nuclear-fossil, nuclear-bio, and nuclear...
TRANSCRIPT
Charles Forsberg
Department of Nuclear Science and EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology
77 Massachusetts Ave; Bld. 42-207a; Cambridge, MA 02139Tel: (617) 324-4010; Email: [email protected]
Nuclear-Fossil, Nuclear-Bio, and Nuclear-Renewable Futures
MIT Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems
American Nuclear Society: MIT SectionNovember 17, 2008
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Needs Determine Technical Choices
Electricity productionCan chose any reactor and fuel cycleReactor and fuel cycle choices controlled by economics, safety, and public acceptance
Non-electric applications (heat, hydrogen, etc.)Application determines
Reactor temperatureReactor size
Application drives reactor and fuel cycle choicesThus the question: What Will Nuclear Power Be Used For?
2
Energy Futures May Be Determined By Two Sustainability Goals
No Imported Crude Oil No Climate Change
Tropic of Cancer
Arabian Sea
Gulf of Oman
Persian
Red
Sea
Gulf of Aden
Mediterranean Sea
Black Sea
Caspian
Sea
Aral Sea
Lake Van
Lake Urm ia
Lake Nasser
T'ana Hayk
Gulf of Suez Gulf o f Aqaba
Stra it of Horm uz Gulf
Suez Canal
Saudi Arabia
Iran Iraq
Egypt
Sudan
Ethiopia
Somalia
Djibouti
Yemen
Oman
Oman
United Arab Em irates
Qatar
Bahrain
Soc otra (Yemen)
Turkey
Syria Afghanistan
Pakistan
Romania
Bulgaria
Greece
Cyprus
Lebanon
Israel
Jordan
Russia
Eritrea
Georgia
Armenia Azerbaijan
Kazakhstan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Ukra ine
0 200
400 m iles
400
200 0
600 kilom eters
Middle East
Tropic of Cancer
Arabian Sea
Gulf of Oman
Persian
Red
Sea
Gulf of Aden
Mediterranean Sea
Black Sea
Caspian
Sea
Aral Sea
Lake Van
Lake Urm ia
Lake Nasser
T'ana Hayk
Gulf of Suez Gulf o f Aqaba
Stra it of Horm uz Gulf
Suez Canal
Saudi Arabia
Iran
Iraq
Egypt
Sudan
Ethiopia
Somalia
Djibouti
Yemen
Oman
Oman
United Arab Em irates
Qatar
Bahrain
Soc otra (Yemen)
Turkey
Syria Afghanistan
Pakistan
Romania
Bulgaria
Greece
Cyprus
Lebanon
Israel
Jordan
Russia
Eritrea
Georgia
Armenia Azerbaijan
Kazakhstan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Ukra ine
0 200
400 m iles
400
200 0
600 kilom eters
Athabasca Glacier, Jasper National Park, Alberta, CanadaPhoto provided by the National Snow and Ice Data Center
3
Massive Challenge If Fossil Fuel Use Is Limited to Prevent Climate Change
4
Oil: Largest Source of EnergyWorld Cost ~ $ 3 to 4 Trillion/year
4
World Oil Discoveries Are Down and World Oil Consumption Is Up
The Era of Conventional Oil Is Ending
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 20000
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Dis
cove
ries
(bill
ion
bbl/y
ear)
Prod
uctio
n (b
illio
n bb
l/yea
r)
Discovery
Consumption
Oil and Gas J.; Feb. 21, 20055
United States<3% Resources
~25% Consumption
The Scale of the Energy Challenge Implies Pushing All Alternatives
However, Each Option Has Strengths and Weaknesses
Energy Source CharacteristicsFossil
(Coal/Oil/Natural Gas)Limited if climate constraints
Regional if bury carbon dioxideNuclear Steady-state output
Large scaleHydroelectric and
GeothermalSite dependent
Total resources are limited
Solar and Wind Site dependentIntermittent
Biomass Limited resource6
The Different Characteristics of Energy Sources Suggest Combining Energy
Sources to Meet Human Needs
7
Nuclear-Fossil and Nuclear- Biomass for Liquid Fuels
8
Urban Residues
Chemical Engineers Can Convert Any Biomass or Fossil Fuel into Gasoline
9
But the Less it Looks Like Gasoline, the
More Energy it Takes
Agricultural Residues
Coal
Conversion of Fossil Fuels to Liquid Fuels Requires Energy
Greenhouse Impacts from Vehicle and Fuel Production Cycle
Illinois #6 Coal Baseline
Pipeline Natural Gas
Wyoming Sweet Crude Oil
Venezuelan Syncrude
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Gre
enho
use
Impa
cts
(g C
O2-
eq/m
ile in
SU
V)
Conversion/RefiningTransportation/Distribution
End Use CombustionExtraction/Production
Business As Usual
Using Fuel
Making and
Delivering of Fuel
(Fisher-TropschLiquids)
(Fisher-TropschLiquids)
Source of G
reenhouse Impacts
|→N
ucle
ar E
nerg
y M
arke
t
10
Traditional Refineries
11
Refineries Consume ~7% of the Total U.S. Energy Demand
Thermal Cracker
Light Oil Distillate
CrudeOil
Heater
Petrocoke
Condense Gasoline
Cool
Condense Distillate
Cool
Distillation Column
Resid
Gases (Propane,
etc.)
