november 22, 2006 (11:00-11:15) the 2nd joint ... presentation_see2006... · current situations and...

Saka’s Laboratory, Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University

Current Situations and Prospects of Oil/Fat Resources for Biodiesel Production

1) Kyoto University, Japan2) Toyota Tsusho Corp., Japan

H. Imahara1, E. Minami1, M. Hattori2,

H. Murakami2, N. Matsui2 and S. Saka1

November 22, 2006 (11:00-11:15)The 2nd Joint International Conference The 2nd Joint International Conference on on

““Sustainable Energy and Development (SEE2006)Sustainable Energy and Development (SEE2006)””Bangkok, Thailand

Kyoto Protocol(The Third Conference of the Parties (COP3) in Kyoto, Dec. 1997)


1) Year period : 2008 ～ 2012

2) Level : At least 5% reduction in industrialized countriesfor GHGs emissions, relative to emissions in 1990.(Japan : 6%, USA : 7%, Canada : 6%, EU : 8%)

CO2 Reduction0.70%

◎ B10BDF：4BL

◎ B5BDF：2BL 0.35％

Fossil Diesel： 40 BL（2003) in Japan

Fish oil

Lard

Beef tallow

Coconut oil

Palm kernel oil

Palm oil

Castor oil

Olive oil

Rice bran oil

Sesami oil

Rapeseed oil

Soybean oil

Corn oil

0 200 400 600 800 1,000

Import Domestic


Edible Ｏils/Ｆats Supplied in Japan

(x1,000 ton)

Collected Waste Oils/Fats from Food Service Industry

Dark oils(FA>60%)

From household/restaurant sectors(FA<5%)

Sample Water content(%)

Acid value(mg(KOH)/g)

Iodine value(g(I2)/100g)

Dark oil ABCABC

ABC

1.94 131 1790.87 152 1150.68 192 580.50 4.3 690.08 6.3 1060.03 6.5 103

Waste oilfrom food manufactindustry

0.12 0.6 63

Used cooking oil 0.10 0.2 115from household 0.05 2.2 111

0.12 0.6 98

Waste oilfrom foodService industry


Characteristics of Various Waste Oils/Fats available in Japan

1 10 1001

10

100Fa

tty a

cids

(wt%

)

Water (wt%)

Dark oilWaste oil

Used frying oil

Virginoil

Acid-catalyzed

Alkali-catalyzed

Waste palm oil


SC MeOH

Applicable Range of Different Methods in Water and Free Fatty Acid Contents in Various Oils/Fats

Lipase-catalyzedIon-ex-catalyzed

Various Waste Oils/Fats available in Japan

Edible oils/fats refinery

Oils/fats products manufacturer

Food manufacturing industry

Food service industry

Household


Dark oil from de-acidification process

Outdated margarine/shortening from the market

Waste oils/fats through food processing

Waste oils/fats from restaurants, first food stores etc.

Used cooking oils/fats from individuals

Expelling & Extraction

Oil Crop

Degumming

Deacidification

Defatted sludge

Water

Phosphoric acidCaustic soda

Lecithin

Decoloration

Deodorization

Refined edible oil

Clay

Rendering Process in Oils/Fats Refinery


Dark oil

Neutralization& washing

e.g.,Fatty acid: 77wt%Water: 1 ~ 5wt%Na: 500ppmSulfur: 200ppm


Waste Oils/Fats Produced in Refinery Process (x1,000 ton)

1,270(Processing)

430

Uncollected150 ～ 270

Collected300

Dark oil→ 34～ 030

→ 120 ～ 240

Usedcooking oilHouseholds

Edible oils/fats refinery

Imported

Oils/fats productsmanufacturer Waste oil

→ 34～ 020

Food manufacturingindustry Waste oil

→ 34～ 080

Food serviceindustry Waste oil

→ 34～ 200

Waste oils450 ~ 570

840

660

600

1,260

2,530

(1,800 (Domestically produced))

30

270

(Direct use)

1 % of Fossil Diesel 40BL (2003)

