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Experiment Manual

ME

CH

AN

ICS

EXPERIMENT TITLESCharacteristics of Bodies (Measuring Physical Phenomena)

M 01 Measuring length� scaleM 02 Measuring length � sliding caliperM 03 Measuring length � micrometer gaugeM 04 Measuring the volume of liquidsM 05 Measuring the volume of solid bodies by

liquid displacementM 06 Measuring the volume of gasesM 07 Diving bellM 08 Beam balanceM 09 Digital scales with single dishM 10 Measuring the density of solid bodies with

the same massM 11 Measuring the density of solid bodies with

the same volumeM 12 Measuring the density of liquidsM 13 Measuring the density of immiscible

liquidsM 14 Density and temperatureM 15 Density and compositionM 16 Air density

Statics of Solid Bodies � Forces and Their Effects

M 17 Force changes shapeM 18 Mass and weightM 19 Mass, weight and gravityM 20 Weight and mass are proportionalM 21 Stretching an elastic bandM 22 Bending a flat springM 23 Hooke's lawM 24 Force and opposing force (action equals

reaction)M 25 Composition of equidirectional forces M 26 Balance of forcesM 27 Composition of non-parallel forcesM 28 Force parallel to an incline M 29 Resolution of force on an inclineM 30 Force components on an incline

Statics of Solid Bodies � Torque

M 31 Torsional effect of torque on rodsM 32 Characteristics of a torsion rodM 33 Magnitude of directional angles in

torsion rodsM 34 Balance of torqueM 35 Angle lever

M 36 Experimental model of an angle lever M 37 Two-armed lever M 38 Position and force direction not relevant for

a two-armed leverM 39 One-armed leverM 40 Center of gravityM 41 Center of gravity �

swinging hammer

M 42 Types of balanceM 43 Creep strength M 44 Apparatus for creep strength M 45 StabilityM 46 Roly poly

Solid Bodies in Motion

M 47 MotionM 48 Uniform linear motion �

eddy current deviceM 49 Uniform linear motion:

same time � same distanceM 50 Velocity of a uniform linear movementM 51 Law of time and distance applied to uniform

linear motionM 52 Non-uniform linear movement of a ballM 53 Non-uniform motion � up- and downhillM 54 Non-uniform linear motion �

mean velocityM 55 Law of time and distance applied to the

accelerated uniform motion of a ballM 56 Law of time and distance applied to the

accelerated uniform motion of a wagonM 57 Law of time and acceleration applied to the

accelerated uniform motion of a ballM 58 Law of time and acceleration applied to the

accelerated uniform motion of a wagonM 59 Newton's second law of motion

Friction

M 60 Static frictionM 61 Sliding frictionM 62 Rolling frictionM 63 Determining the friction coefficientM 64 Friction and types of surfaces Laws of Motion Applied to Air CushionsAccelerated motion under constant forceMotion under inertia � uniform slippageUniform acceleration and slippage

(relationship of time and distance)Uniform acceleration and slippage

(relationship of time and acceleration)Collision exchanges

Inertia

M 65 Inertia and massM 66 A body's inertia is independent of its massM 67 Mass moment of inertiaM 68 Inertia of a massM 69 Interaction and massM 70 Interaction of opposing equal forces

Motion Change Due to Force

M 71 ImpulseM 72 MomentumM 73 Law of interactionM 74 Conserving momentum

M 75 Conserving momentum with equal massesM 76 Conserving momentum with unequal massesM 77 Repulsion � water outletM 78 Repulsion � air outletM 79 Segner waterwheelM 80 Propeller driveM 81 Repulsion � rocket engineM 82 Model of a rocketM 83 Elastic collision with an obstacleM 84 Non-elastic collisionM 85 Free fall � gravity tubeM 86 Free fall � measuring gravitational

accelerationM 87 Horizontal and diagonal trajectories �

stream of waterM 88 Horizontal and diagonal trajectories �

shot-putM 89 Principle of independence

Circular motion

M 90 Variations on building a centrifuge (hand- andmotor-driven)