Traditional Refining
Refinery inputsPrimarily heat to 550°CSome hydrogen
Oil and natural gas fuel refineriesUsing heat from reactors frees this natural gas and oil as feedstocks
for added
liquid fuels12
Underground Refining
Potential Oil Recovery Exceeds Worldwide Conventional Oil Reserves
13
Underground Refining (Production) Could Make the U.S. Oil Sufficient
Confining Strata
Heavy OilTar SandsShale Oil
Coal
Heat Wave Light Oil
In-Situ Refining
HeaterWell
ProductionWell
Sequestered Carbon
Method to obtain oil from:Oil shaleDepleted oil fieldsHeavy oil deposits
Heat fossil depositsThermally crack organics into light oil and carbon residueRecover light crude oilCarbon residue sequestered underground as carbon
14
Underground Refining Requires HeatNuclear Heat (1) Avoids Burning a Third of the Fossil-Fuel Product to Recover the Oil and (2) Sequesters Byproduct Carbon Underground
Oil Shale
Reheater
Overburden
Ice Wall (Isolate in-Situ Retort)
RefrigerationWells
Producer Wells
Cold Salt Reservoir Tank and Pump Room
>1 km
Hot Salt Reservoir Tank
Reactor
15~700°C Heat
Nuclear-Biomass Futures
Boost Liquid Fuels per Ton of Biomass
16
Conversion of Biomass to Liquid Fuels Requires Energy
Cx
Hy
+ (X + y4
)O2
CO2
+ ( y2
)H2
OLiquid Fuels
AtmosphericCarbon Dioxide
Fuel Factory
Biomass
Cars, Trucks, and Planes
EnergyBiomassNuclearOther
17
Logging ResiduesAgricultural Residues
Urban Residues
Biomass: Worldwide Resources Measured in Billions of Tons per Year
Without Significantly Impacting Food, Fiber, and Timber
Algae and Kelp (Ocean)
18
Biomass Conversion to Liquid Fuel Requires Energy
Convert to Diesel Fuel with Outside
Hydrogen and Heat
Convert to Ethanol
Burn Biomass
12.4
4.7
9.8
0
5
10
15
Ene
rgy
Val
ue (1
06ba
rrel
s of
die
sel
fuel
equ
ival
ent p
er d
ay)
Energy Value of 1.3 Billion Tons/year of U.S. Renewable Biomass Measured in Equivalent Barrels of Diesel Fuel per Day
U.S. Transport
Fuel Demand
19
Nuclear Heat/H2 Maximizes Liquid Fuels Production Per Ton of Biomass
Algae
Nuclear heat and/or H2
replaces biomass used to operate biofuels
conversion
plantEnabler for biomass to replace fossil liquid fuelsRapidly changing technology does not allow specification of temperature requirements at this time
600°C heat best “guess”
20
Nuclear-Renewable Electric Futures
Making Renewable Wind and Solar Viable Large-Scale Electricity Sources
21
The Viability of Renewable Electricity Depends Upon Energy Storage
Renewable electricity production does not match electricity demand
The wind does not always blowThe sun does not always shine
Large-scale renewables require large-scale backup electricity productionThis is the fundamental challenge of renewables
22
Today’s Methods For Peak Electricity Production
Requirement Hydro Fossil
Energy Storage
Lake behind dam
Oil tank or natural gas
ElectricityProduction
Hydro-turbine Gas turbine
Limitation Hydro sites(water storage)
Climate change
23
Nuclear-Peak Power Hydrogen Intermediate and Peak Power System
24
Base-Load Nuclear Operation With Variable Electricity Production
Hydrogen Intermediate and Peak Electric System (HIPES)—1 of 3 Nuclear Options
Fuel Cells, Steam Turbines, or
Other TechnologyH2 ProductionNuclear Reactor
2H2O
Heatand/or
Electricity
2H2 + O2Underground
Hydrogen/Oxygen (Optional)Storage