0.3BL BDFB5: 2BL BDF required


Available Oil/Fat Resources from East-Asian Countries

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis)

Castor bean (Ricinus ommunis)

Physic nut (Jatropha curcas)

Sandbox tree (Hura crepitans)

Sea mango tree (Cerbera manghas)

Inedible

Edible

Palm Oil and Palm Kernel Oil from Oil Palm(Plantation in Malaysia)

Saka’s Laboratory, Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto UniversityMay 11, 2005, taken from Singapore Airport

(Fresh Fruit Bunch)

Fruit

Oil content in fresh fruit bunch 20 wt%Harvested area: 8.5 M haProduction: Palm Oil (Oil cont. 33%)* 30 M t/y

Palm Kernel Oil (Oil cont. 3.8%)* 3 M t/yIndigenous to Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand

Plant


Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis)

Mesocarp

ShellKernelFresh Fruit Bunch

*K.Kosaka (1985) Proc. Symp. on Pastures in the Tropics and Subtropics, Tropical Agricultural Research Series, 18, 109.


Castor Bean (Ricinus communis)

SeedsOil content in seed 53wt%Inedible due to toxic proteinHarvested area: 1.3 M haProduction: 1.2 M t/y

Plant

Curcas Oil （Physic nut oil） from Jatropha curcas


Fruits and seeds (Oil cont. 52.9%)*

Plantation in India（Courtesy of Hitz）

1

2

3 4

5 6

7

8910

1112

1314 15 16

17

18

19

20OH

O HO

HH

H HOO O

O

O

1'

5'

3'

4'

2'

6'

7'

8'

9' 10'

11'

13'

16'

14'

15'

17'

18'

19'

20'

21'

22'

23'

24'

12'

Chemical Structure 12-Deoxy-16-hydroxyphorbol-4’-[12’,14’-butadienyl]-6’-[16’,18’,20’-nonatrienyl]-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-(13-O)-2’-[carb-oxylate]-(16-O)-3’-[8’-butenoic-10’]ate (DHPB)

*N.Foidl, G.Foidl, M.Sanchez, M.Mittelbach and S.Hackel (1996) Bioresource Technology, 58, 77-82.


Sandbox Tree (Hura crepitans)

SeedsOil content in seed 55wt%Inedible due to toxalbuminNo plantation but easy to growIndigenous to Java, Indonesia

Plant


Sea Mango Tree (Cerbera manghas)

Oil content in seed 54wt%Inedible due to glycoside cerberinNo plantation but easy to growIndigenous to Java, Indonesia

FruitsPlant


Fatty Acid Composition and Fuel Properties as BDF

Fatty acid methyl esters (wt%) Iodinevalue

CloudPoint**

Viscosity(40oC)**

C16:0 C18:0 C18:1 C18:2 C18:3 C18:1-OH*g(I2)/100

goC mm2/s

Palm 39.5 4.1 43.2 10.6 0.2 - 57 15 3.54

Castor 1.2 1.0 3.1 5.3 - 87.8 85 -12 > 5

Physic nut 15.1 7.1 44.7 31.4 0.2 - 95 7 3.48

Sandbox 10.7 3.4 22.6 60.4 2.7 - 130 0 3.29

Sea mango 20.2 6.9 54.2 16.3 - - 80 7 3.54

Oil/fatfeedstock

* Ricinoleic acid** Calculated value

Uncollected waste oil is only a resource for BDF production in Japan, substituting only for <1% of fossil diesel.

Our supercritical MeOH method can convert any kinds of waste oils, even dark oil, into BDF.

To satisfy the required amount of feedstock, various inedible seed oils from wood species are useful, but Castor oil (ricinoleic acid) is better to be used as a lubricant.Toxic substances have to be studied on their effect

upon engine performance with biodiesel.

Concluding Remarks


Thank you for your kind attention!

Kyoto Univ 21 COE ProgramGrant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)(2)NEDO for “High Efficiency Bioenergy Conv Projects”


Acknowledgements

november 22, 2006 (11:00-11:15) the 2nd joint ... presentation_see2006... · current situations and...

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