nuclear energy present and prospects
DESCRIPTION
NUCLEAR ENERGY PRESENT AND PROSPECTS. JEAN - CHARLES ABBE Directeur de Recherche CNRS [email protected]. Number of reactors operated for electricity production. Civil nuclear reactors in the world. LITUANIE. 80%. FRANCE. 70%. BELGIQUE. 60%. 50%. SUISSE. JAPON. 40%. ALLEMAGNE. 30%. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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NUCLEAR ENERGYNUCLEAR ENERGY
PRESENT AND PROSPECTSPRESENT AND PROSPECTS
JEAN - CHARLES ABBEJEAN - CHARLES ABBEDirecteur de Recherche CNRSDirecteur de Recherche CNRS
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Europe Connected Under construction % electricity
Germany 19 30
Armenia 1 40.5
Belgium 7 57
Bulgaria 4 47
Spain 9 26
Finland 4 30
France 59 78
Hungary 4 36
Lituania 2 80
Nederland 1 4
Tchecoslovaquia 6 24.5
Romania 1 1 10
United Kingdom 27 22
Russia 30 3 16
Slovaquia 6 2 65
Slovenia 1 40.5
Sweden 11 45.5
Switzerland 5 39.5
Ukrainia 13 4 45.5
Total EUTotal EU 210210 1010
Number of reactors operated for electricity productionNumber of reactors operated for electricity production
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Out of EuropeOut of Europe ConnectedConnected Under constructionUnder construction % electricity% electricity
South Africa 2 6
Argentina 2 1 7
Brasil 2 4
Canada 14 12
China 7 4 1.4
North Corea 1
South Corea 18 2 38.5
USA 104 20
India 14 8 3.5
Iran 2
Japan 54 3 34.5
Mexico 2 4
Pakistan 2 2.5
Taïwan 6 2 23
TotalTotal 227227 2323
Total (world)Total (world) 437437 3333 1616
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Civil nuclear reactors in the Civil nuclear reactors in the worldworld
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Percentage of nuclear electricityPercentage of nuclear electricity
80%80%
70%70%
60%60%
50%50%
40%40%
30%30%
20%20%
10%10%
0%0%
LITUANIELITUANIEFRANCEFRANCE
BELGIQUEBELGIQUE
SUISSESUISSEJAPONJAPON
ALLEMAGNEALLEMAGNE
USAUSARUSSIERUSSIE
ITALIEITALIE
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Bilan énergétique mondial (%)
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
Pétro
le
Charb
on Gaz
Bois e
t Déc
hets
Nucléa
ire
Hydro
élect
ricité
Autre
s
Nuclear electricity / Total electricity : 16 %
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The future of (nuclear) energy : a The future of (nuclear) energy : a multiparameter problemmultiparameter problem
• GEO-POLITICAL
• POLITICAL
• ENVIRONNEMENTAL
• TECHNICAL
• ECONOMICAL
• HUMANITAIRIAN
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GEO POLITICALGEO POLITICAL : supplying safety
• Rarefaction of fossil fuels
• Concentration of the production of fossil fuels in a few countries
• Uranium well distributed over the world
• Increasing energy demand : demography, way of life
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GEO POLITICAL : supplyng safetysupplyng safety
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GEO POLITICAL : increasing population and increasing population and urbanisationurbanisation
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Increasing energy needs with Increasing energy needs with developmentdevelopment
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POLITICAPOLITICALL
•Level of (energy) dependence the country accepts ?
•Concern towards environmental problems ?
•Concern towards a sustainable development ?Energetic independence vs years
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TECHNICALTECHNICAL
•Technologies are safe and under perfect control
New types of reactor are in project, safer, with better yields and less wastes (EPR reactor, hybrid reactors, ..)