Relative Capital Cost/KW
Facility
$$$$ $$ $ $$
EnergyProduction Rate vs Time
Time Time Time
Constant Constant Variable
Fuel Cells, Steam Turbines, or
Other TechnologyH2 ProductionNuclear Reactor
2H2O
Heatand/or
Electricity
2H2 + O2Underground
Hydrogen/Oxygen (Optional)Storage
Relative Capital Cost/KW
Facility
$$$$ $$ $ $$
EnergyProduction Rate vs Time
Time Time Time
Constant Constant Variable
Base Load
25
Norsk Atmospheric Electrolyser
Existing hydrogen methods produce hydrogen but not oxygenNuclear hydrogen production
Electrolysis (Current) High-temperature electrolysisHybridThermochemical
26
Nuclear Energy Converts Water Into Hydrogen and Oxygen
Nuclear Hydrogen Characteristics: Hydrogen, Oxygen, Heat, and Centralized Delivery
26
HIPES Requires Low-Cost Hydrogen Storage for Weeks or Months
Underground storage is the only cheap hydrogen storage technology today—but only viable on a large scale (match nuclear)Technology
Underground storage in multiple geologiesUsed for natural gas (~400 existing facilities)Several underground hydrogen storage systems
27
27
←Chevron Phillips↑
Clemens Terminal-H2160 x
1000 ft cylinder salt cavern
Same Technology Applicable for Oxygen—But Not Demonstrated
Oxygen may limit choices of storage geology: avoid geologies with organics and minerals that can oxidizeRequires appropriate safety strategy
Need to avoid accidental large-scale release of cold oxygen with ground plumeMultiple safety strategies
Preheat oxygen in storage so buoyant upon releaseFlare stack release
28
28
←Chevron Phillips↑
Clemens H2
Terminal160 x
1000 ft cylinder salt cavern
Low-Cost High-Efficiency Methods Being Developed to Convert Oxygen and Hydrogen
to Peak Electricity
High-temperature steam cycle
2H2+ O2 → Steam
Low costNo boilerHigh efficiency (70%)
Unique feature: Direct production of high-pressure high-
temperature steam
Steam
1500º
C
Hydrogen
Water
Pump Condenser
Burner
SteamTurbine
InOut
Cooling
Water
Generator
Oxygen
29
29Alternative: Hydrogen/Oxygen Fuel Cell
Oxy-Hydrogen Combustor Replaces Steam Boiler: Lower Cost & Higher Efficiency But Requires Hydrogen and Oxygen As Feed
Coal Boiler to Produce Steam
Oxy-Hydrogen Combustor to Produce Steam 30
Nuclear Peak Power Nuclear Combustion Combined-Cycle (NCCC)
31
Base-Load Nuclear Operation With Variable Electricity Production
The NCCC Plant is Similar to a Natural-Gas Combined-Cycle Plant
Feedwater
Pump
SteamTurbine
Generator
Condenser
To Stack
Heat Recovery
Boiler
Turbine
Generator
Steam Turbine Cycle
Exhaust Gas
Gas Turbine Cycle
Air
Compressor
Fuel
Combustor(Peak Electricity)
Heat from Reactor(Base-Load Electricity)
Two Heat Sources
32
32
Base-Load NCCC Electricity
Steam Turbine Cycle
Gas Turbine Cycle
FeedwaterPump
SteamTurbine
Generator
Condenser
To Stack
Heat Recovery
Boiler
Turbine
Generator
Exhaust Gas
Air
Compressor
Fuel
Combustor(PeakElectricity)
Heat From Reactor(Base Load Electricity)
Compress airHeat air
Nuclear heat (helium or liquid-salt intermediate loop from reactor to power cycle)700 to 900°C
No fuel to combustorHot air expands through gas turbine to generate electricityExhaust gas to heat recovery steam generatorSteam used to generate additional electricity
33
33
Peak-Load NCCC Electricity
Steam Turbine Cycle
Gas Turbine Cycle
FeedwaterPump
SteamTurbine
Generator
Condenser
