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2013H I G H E R S C H O O L C E R T I F I C A T E

E X A M I N A T I O N

Physics

General Instructions

•Readingtime–5minutes

•Workingtime–3hours

•Writeusingblackorbluepen

Blackpenispreferred

•Drawdiagramsusingpencil

•Board-approvedcalculatorsmay

beused

•Adatasheet,formulaesheetsand

PeriodicTableareprovidedat

thebackofthispaper

•WriteyourCentreNumberand

StudentNumberatthetopof

pages13,17,19,23and25

Total marks – 100

Section I Pages2–27

75 marks

Thissectionhastwoparts,PartAandPartB

PartA–20marks•AttemptQuestions1–20

•Allowabout35minutesforthispart

PartB–55marks

•AttemptQuestions21–31

•Allowabout1hourand40minutesforthispart

Section II Pages29–39

25 marks•AttemptONEquestionfromQuestions32–36

•Allowabout45minutesforthissection

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Spacecraft

ToSaturn

Jupiter

NOTTO

SCALE

Section I75 marks

Part A – 20 marks

Attempt Questions 1–20

Allow about 35 minutes for this part

Usethemultiple-choiceanswersheetforQuestions1–20.

1 Aninvestigation isdesigned todetermine the sizeof the generated current when the

strengthofamagnetisvaried.

Whichistheindependentvariableforthisinvestigation?

(A) Speedofthemagnet

(B) Strengthofthemagnet

(C) Sizeofthegeneratedcurrent

(D) Distancebetweenthecoilandthemagnet

2 ThisdiagramshowsthepathofaspacecraftasitgoespastJupiterandheadstowards

Saturn.

Whicheffectinfluencesthepathofthespacecraft?

(A) Frictional

(B) Motor

(C) Photoelectric

(D) Slingshot

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3

4

Thediagramshowsequipmentattachedtoabattery.

N

DC power

sourceMetal dish

Conducting

liquid

Magnetic field lines

Current

X

Y

InwhichdirectionwillthewireXY move?

(A) Clockwise

(B) Anticlockwise

(C) Towardsthemagnet

(D) Awayfromthemagnet

Studentsperformedaninvestigationtodeterminetheinitialvelocityofaprojectile.

Whichrowcorrectlyidentifiesahazardofthisinvestigationandarelatedprecaution?

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

Hazard Safety precaution

flyingprojectile wearingsafetyglasses

rangeofprojectile measuringtherangewithatapemeasure

enclosedshoes limitingtherangeoftheprojectile

safetyglasses flyingprojectile

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5 ThediagramrepresentsanexperimentthatwasconductedbyHertz.

SparkDCpower

source

Transmitter Receiver

WhatwasHertztryingtoinvestigate?

(A) Photoelectriceffect

(B) Electricalinduction

(C) Blackbodyradiation(D) Propertiesofradiowaves

6 Thisdiagramshowsthepathofacannonball,firedfromacannon.

Which set of vectors represents the horizontal and vertical components of the

cannonball’svelocityalongthepath?

Horizontal Vertical

(A) → → → → ↓

↓ ↓

↓

(B) → → → → ↑ ↑ ↓

↓

(C) → → → → ↑ ↑ ↓

↓

–4 –

(D) → → → → ↓

↓ ↓

↓

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7 Eddycurrentsareamajorsourceofenergylossinanironcoretransformer.

Whatisonewaytominimisethisenergyloss?

(A) Laminatetheironcorewithaninsulator

(B) Putfewerturnsofwireintheprimarycoil

(C) Operatethetransformerwithahighercurrent

(D) Decreasethedistancebetweentheprimaryandsecondarycoils

8 Whichofthediagramsbestrepresentsanexampleofaninertialframeofreference?

(A)

v

(B)

a

(C)

a

(D)

v

9 Threepotentiallyhazardousconditionsthatcanbeexperiencedbyastronautsinspaceare

listed.

I Extremeheat

II Weightlessness

III Communicationblackout

Whichcombinationof theseconditions isassociated with safe re-entryof a manned

spacecraft?

