nuclear chemistry. natural radioactivity the spontaneous breakdown of atomic nuclei, accompanied by...
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Nuclear Chemistry
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Natural RadioactivityThe spontaneous breakdown of
atomic nuclei, accompanied by the release of some form of radiation
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Transmutation: the conversion of one element to another by means of a nuclear changeTo detect Radioactivity one could use Geiger Counter
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Types of Radioactive Emissions
All differ in mass, size and charge Reference Table O
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Alpha Particle: 42
positive 2 chargehelium nucleusmass of 4amuEx: 226
88Ra 22286Rn + 4
2He
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Beta Particle: 0-1
negative chargeacts like a high speed electronno mass
Example: 23592U 235
93Np + 0-1
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Gamma Radiation (NOT a Particle) no chargeacts like a high speed x-ray but
with a lot more energyno mass
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Positron Particle: 0+1
positive 1 chargeacts like positive electronsno mass
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Particle Symbol Mass Charge Relative Penetrating Power
Alpha 42 4amu +2 Low
Beta 0-1 0 -1 Moderate
Gamma 00 0 0 High
Positron 0+1 0 +1 Moderate
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Separation of Radioactive emissions by charge:
Positively Charged Plate Negatively Charged Plate
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
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Half-Life The time it takes for half of the
atoms in a given sample of an element to decay.
Some selected half-lives are found on Table N
All reactions on Table N are Natural Transmutation
Formulas for half-life reactions are found on Table T
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Artificial Radioactivity Artificial Transmutation: artificial
radioactivity produced by bombarding the nuclei of stable atoms with high energy particles, thereby producing radioactive atoms
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Fission Reactions The splitting of an atomic nucleus
into two smaller nuclei by bombardment of a neutron (Nuclear Bomb). *Nuclear Reactors are fission reactors.
Example: 23592U + 1
0n 14256Ba + 191
36Kr + 3(1
0n) + Energy
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Fusion Reactions A nuclear reaction in which two or
more light nuclei combine to form a single nucleus. Requires huge amounts of pressure and extremely high temperatures. Produces much more energy than fission. Occurs naturally on the sun. (H-bomb)
Example: 21H + 2
1H 42He + Energy
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Uses of Radioactive Isotopes Lab: To trace chemical reactions.
Industry: Radiating food to preserve by killing bacteria, mold, insect eggs.
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Medicine Must have relatively short half-
lives and be quickly eliminated from the body.
I-131 diagnosing and treating Thyroid conditions (half-life 8.07 days)
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Co-60 emits large amounts of gamma radiation as it decays, these rays can be aimed at cancerous tumors (half-life 5.26 years)
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Ra-226 used in treatment of certain cancers (half-life 1600 years)
Tc-99 used in diagnosis of brain tumors (half-life 2.13x105 years
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GeologyFossils C-14 to C-12 ratio (while alive
they are in equal amounts, once an organism dies C-14 is no longer taken in).
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Rocks U-238 to Pb-206 ratio (U-238 decays through a series of steps until it forms stable Pb-206. As time passes, the amount of U-238 decreases while the amount of Pb-206 increases).
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Balancing Nuclear Equations Steps for Balancing:
Due to the Law of the Conservation of Matter, whatever is on the left side of the equation must also be on the right side of the equation.
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Add the mass numbers on the left side of the equation, this MUST equal the total mass numbers of the right side of the equation.
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Add the atomic numbers on the left side of the equation, this MUST equal the total atomic numbers on the right side of the equation.
Example: 3216S + 1
0n 11H + 32
15P