noun vocabulary

8/2/2019 Noun Vocabulary

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ARUM SEKAR JANNATI

RATNA PEPRIYANA

SUMAYYAH AHMADRIA AFRIYANTI

NOUN VOCABULARY


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Overview

Noun forms a majority of the words inthe vocabulary of English. In contrastto the unidimensional meanings of

adjectives explored in Chapter , nounstypically denote rich, highly

interconnected complexes of

properties (Cruse 2000: 289)


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The has-relation

For many word, however, we can oly be sure that all the parts are

there if the has-relation is stated in termns of prototypes. Prototypesare clear, central members of the deniotation of a word.

A prototype face has two eyes

A prototype face has a nose

A prototype face has a mouth

A prototype face has a roof

A prototype face has a door

A prototype face has windows

Restricted to prototypes, the has-relation makes availableentailments

Theres a house at the cornerr if it is like a prototype for housethen it has a roof

The child drew a face if the face was prototypical, then the child

drew a mouth


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Pragmatic inferences from the has-relation

The has-relation, restricted to prototypes, is the basis forsome of our pragmatic expectation i language usa. This canbe seen in a switch from indefinite to definite articles. A nounprhase that first brings something into a conversation isusually indefinite (for example, marked by means of anindefinte article, a or an) but on the second and subsequent

mention of the same thing in the conversation it will bereferred to by means of a definite noun phrase (ma rked by,for example, the definite article the)

A. IVe bought a house.

B. Where is the house? (not: Where is a house)C. (a child showing of a drawing): I drawed a face.

D. (respomding to the child and commenting on the drawing):I like the face you drew. (not: I like a face you drew.)


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Parts can have parts

Words denoting wholes bear thehas-relation to the lables for their

parts, bnut the parts can, in turn,have parts, and a whole can be

part of a larger whole.


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Spatial parts

A prototypes things, such as rock can besaid to have a top, a bottom (or base),sides and a front and back. A things

having spatial poarts, making theposession of such parts characteristic ofprototypes in the thing-category. The othernotable fearture of spatial part words isthaht they are often deictic. The meaningof a deictic word is tied to the situation ofutterance.


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Having inherent spatial parts Having patial part only deictically

people balls

houses Planets (in the talk of amateurs looking

through a telescope)

Trees (top, base, sides) Trees (front, back)

Hills (top, base, sides) Hills (front, back)

Animals

pianos


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Hierarchies of hyponyms

Thing a superordinate of structure

Structure hyponym of thing;superordinate of building

Building hyponym of structure ; superordinate of house

house hyponym of building

Hyponym is the meaning of its immediate superordinateelaborated by a modifier


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Hyponym and the has relation

Thing superordinate of structure; has a top, base, front, back

and sides

Structurehyponym of thing; superordinate of building;

has connection

Building hyponym of structure;superordinate of house;has walls and a roof

house hyponym of building; has bedroom(s) and kitchen


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a. This is Nameeras breakfast

b.This is Nameeras lunch

c. This is Nameeras dinner

d. (a NOT b) & (a NOT c) &

(b NOT a) & (b NOT c) &

(c NOT a) & (c NOT b)

e. (a NOT b) & (a NOT c) &

(b NOT c) & (c NOT a) &

(c NOT b) & (c NOT b)


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A semantic relation calledincompatibility holds between the

hyponyms of a given superordinate:

Hyponym is about classification: breakfast,lunchand dinnerare kinds of meal.

Incompatibility is about contrast: breakfast,lunchand dinnerare different from each

other within the category of meals, they areeaten at different times of day.


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Further points about incompatibility

The relation of antonym. There are entailments from

affirmative to negative sentences containing theantonym, but not from negative sentences to thecorresponding affirmatives.

e.g. a longladder is not shortand a shortladder is notlong.

Antonyms holds between many pairs of adjectives (oradverbs). It would be correct to say that longand shortare incompatible, but, as most semanticists use thespecial term antonym for incompatibility between pairs ofadjectives (or adverbs), it is easier to keep with tradition.

When adjectives occur in larger sets than pairs then theappropriate term for the relation holding within the set isincompatibility.


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Synonym is an exception to the generalisation

that hyponims of a given superordinate areincompatible with each other. E.g: Seat: chair,bench, stool, sofa, settee.

The relation of incompatibility holds between

most of them.a. Hazel is sitting on a chairb. Hazel is sitting on a bench, stool, sofa or

settee

c. Hazel is sitting on a sofa

d. Hazel sitting on a settee

e. (a NOT b)

f. (c d)


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Hyponyms of a word immediatelysuperordinate to them are not onlyincompatible with each other but are also

incompatible with hyponyms of their higher-level superordinates.

SuperordinateDrinking

vessel

Glass

Cup

Mug

HyponymsGlass, cup, mug

Wineglass, martini glass,

tumblerCoffee cup, tea cup

Coffee mug, beer mug


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Count Nouns

These nouns are names of people,places, things that we can count.

People use also the word "countable"

instead of "count" to refer to thesenouns.

Can be put numerals one, two, three,...etc. before these nouns

(e.g. onebook, twovillages,sevendwarfs. twelveapostles)

Examples: book, villages, dwarfs,


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noun vocabulary

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