(A) IandIIonly

(B) IandIIIonly

(C) IIandIIIonly

(D) I,IIandIII

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10 Thediagramrepresentsthetransferofelectricalenergyfromapowerstationtoalaptop

computer.

Whichflowdiagramshowsthecorrectuseoftransformersinthistransfer?

(A) Step-down Step-up Step-up Step-down

(C) Step-up Step-down Step-down Step-down

(B) Step-down Step-down Step-up Step-up

(D) Step-up Step-up Step-down Step-up

11 WhydidtheBraggsuseX-raystodeterminethecrystalstructureofmetals?

(A) X-rayshavealowfrequency.

(B) X-rayshaveashortwavelength.

(C) X-rayscanpassthroughmetals.

(D) X-raystravelatthespeedoflight.

12 Why is a magnet able to hover above a superconductor that is below its critical

temperature?

(A) Thesuperconductorexcludesmagneticflux.

(B) Thesuperconductorlosesconductivepropertieswhenplacedinamagneticfield.

(C) Theeddycurrentinthesuperconductorcreatesapotentialdifferencebetweenthe

magnetandthesuperconductor.

(D) Thegravitationalforceonthemagnetisbalancedbytheforcecreatedbythecrystal

latticestructureofthesuperconductor.

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Power Regional Local In-homestation substation substation laptop

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13 Differentmagneticfieldsarepassingthroughtwocopperrings,P andQ,asshown.

P Q

Whichrowofthetablecorrectlyidentifiestheringwiththegreatermagneticfluxandthe

ringwiththegreatermagneticfluxdensity?

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

Greater magnetic flux Greater magnetic flux density

P P

Q Q

P Q

Q P

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Distance

14 Twochargedplatesareinitiallyseparatedbyadistanceasshowninthediagram.

Thepotentialdifferencebetweentheplatesremainsconstant.

Whichofthegraphsbestrepresentsthechangeinelectricfieldstrengthasthedistance

betweenthetwoplatesisincreased?

(A)

Distance

E l e c t r i c f

i e l d

s t r e n g t h

(B)

Distance

E l e c t r i c f

i e l d

s t r e n g t h

E l e c t r i c f i e l d

s t r e n g t h

(C)

Distance

s t r e n g t h

(D)

E l e c t r i c f i e l d

Distance

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15 Thediagramshowsasingle-loopmotor.

°

N

Y

Z

SN

30°

X

W

Y

Z

S

DCpowersupply

Theequationsτ = nBIA cosθ and F = BI l sinω canbeusedtocalculatethetorqueinthemotorandtheforceonthelengthofwireWX respectively.

Whatanglesarerepresentedbyθ andω intheaboveequations?

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

θ ω

30° 90°

30° 30°

60° 90°

60° 30°

16 Whichphysicalphenomenonallowscurrenttoflowthroughametalwire?

(A) Holescanmovethroughawire.

(B) Chargedatomscanmovethroughawire.

(C) Electronsinafullyfilledbandcancarrychargethroughawire.(D) Electronsinapartiallyfilledbandcancarrychargethroughawire.

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17 WhichgraphbestrepresentsthechangeintorqueforaDCmotor,witharadialmagnetic

field,fromstartuptooperatingspeed?

Motorspeed

Torque(A)

(B) Torque

Motorspeed

(C) Torque

Motorspeed

(D) Torque

Motorspeed

18 MichelsonandMorleyconductedanexperimenttomeasuretherelativevelocityofthe

Earththroughtheaether.

Whyistheresultoftheexperimentsignificant?

(A) TheresultsupportedMichelsonandMorley’shypothesis.

(B) Theresultshowedtheirhypothesiswasincorrectbecausetheirinvestigationwas

notaccurateenough.

(C) Thefailuretodetecttheexpectedrelativevelocitycontributedtothedevelopment

ofspecialrelativity.

(D) The successful verification of the expected relative velocity contributed to the

developmentofspecialrelativity.

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19 Aspaceshipmovesclosetothespeedoflight,relativetoaplanet.