•Better knowledge of the behaviour of wastes, both in the matrices (concrete, glass) and in the environment
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ENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL : greenhouse effectgreenhouse effect
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Combustible
Eau refroidissement
Soufre (SO2)
Oxyde azote (NO2)
27 tonnes.2.3 millions de tonnes
1.5 million de tonnes
Oxygène3.4 milliards m3
4.2 milliards m3
0720 millions m3
950 millions m3
Rejets thermiques
1 100 millions m3
Eau refroidissement : 4 mlliards de kWh Eau refroidissement : 8 milliards de kWh
Cheminée : 2.4 milliards de kWh
Cheminée : 2.5 milliards de kWh
Eau de refroidissement + cheminée : 12.3 milliards de kWh
Activité4.107 Bq
4.109 Bq
4.1014 Bq
Déchets solidesnégligeable
250 000 tonnes
Déchets haute activité : 14 m3
0Gaz carbonique
3 milliards m3
2.4 milliards m3
91 000 tonnes41 000 tonnes
0
3.1 millions m3
9.6 millions m3
0
fuel Charbon Nucléaire
1 000 MW
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PRODUCTION of COPRODUCTION of CO22
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EMISSION of COEMISSION of CO22, PIB and , PIB and POPULATIONPOPULATION
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Countries with reprocessing facilities (France, Great-Britain, Japan, Russia, China)
Countries without national facilities, sending the spent fuels for reprocessing in foreign countries (Germany, Nederland, Switzerland, Belgium)
Countries in which the problem is under discussion (Spain, South Corea, Taïwan)
Countries storing the spent fuels (USA, Sweden, Finland)
What to do with the spent fuels ?What to do with the spent fuels ?
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Objectives of the reprocessingObjectives of the reprocessing
Waste volume reduction
Risk reduction by sorting the wastes
Recovering of the non spent fuel
Recovering of Pu for safety reasons and for MOX production
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Total volume of wastes produced in France in 2000Total volume of wastes produced in France in 2000
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Surface storage of short lived radionuclideSurface storage of short lived radionuclide
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Underground storage Underground storage facilityfacility
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ECONOMICAL : KWh cost depending on the mode of ECONOMICAL : KWh cost depending on the mode of productionproduction
FossilFossil CoalCoal NuclearNuclear
64%64%79%79% 32%32%FUELFUEL
EXPLOITATIONEXPLOITATION
INVESTMENTINVESTMENT
8%8%
13%13%
13%13%
23%23%
19%19%
49%49%
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ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES
• Technologies safe and under perfect control
• Uranium abundant and well distributed over the world
• No rejects of green house gases
DRAWBACKSDRAWBACKS
• Management and future of nuclear wastes
• Nuclear reactors are big installations, not suitable to be dissiminated as small units
ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES
• Technologies safe and under perfect control
• Uranium abundant and well distributed over the world
• No rejects of green house gases
DRAWBACKSDRAWBACKS
• Management and future of nuclear wastes
• Nuclear reactors are big installations, not suitable to be dissiminated as small units
NUCLEAR ENERGY : overall balanceNUCLEAR ENERGY : overall balance
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• OBJECTIVE
- The energetic needs will increase all over the world (water purification) while a shortage of fossil energies is foreseen
- The environnemental stakes are crucial.
- Multiple and interconnected factors
- No miraculous solutions
- Major political and courageous decisions are necessary
- Most serious and worrying problem
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
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•SUBJECTIVE- Renewable energies are to be developed but they cannot face the demand in terms of quantities and of power ; energy storage is a major concern.
- Energy economies are to be encouraged at all stages and better considered in urbanism, transportation, architecture, etc… within the general concern of sustainability but they will only slow down the increase.
- Fossil energies should be kept available to specific needs and to less developed countries (humanitarian parameter)
- The development of nuclear energy appears as a necessity nowadays to face the demand but it must be kept under severe, both internal and international, control
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONSS
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FUSION : ITERFUSION : ITER
INTERNATIONAL THERMONUCLEAR EXPERIMENTAL INTERNATIONAL THERMONUCLEAR EXPERIMENTAL REACTORREACTOR