M 91 Centrifugal force � carouselM 92 Centrifugal force � centrifugal containerM 93 Centrifugal force � floating ballM 94 Centrifugal force � centrifugeM 95 Centrifugal force � the earth's oblatenessM 96 Centrifugal regulatorM 97 Rotating liquidsM 98 Centrifugal force � a paradoxM 99 Rotating pendulumM 100 Foucault's pendulum � overhead projectionM 101 Centrifugal forceM 102 Centripetal force M 103 Centripetal force is dependent on mass,

radius and angular velocityM 104 Moment of inertia and distribution of massM 105 Conserving angular momentumM 106 Bicycle as a gyroscopeM 107 Precession movement in a gyroscopeM 108 GyroscopeM 109 GyrocompassM 110 Bodies rotating symmetrically

Work � Energy Conversion

M 111 Lifting workM 112 Acceleration workM 113 Potential energyM 114 Potential energy � formingM 115 Potential and tensional energy M 116 Rotational energyM 117 Conserving energyM 118 Conserving energy in a pendulumM 119 Kinetic energyM 120 Potential energy � kinetic energyM 121 Tensional energy � kinetic energyM 122 Artesian wells

M 123 Maxwell's wheelM 124 Friction and heat energy

Simple Machines

M 125 Fixed pulleyM 126 Moving pulley M 127 Simple block and tackleM 128 Block and tackle with four pulleysM 129 Parallel block and tackle with four pulleysM 130 Wheel and axleM 131 Belt driveM 132 Sprocket driveM 133 Worm drive

Machines for Converting Energy

M 134 WaterwheelM 135 Pelton turbineM 136 Kaplan turbine

Power

M 137 Lifting work and power� windmillM 138 Lifting work and power � motor

Introducing "Pressure" as a Term in Physics

M 139 Demonstrating pressure � the barM 140 Deformation depends on area

Pressure and Liquids

M 141 Pressure on different surfacesM 142 Hydraulic pressM 143 Measuring hydrostatic pressure using

immersion sensors of different shapesM 144 Measuring hydrostatic pressure using

Hartl's apparatus M 145 Upward pressureM 146 A hydrostatic paradox �

ground pressure deviceM 147 Distribution of pressure in liquidsM 148 Velocity of outflow M 149 Lateral pressure and velocity of outflow M 150 Communicating vesselsM 151 Watering canM 152 Level measurement � hose leveling

instrumentM 153 Comparing the density of immiscible liquids

using a u-shaped tube

Pressure and gases

M 154 Pressure is dependent on areaM 155 Pressure change by density changeM 156 Measuring pressure change by density

changeM 157 Pressure change by temperature changeM 158 Pressure increase � temperature increaseM 159 Liquid manometerM 160 Piston manometerM 161 Boyle's lawM 162 Demonstrating air pressureM 163 Over- and underpressure

M 164 Measuring air pressure �model barometer

M 165 Measuring the vacuum in a water-jet pumpM 166 Effects of air pressureM 167 Determining outside air pressureM 168 Measuring air pressure in a balloonM 169 SiphonM 170 Vacuum pumpM 171 Pressure pump

Buoyancy in Liquids and GasesM 172 Buoyancy in a liquidM 173 Measuring buoyancyM 174 Buoyancy � determining forcesM 175 Buoyancy of bodies with different densitiesM 176 Floating � hovering � sinkingM 177 AreometerM 178 Model of a submarineM 179 Floating Styrofoam ballM 180 Archimedes's principleM 181 Buoyancy in air

Molecular Forces � Surface TensionM 182 Elastic � plastic � brittleM 183 Cohesion and adhesionM 184 Capillary attractionM 185 Capillary action � surface tensionM 186 Measuring surface tension of liquidsM 187 Plane soap filmM 188 Osmotic pressure

Flowing Liquids and GasesM 189 VaporizerM 190 Measuring the vacuum in a vaporizerM 191 Pressure distribution in flowing liquids �

tubes of a constant diameterM 192 Pressure distribution in flowing liquids �

tubes of varying diametersM 193 Model of an anemometerM 194 Measuring flow velocityM 195 Dynamic pressure of an air currentM 196 Flow pressure � Venturi tubeM 197 An aerodynamic paradoxM 198 Buoyancy in air currentsM 199 Buoyancy of air foils with a flat and steep angle of incidenceM 200 Drag in air foilsM 201 Distribution of pressure on an air foilM 202 Air resistance and the shapes of bodies