Therest-framelengthofthespaceshipcanbedeterminedbyanobserverwhois

(A) onthespaceshipmeasuringthetimetakenforlighttotravelbetweentwopointson

theplanet.(B) ontheplanetmeasuringthetimetakenforlighttotravelfromthefronttotheback

ofthespaceship.

(C) onthespaceshipmeasuringthetimetakenforlighttotravelfromthefronttothe

backofthespaceship.

(D) ontheplanetmeasuringthedifferenceinthearrivaltimeoflightfromthefrontand

thebackofthespaceship.

20 Thegraphshowsthemaximumkineticenergy( E )withwhichphotoelectronsareemitted

asafunctionoffrequency( f )fortwodifferentmetals X andY .

E X Y

50 10 15 f (×1014H z)

Themetalsareilluminatedwithlightofwavelength450nm.

Whatwouldbetheeffectofdoubling the intensityofthis lightwithoutchangingthe

wavelength?

(A) For metal X , the number of photoelectrons emitted would not change but the

maximumkineticenergywouldincrease.

(B) For metal X , the number of photoelectrons emitted would increase but the

maximumkineticenergywouldremainunchanged.

(C) Forbothmetals X andY ,thenumberofphotoelectronsemittedwouldnotchange

butthemaximumkineticenergywouldincrease.

(D) Forbothmetals X andY ,thenumberofphotoelectronsemittedwouldincreasebut

themaximumkineticenergywouldremainunchanged.

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BLANKPAGE

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©Board of Studies NSW 2013

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2013 HIGHER SCHOOL CER TIFICATE EXAMINATION

Physics

Section I (continued)

Part B – 55 marksAttempt Questions 21–31

Allow about 1 hour and 40 minutes f or this part

Answerthequestionsinthespacesprovided.Thesespacesprovideguidancefortheexpected

lengthofresponse.

Showallrelevantworkinginquestionsinvolvingcalculations.

CentreNumber

StudentNumber

Question 21 (4marks)

Duringthecourseyoustudiedoneofthefollowingscientistswhohascontributedto

thedevelopmentofspaceexploration:

• Tsiolkovsky

• Oberth

• Goddard

• Esnault-Pelterie

• O’Neill

• vonBraun

Nameofscientiststudied: .................................................................

(a) OutlineONEcontributionmadebythenamedscientisttothedevelopmentof

spaceexploration.

2

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

(b) Outlinehowtoensurethatsecondarysourcesofinformationaboutthescientist

arereliable.

2

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V e r t i c a l v e l o c i t y ( m s

– 1 )

0.3

0

0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00

Time (s)

3


Thissetofdatawasobtainedfromamotioninvestigationtodeterminetheacceleration

duetogravityonaplanetotherthanEarth.

Time(s)

0.60

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.80

Verticalvelocity(ms –1)

0.02

0.09

0.12

0.17

0.23

Plotthedatafromthetable,andthencalculatetheacceleration.

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Aplanetorbitsthestar,Pollux,atadistanceof1.64astronomicalunits(AU).Ittakes

590Earthdaystocompleteoneorbit.

(a) WhydoesthemassoftheplanetplayNOroleindeterminingitsorbitalspeedaroundPollux?

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2

(b) AsatelliteorbitsPolluxwithaperiodof365Earthdays.

HowfaristhesatellitefromPolluxinastronomicalunits(AU)?

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BLANKPAGE

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Physics

Section I – Part B (continued)CentreNumber

StudentNumber


Withtheaidofadiagram,explainhowaphotocellworks.

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P,Q and R arestraightcurrent-carryingconductors.

ConductorsP and R arefixedandunabletomove.ConductorQ isfreetomove.

P Q R

6A 2A 2A1m

5mm 2.5mm

(a) InwhichdirectionwilltheconductorQ moveasaresultofthecurrentflowin P

and R?

1

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

(b) CalculatethemagnitudeoftheforceexperiencedbyQ asaresultofthecurrents

throughP and R.

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3

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Physics


StudentNumber


Anelectricfieldisproducedbetweentwochargedparallelplates, M and N .

M

N

(a) Theplates, M and N ,are1.0cmapartandhaveanelectricfieldof15Vm–1

.

Calculatethepotentialdifferencebetweentheplates.

