinionopinion

shapeshape

ColorColor

originorigin

materialmaterial

purposepurpose

ageage

Big, small


AdverbialAdverbial

SentenceSentence






ageage

opinionopinion

shapeshape

ColorColor

originorigin

materialmaterial

purposepurpose

sizesize

Big, smallAdjectivesAdjectives

AdverbialAdverbial

SentenceSentence






ageage

opinionopinion

shapeshape

ColorColor

originorigin

materialmaterial

purposepurpose

sizesize

Old, youngAdjectivesAdjectives

AdverbialAdverbial

SentenceSentence






shapeshape

opinionopinion

ageage

ColorColor

originorigin

materialmaterial

purposepurpose

sizesize

Square, round


AdverbialAdverbial

SentenceSentence






ColorColor

opinionopinion

ageage

ShapeShape

originorigin

materialmaterial

purposepurpose

sizesize

Blue, red…


AdverbialAdverbial

SentenceSentence






originorigin

opinionopinion

ageage

ShapeShape

ColorColor

materialmaterial

purposepurpose

sizesize

English, chinese


AdverbialAdverbial

SentenceSentence






materialmaterial

opinionopinion

ageage

ShapeShape

ColorColor

orifinorifin

purposepurpose

sizesize

metal.,


AdverbialAdverbial

SentenceSentence






materialmaterial

opinionopinion

ageage

ShapeShape

ColorColor

orifinorifin

materialmaterial

sizesize

metal.,


AdverbialAdverbial

SentenceSentence





The adjective order

article

opinion

size age

shape

color origin material

purpose

noun

a silly old English man1.

2. a huge round metal bowl

3. a small red sleeping bag

Premodifying adjective intensifying

reverse

Gennerally attribute only

a real hero, a definite loss, a complete fool, a close friend

Restrictive adjectives

restrict the reference of the noun exclusively, particularly or chiefly

a certain person the exact answerthe only occasion the very man.

attributive only

adjectives which cannot pre-modify the head, but can be predicative

faint, ill, well, able, afraid,etc.



AdverbialAdverbial

SentenceSentence



adjectiveadjective


-ed-ed

-ing-ing

Premodification by participle

-ing participle: temporary: the approaching train (=the train which is approaching) Permanent: an interesting book (=a book that interests readers).

Premodification by participle

-ed participle: passive: the broken vase (=the vase that was broken) Non-passive: a retired teacher (=a teacher who has retired)

Premodification

adverbial


SentenceSentence



adjectiveadjective


Premodification by adverbs

Adverbial modifiers

Standing before noun to modify it.The chidren are playing nearly houseMy house have to go to far-away school.Eg: I visited his far-away hometown.

Premodification

Noun modifier


SentenceSentence

adverbialadverbial


adjectiveadjective


Overview

Noun modifiers

“a children book” “a children book” means a book for children the city council, the love story…Or I bought a new computer game

In these cases the noun pre-modifier is closely connected to the head noun that the two can almost be considered one word.

This illustrates that when nouns pre-modify other nouns they always come next to the head noun ; nothing else can come between them

Premodification

sentence



adverbialadverbial


adjectiveadjective


Overview

I gave him “I don’t know” answer.I got angry with his I-don’t-care attitude.

Sentence modifiers

Premodification

Multiple premodifi-cation



adverbialadverbial


adjectiveadjective

SentenceSentence

Overview

Premodifiers head noun

Deter adj participle denonial

Predet det postdet gen age col shape… -ing/-ed adj noun

This beautiful new white Japanese cat.

The old pentagonal crumbling church tower.

Multiple premodifi-cation

+ multiple head with one modifierOld man and women

+modified modifierA noun can be premodified by either adjective or noun….

The meat production increase measures.

The extremely beautiful pictures.

Post – modification

Definition of post – modificationPost – modification ( also called post –

modifiers ) comprising all the items placed after the head.

The girl speaking English fluently. Head post – modification The man who is standing outside is my

neighbor. Head post - modifier

Types of post – modification

Relative clauseEx : the girl who is playing in the ground is

my daughter. Nonfinite clauseEx : the girl playing in the ground is my

daughter. Prepositional phrase/adverbEx : she loves the monitor in your class.

Relative clauseDeterminer head post modifiers The man who told

you the secret. Finite

clause The girl speaking

English fluently

Nonfinite clause A book with the

white cover

Prepositional phrase The road back Adverb

Relative clause

Post – modification by relative clause ( finite clause ) which can be restrictive or non – restrictive.

People who live in Vietnam are friendly and hospitable.

Restrictive relative clause The boy who lives next door is very kind

and polite. Restrictive relative clause Tom’s father, who is 78, goes swimming

everyday. Non- restrictive

Relative clause Restrictive relative clause_ help to definite the head noun_it is a essential clause to clarify it_ no commas between a noun and a

restrictive relative clause. Non – restrictive relative clause_ give additional information_ it is not essential_ non – restrictive relative clauses are

separated from their noun by commasThere are a number of relative clauses

beginning with relative English pronoun ‘ who, whom, whose, that ‘ ( for personal ); which, that, what ( for things)….

Nonfinite clause

Post – modification of the noun phrase is possible with all three of non – finite clause types : to – infinitive, -ing, -ed.

The next flight to arrive was from London To – infinitive The beautiful girl speaking English fluently -ing clause The vase broken during the row -ed clause

prepositional phrase A man from Britain who I was talking about

last night. prepositional phrase relative

clause The book on the bathroom floor is swollen

from shower steam. Prepositional phrase

noun phrases

Education

central determiners

pronouns ex

articles ex

operator ex

central determiners

head nouns

different determiners

quantitative determiners