M 203 Air resistance and the diameters of bodiesM 204 Air resistance and bodies' surface types

Vibrations and WavesM 205 String pendulumM 206 Spring pendulumM 207 Determining the elasticity constantM 208 Reversion pendulumM 209 Steiner's lawM 210 Torsion pendulum:

determining the moment of inertia M 211 Coupled pendulumM 212 Resonance of a spring pendulumM 213 Harmonic torsional vibrationM 214 Moment of inertia and duration of torsional

vibrationM 215 Moment of inertia of a hollow and solid bodyM 216 Standing transverse wavesM 217 Standing longitudinal wavesM218 Diffusion of longitudinal waves:

magnetic wave deviceM 219 Standing concentric wavesM 220 Vibrating reed frequency meterM 221 Standing waves with a fixed endM 222 Wave reflection from a fixed endM 223 Wave reflection from a loose endM 224 Wave interferenceM 225 Undamped wavesM 226 Damped wavesM 227 Wave reflection from a fixed end:

destructive interferenceM 228 Wave reflection from a loose end:

constructive interferenceM 229 Changing wave length

Experiments with the Water Wave GeneratorM 230 Concentric wavesM 231 Smooth waves M 232 Reflection from a smooth obstacleM 233 Refraction in a prismM 234 Reflection in a concave mirrorM 235 Effect of a lensM 236 Doppler effectM 237 Interference of two concentric wavesM 238 Diffraction at a troughM 239 Diffraction at a double troughM 240 Chaotic pendulum

MEASURING DEVICES � POWER SUPPLIES

MECHANICSDM722-1N Box - Newtonmeter 0 � 20 N, 0 � 2 kgDM723-1N Box - Millinewtonmeter 0 � 20 mN, 0 � 2 gDE722-1D Box - Manometer absoluteDE722-2D Box - Manometer differentialDE722-1W Box - StopwatchDE722-2W Remote switch for box - stopwatchP3120-1D Box - Time measurement deviceP3120-2F Box - Battery for P 3120-3L/3RDM341-1T Box - Time measurement device for falling-sphere deviceDT816-2A Box - Anemometer

ACOUSTICSDE722-1F Box - Frequency counterDW340-2M Box - Measurement microphoneDW275-1M Box - Sound level measuring deviceP3180-LF Box - AF transformer

ELECTROSTATICSP3127-1V Box - High-voltage device 0 � 18 kVDE722-1H Box - Electrostatic voltmeter 0 � 18 kV

ATOMIC PHYSICSDE722-1G Box - Geiger-Mueller counter

OPTICSDL722-2L Box - Light meterDL100-3L Box - Laser 635 nm

CHEMISTRYP3120-1P Box - pH meterDE722-1L Box � Conductimeter

ELECTRICITYPower Supplies and Measuring Instruments

cf. catalogue of experiments and instruments PHYSICS 0106, pp. 103 ff

MECHANICS M

simple fast safe

Measuring length scale

Measuring length sliding caliper

Measuring length micrometer gauge

01

02

03

1

MECHANICSM

2

Measuring the volume of liquids

Measuring the volume of solid bodies byliquid displacement

Measuring the volume of gases

04

05

06

simple fast safe

MECHANIK M

Diving bell

Beam balanceDigital scales with single dish

Measuring the density of solid bodies with the same mass

07

0809

10

3

simple fast safe

MECHANICSM

4

Measuring the density ofsolid bodies withthe same volume

Measuring the density of liquids

Measuring the densityof immiscible liquids

Density and temperature

11

12

13

14

simple fast safe

MECHANICS M

Density and composition

Air density

Force changes shape

Mass, weightand gravity

15

16

17

19

5

18Mass andweight

simple fast safe

MECHANICSM

6

Weight and mass areproportional

Stretching anelastic band

20

21

Bending a flat spring22

simple fast safe

MECHANICS M

Hooke's law

Force and opposing force(action equals reaction)