2

(b) Thepotentialdifferenceisnowchangedandamagneticfieldof0.5Tisplacedperpendiculartotheplates,asshowninthediagrambelow.

3

Electron M

N

...............................................................................................................................

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Determinethemagnitudeanddirectionoftheelectricfieldrequiredtoallowthe

electrontotravelthroughundeflected,iftheelectronismovingat1 × 104m s–1.

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3


(a) Ageneratorstartsatthepositionshownandisrotatedbyonerevolutioninthe

firstsecond.Itisthenrotatedbytworevolutionsinthenextsecond.

motionN

S

Sketchagraphontheaxesshowingtheelectromotiveforce(emf)producedby

thisgeneratorforthesetwoseconds.

emf

10 time(s)

2

Question 27 continues on page 21

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4

Question27(continued)

(b) Anelectricmotorcanbeusedtopropelavehicle.Theelectricmotorcanbe

madetooperateasageneratorwhenthevehicleismoving.Thiswillhavea

brakingeffectonthevehicle.

Explain thephysicsprinciples involved in thepropellingandbrakingof this

vehicle.

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End of Question 27

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BLANKPAGE

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Physics


StudentNumber


AssessEinstein’scontributiontoquantumtheory.

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A0.05kgmassisliftedataconstantspeedbyaDCmotor.Themotorhasacoilof

100turnsina0.1Tmagneticfield.Theareaofthecoilis0.0012m2.Themotorshaft

hasaradiusof0.004m.

String

Motor

Motorshaft

Table

Mass

(a) Determinetheforceneededtoliftthemass. 2...............................................................................................................................

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(b) Calculatetheminimumcurrentrequiredinthecoiltoliftthemass. 3

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Physics


StudentNumber


The diagram shows a futuristic space station designed to simulate gravity in a

weightlessenvironment.

Astronaut

NOTTO

SCALE

Rotation

(a) Explainhowrotatingthespacestationsimulatesgravityfortheastronaut.

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2


(b) Calculatetherotationalspeedthataspacestationwithadiameterof550mwould

needforastronautstoexperience1g ofacceleration.

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End of Question 30

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7


Explainhowchangingtheelectricalpropertiesofmaterialshasledtothedevelopment

ofnewtechnologieswhichcanbenefitsociety.

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BLANKPAGE

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Physics

Section II

25 marksAttempt ONE question from Questions 32–36

Allow about 45 minutes for this section

ForQuestion32

• answerparts(a)–(c)ofthequestioninSectionIIAnswerBooklet1.

• answerparts(d)–(f)ofthequestioninSectionIIAnswerBooklet2.

Extrawritingbookletsareavailable.

ForQuestions33,34and36

• answerparts(a)–(d)ofthequestioninSectionIIAnswerBooklet1.

• answerparts(e)–(f)ofthequestioninSectionIIAnswerBooklet2.


ForQuestion35

• answerparts(a)–(c)ofthequestioninSectionIIAnswerBooklet1.

• answerparts(d)–(e)ofthequestioninSectionIIAnswerBooklet2.


Showallrelevantworkinginquestionsinvolvingcalculations.

Pages

Question32 Geophysics ...........................................................................30–31

Question33 MedicalPhysics ...................................................................32–33

Question34 Astrophysics.........................................................................34–35

Question35 FromQuantatoQuarks .............................................................36

Question36 TheAgeofSilicon...............................................................37–39

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Question 32 — Geophysics (25marks)

Answerparts(a)–(c)inSectionIIAnswerBooklet1.

(a) DescribehowONEpieceofgeophysicsequipmentdetectsseismicwaves. 3

(b) (i) Describeaprocedurethatcouldbefollowedtodeterminethedensityof

rocktypes.

(ii) Howcouldthereliabilityoftheresultsofpart(b)(i)bedetermined? 2

3

(c) ThediagramshowstheageandpositionofeachislandintheHawaiianislandchain.

lands

b e

olde

AgeinmillionsofyearsN m.y.

Hawaii(

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Answerparts(d)–(f)inSectionIIAnswerBooklet2.