To Stack
Heat Recovery
Boiler
Turbine
Generator
Exhaust Gas
Air
Compressor
Fuel
Combustor(PeakElectricity)
Heat From Reactor(Base Load Electricity)
Compress airHeat air
Nuclear heat (helium or liquid-salt intermediate loop from reactor to power cycle)700 to 900°C
Fuel to combustorTemperature to 1300°C
Hydrogen, natural gas, or oil
Hot combustion gas through gas turbine to generate electricityExhaust gas to heat recovery steam generatorSteam generates additional electricity
34
34
The NCCC Operates Above Fuel Auto-Ignition Temperatures
The NCCC requires a high-temperature reactor (>700°C)After nuclear heating, air temperatures are above the fuel auto-ignition temperaturesFuels spontaneously combust
Jet Fuel: 240–260°CNatural gas: 630°CHydrogen: 570°C
This characteristic creates unique power generation capabilities
35
35
An NCCC Plant has Infinitely Variable Output and Extremely Fast Response
FeedwaterPump
SteamTurbine
Generator
Condenser
To Stack
Heat Recovery
Boiler
Turbine
Generator
Exhaust Gas
Air
Compressor
Fuel
Combustor(PeakElectricity)
Heat From Reactor(Base Load Electricity)
Infinitely variable outputNo need to match fuel-to-air ratio because above auto-ignition temperature
Rapid response relative to traditional gas turbines
Air heated above the auto-ignition temperature so any air-fuel ratio is combustibleCompressor operates at constant speed and powered by nuclear heat—no additional compressor inertia or load with increased electricity production
36
36
NCCC Hydrogen OptionUse reactor to produce hydrogen when low electricity demandStore hydrogen (no oxygen storage)Use hydrogen for peak power productionElectricity to grid from zero to maximum while reactor at constant power
37
37
↑Hydrogen production (Electrolysis)←Chevron Phillips Clemens H2
Storage Terminal
System Benefits
07-017
FeedwaterPump
SteamTurbine
Generator
Condenser
To Stack
Heat Recovery
Boiler
Turbine
Generator
Exhaust Gas
Air
Compressor
Fuel
Combustor(PeakElectricity)
Heat From Reactor(Base Load Electricity)
Low-cost base-load nuclear powerNo greenhouse gas releases with hydrogen fuelRapid response to stabilize electric grid
Premium electric serviceLarge-scale peak electric output (>100 MW)Equivalent options are expensive (Battery, etc.)
38
38
The challengeGetting off oilStopping climate change
Different energy sources have different strengths and weaknesses—no silver bulletsDifferent strengths and weaknesses of energy sources create incentives for coupling different energy sources to meet human needs
Major technical challengesMajor institutional challenges (compartmentalized energy sources)
Conclusions
39
07-062
Questions?
40
—Abstract—
Nuclear-Fossil, Nuclear-Bio, and Nuclear-Renewable Futures
Charles Forsberg
The worldwide cost of oil is three to four trillion dollars per year—in addition to the risks associated with dependence on foreign oil. The risks of climate change and changing the geochemistry of the biosphere from emissions of greenhouse gases imply severe limits on allowable emissions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. These constraints suggest the need for a new energy paradigm where energy systems are combined to meet human needs—an energy paradigm with combined nuclear-fossil, nuclear-bio, and nuclear-renewable energy systems.