Composition of equidirectional forces

23

24

25

7

simple fast safe

MECHANICSM

8

Balance of forces

Composition of non-parallel forces

Force parallel to an incline

26

27

28

simple fast safe

MECHANICS M

Resolution of force on an incline

Force componentson an incline

Torsional effectof torque on rods

Characteristicsof a torsion rod

Magnitude of directionalangles in torsion rods

Balance of torqueAngle lever

2930

31

32

33

3435

9

simple fast safe

MECHANICSM

10

Experimental model of an angle lever

Two-armed lever

36

37

simple fast safe

MECHANICS M

Position and force directionnot relevant for a two-armed lever

One-armed lever

Center of gravityCenter of gravityswinging hammer

38

39

40 41

11

simple fast safe

MECHANICSM

12

Types of balance

Apparatus for creepstrength

42

44

Stability

45

43Creep strength

simple fast safe

MECHANICS M

Roly poly

Motion

Uniform linear motioneddy current device

Uniform linear motion: same time same distance

46

47

48

49

13

simple fast safe

MECHANICSM

14

Velocity of a uniform linear movement

Law of time and distanceapplied to uniform

linear motion

Non-uniform linearmovement of a ball

Non-uniform motion up- and downhill

Non-uniform linear motionmean velocity

50

51

52

53

54

simple fast safe

MECHANICS M

Law of time and distance applied to theaccelerated uniform motion of a wagon

Law of time andacceleration appliedto the accelerateduniform motionof a ball

Law of time and accelerationapplied to the accelerated uniformmotion of a wagon

Newton's second law of motion

Law of time anddistance applied tothe accelerateduniform motion of aball

56

57

58

59

55

15

simple fast safe

MECHANICSM

simple fast safe

16

Air

-Tra

ck

,com

ple

teD

M280-1

F

Laws of Motionwith the Air-Track

MECHANICS M

simple fast safe

17

Uniform acceleration and slippage (relationship of time and acceleration)

Motion under inertia - uniform slippage

Collision exchanges

Uniform acceleration and slippage (relationship of time and distance)

MECHANICSM

simple fast safe

18

Static friction

Dependence of the surface

Dependence of mass and surface

60

MECHANICS M

simple fast safe

Sliding friction61

19

Dependence of the surface

Dependence of mass and surface

MECHANICSM

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20

Rolling friction

Determiningthe friction coefficient

Friction and types of surfaces

Inertia and mass

62

63

64

65

MECHANICS M

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A body's inertia is independent of its mass

Mass moment of inertia

Inertia of a mass

Interactionand mass

66

67

68

69

21

MECHANICSM

simple fast safe

22

Interactionof opposingequal forces

Impulse

Momentum

Law of interaction

70

71

72

73

MECHANICS M

simple fast safe

Conservingmomentum

Conserving momentumwith equal masses

Conservingmomentumwith unequalmasses

Repulsion -water outlet

Repulsion -air outlet

74

75

76

77

78

23

MECHANICSM

simple fast safe

24

Segner waterwheel

Propeller drive

79

80

Model of a rocket

82

81Repulsion - rocket engine

MECHANICS M

simple fast safe

Elastic collisionwith an obstacle

Non-elastic collision

Free fall - gravity tube

Free fall - measuringgravitational acceleration

83

84

85

86

25

MECHANICSM

simple fast safe

26

Horizontal anddiagonal trajectories -shot-put

Principle of independence

87

89

Horizontal anddiagonal trajectories -

stream of water

88

MECHANICS M

simple fast safe

Variations on buildinga centrifuge (hand- andmotor-driven)

90

27

MECHANICSM

simple fast safe

28

Variations on building acentrifuge (hand- andmotor-driven)