(d) ThegraphsshowtheobservedgravityanomalyacrosstheJapanTrenchanditsrelationship to topography. The earthquake zone is dipping away from the

trench.

3

Explainthesignificanceoftheshapeofthegravityanomalylinewithreference

tothegraphs.

(e) TheEarthhasaradiusof6357kmthroughthepoles.Showhowtheacceleration

duetogravityattheNorthPolecanbedetermined.

3

(f) Discusstheeffectivenessofusinggeophysicalmethodsinmineralexploration

andenvironmentalmonitoring.

End of Question 32

–31–

6

Awaiting copyright

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Question 33 — Medical Physics (25marks)

Answerparts(a)–(d)inSectionIIAnswerBooklet1.

(a) OutlinedifferencesbetweenX-rayimagesandCATscans. 3

(b) Outlineafirst-handinvestigationtodemonstratethetransferoflightbyoptical

fibres.

2

(c) Explain how an endoscope can be used to obtain tissue samples of internal

organs.

3

(d) (i) How is the orientation of the magnetic axis of a hydrogen nucleus

affected bythe applicationofa strong magnetic fieldduring anMRI

scan?

(ii) Explainthedifference intherelaxationtimeofhydrogeninwaterand

therelaxationtimeofhydrogeninothermolecules.

2


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Answerparts(e)–(f)inSectionIIAnswerBooklet2.

(e) (i) HowistheDopplereffectusedinultrasonicstoinvestigatebloodflowcharacteristics?

(ii) OutlineTWOtechnologiesthatarerequiredforanultrasoundscan.

3

3

(f) Thedatasetgivesinformationaboutavarietyofradioactiveisotopes,someof

whichcanbeusedindiagnostictoolsformedicine.

6

Radioactive isotope Radiation emitted Half life

Fluorine-18 β + 109.77minutes

Strontium-90 β 28.8years

Carbon-14 β 5730years

Technetium-99m γ 6hours

Cobalt-60 γ 5.27years

Usingtheinformationinthetable,justifywhichradioactiveisotopesaresuitable

foruseindiagnosticimagingtechniques.

End of Question 33

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Question 34 — Astrophysics (25marks)


(a) Describeaninvestigationthatcanbeusedtoshowwhyitisdesirableintermsofsensitivityforatelescopetohavealargerdiameterlens. 3

(b) MatarisastarinthesamespectralclassastheSun,yet ithasfourtimesthe

massoftheSun.

(i) Draw a labelled Hertzsprung–Russell (H–R) diagram, and mark the

positionofMataronthediagramwithanX.

3

(ii) Contrastthephysicalproperties,otherthanmass,ofMatarandtheSun. 2

(c) DescribethedominantnuclearreactioninanA2mainsequencestar. 3

(d) Describethetransitionprocessofa G2mainsequencestar, suchastheSun,

evolvingintoaredgiant.

3


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(e) Thegraphsgiveinformationthatcouldbeusedtocalculatethedistancefrom

EarthtoaType1CepheidVariable.

Light Curve for the Cepheid6.0

6.5

7.0

Time(days)

A p p a r e n t m a g n i t u d e s

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32

The Period-Luminosity Relationship

–6

–5

–4

–3

–2

–1

0

Period(days)

A b s o l u t e m a g n i t u d e s

2.5 5 10 20 40 80

(i) Thestarisclaimedtobeapproximately1260parsecsfromEarth.

Showhowthisclaimissupportedorrefutedbytheinformationinthe

graphs.

3

(ii) State an advantage and a disadvantage of using the graphs above

tocalculatethedistancetoastar.

2

(f) How is light analysed, using physics principles, in order to determine the

standardpropertiesforthemainsequencestarsofSpectralClassAshowninthis

table?

6

End of Question 34

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Awaiting copyright

Acknowledgement: CSIRO

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Question 35 — From Quanta to Quarks (25marks)

Answerparts(a)–(c)inSectionIIAnswerBooklet1.

(a) (i) OutlinethekeyfeaturesoftheRutherfordmodeloftheatom. 2

(ii) Explain how the Bohr model of the atom overcomes an identified

limitationoftheRutherfordmodeloftheatom.