The production of liquid fuels from feedstocks such biomass, heavy oil, shale oil, and coal requires massive quantities of energy. For example, in coal liquefaction more carbon dioxide is released from the process of converting coal to diesel fuel than in combustion of the diesel fuel. Combined nuclear-fossil systems where nuclear energy provides the process heat and hydrogen to convert fossil fuels into liquid fuels could enable every fossil carbon molecule to be converted to liquid fuels and thus minimize total greenhouse gas releases per liter of fuel. Production of liquid fuels from biomass can avoid greenhouse gas emissions; however, there is insufficient biomass to meet liquid fuels needs. Combined nuclear-bio systems could use nuclear energy to provided the heat and hydrogen to fully convert every carbon atom in biomass feedstocks to liquid fuels and more than double the liquid fuels production per ton of biomass. Such options could enable biomass to meet most of our liquid fuel energy needs.The use of renewables for electricity production faces a fundamental challenge: how to produce electricity when the
wind does not blow or the sun does not shine. Today natural-gas turbines are used to provide backup power—an option that is not viable in a greenhouse constrained world. However, there are multiple nuclear energy options to provide backup power such as the Hydrogen Intermediate and Peak Energy System and the Combined Cycle Combustion System. These and other options could produce peak electricity using nuclear energy systems where the reactor operates at steady state; but, the electricity from the power station can be adjusted to meet power demands.
A rethinking of energy strategies is required with a consideration of combined nuclear-fossil, nuclear-bio, and nuclear renewable energy systems. It is an option that may accomplish what separate nuclear, fossil, bio, and renewable energy systems can not achieve individually. 41
Biography and References
Dr. Charles Forsberg is the Executive Director of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Nuclear Fuel Cycle Study. Before joining MIT, he was a Corporate
Fellow at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. He is a Fellow of the American Nuclear Society, and recipient of the 2005 Robert E. Wilson Award from the American Institute of Chemical Engineers for outstanding chemical engineering contributions to nuclear energy, including his work in hydrogen production and nuclear-renewable energy futures. He received the American Nuclear Society special award for innovative nuclear reactor design. Dr. Forsberg earned his bachelor's degree in chemical engineering from the University of Minnesota and his doctorate in Nuclear Engineering from MIT. He has been awarded 10 patents and has published over 200 papers.
42
1. C. W. Forsberg, “Sustainability by Combining Nuclear, Fossil, and Renewable Energy Sources,” Progress in Nuclear Energy (PNUCENE-D-08-00007).
2. C. W. Forsberg, “Nuclear Energy for a Low-Carbon-Dioxide-Emission Transportation System with Liquid Fuels,” Nuclear Technology, 164, December 2008.
3. C. W. Forsberg, “Meeting U.S. Liquid Transport Fuel Needs with a Nuclear Hydrogen Biomass System,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2008), doi.10.1016/j.ijhyden.2008.07.110
4. C. W. Forsberg, “Use of High-Temperature Heat in Refineries, Underground Refining, and Bio-Refineries for Liquid-Fuels Production,” HTR2008-58226, 4th International Topical Meeting on High-Temperature Reactor Technology, American Society of Mechanical Engineers; September 28-October 1, 2008;Washington D.C.
5. C. W. Forsberg, “An Air-Brayton Nuclear Hydrogen Combined-Cycle Peak- and Base-Load Electric Plant,” CD-ROM, IMECE2007-43907, 2007 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Seattle, Washington, November 11-15, 2007, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007
6. C. W. Forsberg, “Economics of Meeting Peak Electricity Demand Using Nuclear Hydrogen and Oxygen,” Proc. International Topical Meeting on the Safety and Technology of Nuclear Hydrogen Production, Control, and Management, Boston, Massachusetts, June 24-28, 2007, American Nuclear Society, La Grange Park, Illinois.