90

MECHANICS M

simple fast safe

Centrifugal force - carousel

Centrifugal force -centrifugal container

Centrifugal force -floating ball

91

92

93

29

MECHANICSM

simple fast safe

30

Centrifugal force - centrifuge

Centrifugal force -the earth´s oblateness

Centrifugal regulator

94

95

96

MECHANICS M

simple fast safe

Rotating pendulum

Foucault´s pendulum -overhead projection

99

100

31

Rotating liquids97

Centrifugal force -a paradox

98

MECHANICSM

simple fast safe

32

Centrifugal force

Centripetal force

Moment of inertia and distribution of mass

101

102

104

Centripetal force is dependent onmass, radius and angular velocity

103

MECHANICS M

simple fast safe

Conservingangularmomentum

Bicycle as agyroscope

105

106

33

MECHANICSM

simple fast safe

34

Precession movementin a gyroscope

Gyroscope

Gyrocompass

107

108

109

MECHANICS M

simple fast safe

Bodies rotating symmetrically

Lifting work

Acceleration work

Potential energy Potential energy - forming

110

111

112

113114

35

MECHANICSM

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36

Potential andtensional energy

Rotational energy

Conserving energy

Conserving energy in a pendulum

Kinetic energy

115

116

117

118

119

MECHANICS M

simple fast safe

Potential energy -kinetic energy

120

37

MECHANICSM

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38

Tensional energy -kinetic energy

Artesian wells

Maxwell´s wheel

Friction andheat energy

121

122

123

124

MECHANICS M

simple fast safe

Fixed pulley

Moving pulley

Simple block and tackle

125

126

127

39

MECHANICSM

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40

Block and tacklewith four pulleys

Parallel block and tackle with four pulleys

Wheel and axle

128

129

130

MECHANICS M

simple fast safe

Belt drive

131

41

132 Sprocket drive

MECHANICSM

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42

Worm drive

Waterwheel

Pelton turbine

Kaplan turbine

Lifting work and power - windmill

133

134

135

136

137

MECHANICS M

simple fast safe

Lufting work and power - motor

Demonstratingpressure - the bar

Deformation depends on area Pressure on different surfaces

138 139

140141

43

MECHANICSM

simple fast safe

44

Hydraulic press

Measuring hydrostatic pressure using immersion sensors of different shapes

142

143

MECHANICS M

simple fast safe

Measuring hydrostatic pressure usingHartl's apparatus

Upward pressure

A hydrostatic paradox - ground pressure device

144

145

146

45

MECHANICSM

simple fast safe

46

Distribution ofpressure in liquids

Velocity of outflow

Communicatingvessels

Watering can

Level measurement - hose levelinginstrument

147

148

150

151

152

Lateral pressureand velocity ofoutflow

149

MECHANICS M

simple fast safe

Comparing the density of

immiscible liquids

using a u-shaped tube

Pressure is dependent on area

Pressure change bydensity change

Measuring pressure change by density change

154

155

47

153

156

MECHANICSM

simple fast safe

48

Pressure change bytemperature change

Pressure increase temperature increase

157

158

MECHANICS M

simple fast safe

Liquid manometer

Piston manometer

Boyle´s law

Demonstrating air pressure

Over- and underpressure

49

159

160

161

162

163

MECHANICSM

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50

Measuring air pressure -model barometer

Effects ofair pressure

164

166

Measuring the vacuumin a water-jet pump165

MECHANICS M

simple fast safe

51

Effects of air pressure

166

MECHANICSM

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52

Effects of air pressure

Determining outside air pressure

166

167

MECHANICS M

simple fast safe

53

Measuring air pressure in a balloon

Siphon

Vacuum pump

Pressure pump

Buoyancy in a liquid

168

169

170

171

172

MECHANICSM

simple fast safe

54

Measuring buoyancy Buoyancydetermining forces

Buoyancy of bodies with different densities

Floating-hovering-sinking

173 174

175