3

(b) Thisequationdescribesanuclearreaction.

235 U + 1 n → 141 Ba + 92 Kr + 3 1 n 92

0

56

36

0

Particle Mass(amu)

235 U 92

235.0439

141 Ba 56

140.9144

92 Kr 36

91.9263

1 n

0 1.008665

(i) Usethedataabovetocalculatetheenergyreleasedinthisreaction. 3

(ii) ApplyEinstein’sideaoftheequivalenceofmassandenergytoexplaintheproductionofenergyinthereactionabove.

2

(c) Pauliissaidtohave‘suggested’theexistenceoftheneutrino.

Explainwhytheneutrinowas‘suggested’butnotdiscoveredbyPauli.

4

Answerparts(d)–(e)inSectionIIAnswerBooklet2.

(d) (i) Identifythefundamentalforcesproposedbythestandardmodelofthe

atom.

(ii) Explainhowthestabilityofatomicnucleiismaintained. 3

2

(e) How did de Broglie use existing concepts and ideas to come up with newinterpretationsthathaveincreasedourunderstandingofthestructureofmatter?

6

–36–

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Question 36 — The Age of Silicon (25marks)


(a) Thiscircuitshowshowalight-dependentresistor(LDR)canbeusedtocontrolavoltageoutput. 3

+5V

10k W

V outLDR

TheresponsecurveoftheLDRinthecircuitisshown.

Response curve of LDR

1

10

100

1000

R e s i s t a n c e ( k W )

1 10 100

Illuminance(lux)

WhatwouldthevoltageV outbewhenthelightintensityattheLDRis20lux?


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(b) DescribetheroleofaLDRinacamera. 3

(c) Explainhowinputandoutputtransducerscanbeusedtocontrolthetemperature

inaroom.

4

(d) For the logic circuit, construct a truth table showing the output, O, for all

possiblecombinationsofinputsA,BandC.

3

A

B

C

O


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(e) (i) Describeanidealoperationalamplifier. 2

(ii) Thediagramshowsanoperationalamplifier. 2

Rin=4.7k W

V inV out

Reproducethisdiagraminyourwritingbookletandmodifyittoperform

asaninvertingamplifierwithagainof2.

(iii) ThediagramshowsaninputwaveformV inforaninvertingamplifierwith

againof2.

2

V in

(V)

0

–1

–2

1

2

t (s)

input

SketchtheoutputwaveformV out inyourwritingbooklet.

(f) Assesshowthedevelopmentofelectronicssincetheinventionofthetransistor

hasmettheincreasingcomputingneedsofsociety.

–39–

6

End of paper

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BLANKPAGE

–40–


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Physics

DATA SHEET

Chargeonelectron,qe

Massofelectron,me

Massofneutron,mn

Massofproton,m p

Speedofsoundinair

Earth’sgravitationalacceleration,g

Speedoflight,c

µ 0

Magneticforceconstant, k ≡

2π

Universalgravitationalconstant,G

MassofEarth

Planckconstant,h

Rydbergconstant, R (hydrogen)