Backup Slides
43
Transportation is the Primary Use for Crude Oil in the United States
Crude OilSupply15.23
Crude OilRefinery
and BlenderNet Input
15.24
Refineryand Blender
Net Input16.91
Refineryand Blender
NetProduction
17.91Crude OilProduction
5.14
Crude OilImports10.10
Crude OilAdjustments
0.01
Crude OilStock
Change0.03
NGPLRefinery
and BlenderNet Inputs
0.47
ProcessingGain1.00
NGPLDirectUse1.27
Finished PetroleumProducts Adjustment
and Other LiquidsProduct Supplied
0.57
Refined ProductsStock Change 0.03
ElectricPower0.29
Transportation13.99
PetroleumConsumption
20.59
Other 2.83
Residual Fuel Oil 0.68
Distillate FuelOil 4.17
Jet Fuel 1.62Liquefied Petroleum Gases 2.04
Motor Gasoline9.23
Industrial5.12
Commercial0.37
Residential0.83
RefinedProductsExports
1.23
RefinedProductsImports
2.10
Other LiquidsRefinery andBlender Net
Inputs1.20
Crude OilExports
0.02
U.S. Energy Information Agency: Annual Energy Review 2006
Oil in Millions of Barrels per Day44
Carbon Emissions
CO2
in Atmosphere
Global Economic Effects
Global Warming
Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Climate Change may Restrict Carbon Dioxide Releases from Transportation
45
Transportation Fuels Make Up 1/3 of Total GHG Carbon Emissions
Coal498
Gas317
Petroleum594
85 OI80 A/F
60 MSW
Buildings489
Industry549
Transportation457
A/F 80
MSW 60
U.S. EnergySystem
Nuclear 140
Renewable 70
EmissionsAvoidance
1000
0
500
1500
Em
issi
ons
(MtC
)
Sources: End Use Sectors:
28% Must Be “Portable”
64% Theoretically Replaceable by “Immobile”Nuclear Solar Electrical Power
MSW = Municipal Solid WasteA/F = Agriculture and ForestryOI = Other Industrial
(EIA, 2002)
46
Nuclear Energy Characteristics Couple With Fossil and Biomass Liquids Production
No greenhouse gas releasesLiquid-fuel plants operate need steady-state heat inputsNuclear plant produce steady-
state heat outputs
47
Fossil Fuels are Used Today to Match Electricity Demand with ProductionFossil fuels are inexpensive to store
(coal piles,
oil tanks, etc.)
Carbon dioxide sequestration is likely to be very expensive for peak-load fossil-fueled plants
If fossil-fuel consumption is limited by greenhouse or cost constraints, what are the alternatives for peak power production?
Systems to convert fossil fuels to electricity have low capital costs
48
48
Dollars/MW(e)-h
Hou
rs/y
ear
Hou
rs/y
ear
Dollars/MW(e)-h
Peak Power Has A Higher Price Than Base-Load Electricity
Marginal Electricity Price Versus Hours/Year
-
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
<5
5-10
10-1
5
15-2
0
20-2
5
25-3
0
30-3
5
35-4
0
40-4
5
45-5
0
50-5
5
55-6
0
60-6
5
65-7
0
70-7
5
75-8
0
80-8
5
85-9
0
90-9
5
>95 -
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
<5
5-10
10-1
5
15-2
0
20-2
5
25-3
0
30-3
5
35-4
0
40-4
5
45-5
0
50-5
5
55-6
0
60-6
5
65-7
0
70-7
5
75-8
0
80-8
5
85-9
0
90-9
5
>95
-
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
<5
5-10
10-1
5
15-2
0
20-2
5
25-3
0
30-3
5
35-4
0
40-4
5
45-5
0
50-5
5
55-6
0
60-6
5
65-7
0
70-7
5
75-8
0
80-8
5
85-9
0
90-9
5
>95 -
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
<5
5-10
10-1
5
15-2
0
20-2
5
25-3
0
30-3
5
35-4
0
40-4
5
45-5
0
50-5
5
55-6
0
60-6
5
65-7
0
70-7
5
75-8
0
80-8
5
85-9
0
90-9
5
>95
FY2004 FERC Marginal Price
Los Angeles Department of Water and PowerArizona Public Service
SouthernSeattle
49
49
Oxy-Fuel Combustors Are Being Developed for Advanced Fossil Plants
Hydrogen + Oxygen → SteamReplace fossil steam boiler
Traditional fossil boiler is 10-stories highCombustor fits in a room
Radical reduction in power plant cost
Courtesy of Clean Energy Systems (CES)
50
50
Using Hydrogen and Oxygen Reduces Power Plant Size by 90%
Coal plantSteam boilerTurbine-generator
Hydrogen-oxygen combustor plant
Turbine-generatorMethod for low-capital cost peak power to backup renewables—if have available stored oxygen and hydrogen feedNuclear energy becomes the enabling technology for renewable electricity
Coal Plant 51