176

MECHANICS M

simple fast safe

55

Model of a submarine

FloatingStyrofoam ball

178

179

Areometer

177

MECHANICSM

simple fast safe

56

Archimedes's principle

Buoyancy in air

180

181

MECHANICS M

simple fast safe

57

Elastic –Plastic–Brittle

Cohesion and adhesion

Capillary attraction

Capillary actionsurface tension

182

183

184

185

MECHANICSM

simple fast safe

58

Osmotic pressure

Vaporizer

Measuring the vacuum in a vaporizer

186

188

189

190

Plane soap film

187

Measuring surfacetension of liquids

MECHANICS M

simple fast safe

59

Pressure distribution in flowing liquidstubes of a constant diameter

Pressure distribution in flowing liquidstubes of varying diameters

Model of ananemometer

Measuring flow velocity

191

192

193

194

MECHANICSM

simple fast safe

60

195

196

Dynamic pressure of an air current

Flow pressure - Venturi tube

MECHANICS M

simple fast safe

61

An aerodynamic paradox

197

MECHANICSM

simple fast safe

62

198

199

200

201

Buoyancy in air currents

Buoyancy of air foils with a flat and steep angleof incidence

Drag in air foils

Distribution of pressure on an air foil

MECHANICS M

simple fast safe

63

Air resistance and the shapesof bodies

202

MECHANICSM

simple fast safe

64

203

204

Air resistance and the diameters of bodies

Air resistance andbodies' surface types

MECHANICS M

simple fast safe

65

String pendulum

Spring pendulum

205

206

MECHANICSM

simple fast safe

66

Determining theelasticity constant

Steiner's law

Reversion pendulum

Torsion pendulum:determining the momentof inertia

207208

209

210

MECHANICS M

simple fast safe

67

Coupled pendulum

Resonance of a spring pendulum

Harmonic torsional vibration

Moment of inertia andduration of torsional vibration

211

212

213

214

MECHANICSM

simple fast safe

68

Standing transverse waves

Standing longitudinal waves

216

217

Moment of inertia of ahollow and solid body

215

MECHANICS M

simple fast safe

69

Diffusion of longitudinal waves:magnetic wave device

Standing concentric waves

Vibrating reed frequency meter

218

219

220

MECHANICSM

simple fast safe

70

Standing waveswith a fixed end

Wave reflectionfrom a fixed end

Wave reflection from a loose end

Wave interference

221

222

223

224

MECHANICS M

simple fast safe

71

Damped waves

226

Wave reflection from a fixed end:destructive interference227

Undamped waves225

MECHANICSM

simple fast safe

72

Wave reflection from a loose end:constructive interference

Changing wave length

228

229

MECHANICS M

simple fast safe

73

Ripple tankwith accessoriesDW400-1W

MECHANICSM

74

Concentric waves Smooth waves

Reflection from a smooth obstacle Refraction in a prism

Effect of a lensReflection in a concave mirror

230 231

232 233

235234

simple fast safe

MECHANICS M

simple fast safe

75

Doppler effectInterference of twoconcentric waves

Diffraction at a trough

lChaotic pendulumDiffraction at a double trough

236 237

238

240239

MECHANICS

76

DM723-1N Box-Millinewtonmeter

DM722-1N Box-Newtonmeter

0 – 20 mN, 0 – 20 g

0 – 20 N, 0 – 2 kg

DE722-1D Box-Manometer absolute

DE722-2D Box-Manometer differential

77

MECHANICS

DE722-1W Box-StopwatchP3120-1D Box-Time measurement device

P3120-2F Box-Batteryfor P3120-3L/3R

DT816-2A Box-Anemometer

DM341-1T Box-Time measurement devicefor falling-sphere device

DE722-2W Remote switchfor box-stopwatch

ACOUSTICS

78

DE722-1F Box-Frequency counter

DW275-1M Box-Sound level measuring device

DW340-2M Box-Measurement microphone

P3180-LF Box-LF-transformer

79

ELECTROSTATICS

ATOMIC PHYSICS

P3127-1V Box-High-voltage device 0 – 18 kV

DE722-1H Box-Electrostaticvoltmeter 0 – 18 kV

DE722-1G Box-Geiger-Mueller counter

OPTICS

80

DL722-2L Box-Light meter

DL100-3L Box-Laser 635 nm

81

CHEMISTRY

ELECTRICITY Power Supplies andMeasuring Instruments

DE722-1L Box - Conductimeter

P3120-1P Box-pH-meter

cf. catalogue of experiments and instruments PHYSICS 0106, pp. 103 ff