Atomicmassunit,u

1eV

Densityofwater,ρ

Specificheatcapacityofwater

2717 –41 –

–1.602× 10–19C

9.109× 10–31kg

1.675× 10–27kg

1.673× 10–27kg

340ms–1

9.8ms–2

3.00× 108ms–1

2.0× 10–7NA–2

6.67× 10–11Nm2kg–2

6.0× 1024kg

6.626× 10–34Js

1.097× 107m–1

1.661× 10–27kg2931.5MeV / c

1.602× 10–19J

1.00× 103kgm–3

4.18× 103Jkg–1K–1

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FORMULAE SHEET

v = f λ

1

I ∝ 2d

v sin i 1 =

v sin r 2

F E =

q

V R =

I

P = VI

Energy = VI t t

m m E = − G 1 2 p

r

F

= mg

2 2v = u x x

v = +u at

v 2 = u 2 + 2a ∆ y y y y

∆ x = u t u x

1 2 y u t +∆ = a t y y2

3r GM =

T 2 4π 2

r ∆

vav =

t ∆

F

=

Gm

m1 2

d 2

aav

= v

t

∆ ∆

therefore aav

= v u

t

− E = mc2

F Σ = maa lv

== l0

−1 v

c

2

2

F = mv 2

E k

=

r

mv 21

2

t v =

−

t

v

c

0

1 2

2

W = Fs m =

m0

v

2

1 − v

p = mv 2c

Impulse = F t

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FORMULAE SHEET

F I I 11 2 d = = k pl d

F = BI l sinθ d M = m − 5log 10

τ = Fd I (m − m ) 5 A B A = 100 I

τ = nBIA cosθ B

2 344π r V n m + m =

p p

1 2

2 =

GT

V ns s

1 1 1F = q sinθ = R − qvB

λ 2 2 n f ni

V E =

hd λ = mv

E = h f

V c = f λ out A = 0

V iin

V Z = ρ v ou t = −

R f

V Rin

i

Z 2

I r Z 2 − 1

=

2 I 0

Z 2

+ Z 11

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1 1 2 C n

C o p e r n i c i u m

9 F 1 9 . 0 0

F l u o r i n e

1 7 C l

3 5 . 4 5

C h l o r i n e

3 5 B r

7 9 . 9 0

B r o m i n e

5 3 I

1 2 6 . 9

I o d i n e

8 5 A t

A s t a t i n e

7 N 1 4 . 0 1

N i t r o g e n

1 5 P

3 0 . 9 7

P h o s p h o r u s

3 3 A s

7 4 . 9 2

A r s e n i c

5 1 S b 1 2 1 . 8

A n t i m o n y

8 3 B i

2 0 9 . 0

B i s m u t h

5 B 1 0 . 8 1

B o r o n

1 3 A l

2 6 . 9 8

A l u m i n i u m

3 1 G a

6 9 . 7 2

G a l l i u m

4 9 I n

1 1 4 . 8

I n d i u m

8 1 T l

2 0 4 . 4

T h a l l i u m

1 0 7 B h

B o h r i u m

1 0 8 H s

H a s s i u m

1

0 9 M t

M e i

t n e r i u m

1 1 0 D s

D a r m s t a d t i u m

1 1 1 R g

R o e n t g e n i u m

m

8 9 – 1 0 3

A c t i n o i d s

1 0 4 R f

R u t h e r f o r d i u m

1 0 5 D b

D u b n i u m

1 0 6 S g

S e a b o r g i u m

E L E M E N T S

T H E

T A B L

E

O F

P E R I O D I C

K

E Y

2 H e

4 . 0 0 3

H e l i u m

2 u m

A t o m i c N u m b e r

S y m b o l

S t a n d a r d A t o m i c W e i g h t

N a m e

7 9 A u

1 9 7 . 0

G o l d

6 C 1 2 . 0 1

C a r b o n

8 O

1 6 . 0 0

O x y g e n

1 0 N e

2 0 . 1 8

N e o n

1 u m

1 4 S i

2 8 . 0 9

S i l i c o n

1 6 S

3 2 . 0 7

S

u l f u r

1 8 A r

3 9 . 9 5

A r g o n

8 m

2 1 S c

4 4 . 9 6

S c a n d i u m

2 2 T i

4 7 . 8 7

T i t a n i u m

2 3 V

5 0 . 9 4

V a n a d i u m

2 4 C r

5 2 . 0 0

C h r o m i u m

2 5 M n

5 4 . 9 4

M a n g a n e s e

2 6 F e

5 5 . 8 5

I r o n

2 7 C o

5 8 . 9 3

C

o b a l t

2 8 N i

5 8 . 6 9

N i c k e l

2 9 C u

6 3 . 5 5

C o p p e r

3 0 Z n

6 5 . 3 8

Z i n c

3 2 G e

7 2 . 6 4

G e r m a n i u m

3 4 S e

7 8 . 9 6

S e l e n i u m

3 6 K r

8 3 . 8 0

K r y p t o n

1 u m

3 9 Y

8 8 . 9 1

Y t t r i u m

4 0 Z

r

9 1 . 2 2

Z i r c o n i u m

4 1 N b

9 2 . 9 1

N i o b i u m

4 2 M o

9 5 . 9 6

M o l y b d e n u m

4 3 T c

T e c h n e t i u m

4 4 R u

1 0 1 . 1

R u t h e n i u m

4 5 R h

1 0 2 . 9

R h

o d i u m

4 6 P d 1 0 6 . 4

P a l l a d i u m

4 7 A g

1 0 7 . 9

S i l v e r

4 8 C d

1 1 2 . 4

C a d m i u m

5 0 S n 1 1 8 . 7 T i n

5 2 T e

1 2 7 . 6

T e l l u r i u m

5 4 X e

1 3 1 . 3

X e n o n

3 m

5 7 – 7 1

L a n t h a n o i d s

7 2 H f

1 7 8 . 5

H a f n i u m

7 3 T a

1 8 0 . 9

T a n t a l u m

7 4 W 1 8 3 . 9

T u n g s t e n

7 5 R e

1 8 6 . 2

R h e n i u m

7 6 O s

1 9 0 . 2

O s m i u m

7 7 I r

1 9 2 . 2

I r i d i u m

7 8 P t

1 9 5 . 1

P l a t i n u m

7 9 A u

1 9 7 . 0

G o l d

8 0 H g

2 0 0 . 6

M e r c u r y

8 2 P b 2 0 7 . 2

L e a d

8 4 P o

P o l o n i u m

8 6 R n

R a d o n

L a n t h a n o i d s

5 7 L a

1 3 8 . 9

L a n t h a n u m

5 8 C e

1 4 0 . 1

C e r i u m

5 9 P

r

1 4 0 . 9

P r a s e o d y m i u m

6 0 N d

1 4 4 . 2

N e o d y m i u m

6 1 P m

P r o m e t h i u m

6 2 S m 1 5 0 . 4

S a m a r i u m

6 3 E u

1 5 2 . 0

E u r o p i u m

6 4 G d

1 5 7 . 3

G a d o l i n i u m

6 5 T b

1 5 8 . 9

T e r b i u m

6 6 D y

1 6 2 . 5

D y s p r o s i u m

6 7 H o

1 6 4 . 9

H o l m i u m

6 8 E r

1 6 7 . 3

E r b i u m

6 9 T m 1 6 8 . 9

T h u l i u m

7 0 Y b

1 7 3 . 1

Y t t e r b i u m

7 1 L u

1 7 5 . 0

L u t e t i u m

A c t i n o i d s

8 9 A c

A c t i n i u m

9 0 T h

2 3 2 . 0

T h o r i u m

9 1 P a

2 3 1 . 0

P r o t a c t i n i u m

9 2 U

2 3 8 . 0

U r a n i u m

9 3 N p

N e p t u n i u m

9 4 P u

P l u t o n i u m

9 5

A

m

A m e r i c i u m

9 6 C m

C u r i u m

9 7 B k

B e r k e l i u m

9 8 C f

C a l i f o r n i u m

9 9 E s

E i n s t e i n i u m

1 0 0 F m

F e r m i u m

1 0 1 M d

M e n d e l e v i u m

1 0 2 N o

N o

b e l i u m

1 0 3 L r

L a w r e n c i u m

E l e m e n t s w i t h a t o m i c n u m b e r s 1 1 3

a n d a b o v e h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d b u t n o t f u l l y a u t h e n t i c a t e d .

S t a n d a r d a t o m i c w e i g h t s a r e a b r i d g e

d t o f o u r s i g n i f i c a n t f i g u r e s .

E l e m e n t s w i t h n o r e p o r t e d v a l u e s i n

t h e t a b l e h a v e n o s t a b l e n u c l i d e s .

T h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n i o n o f P u r e a n d

A p p l i e d C h e m i s t r y P e r i o d i c T a b l e o f t h e E l e m e n t s ( F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 0 v e r s i o n ) i s t h e

p r i n c i p a l s o u r c e o f d a t a . S o m e d a t a m a y

h a v e b e e n m o d i f i e d .

nsw hsc exam 2013

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