nuclear power plant by: cris macaranas
DESCRIPTION
download mo muna tapos buksan mo sa POWERPOINT. may effects yan. thanksTRANSCRIPT
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
GROUP 2
About one ndash sixth off the worldrsquos electricity is generated by nuclear power plants over 435 of them are currently in operation around the globe The nuclear power plant stands on the border between humanityrsquos greatest hopes and the deepest fears for the future
Nuclear power plant have an important role in our country Why Just because it can easily provide electrical energy to produce light to entertain us while watching television etc And it does not contribute to carbon emissions simply no carbon dioxide (CO2) is given out therefore it does not cause global warning
A nuclear power plant is a (given) place where people make electricity using heat from nuclear reactions The plant also has machines which remove heat from the reactor to operate of steam turbine and generator to make electricity Nuclear power plants are usually near water to remove the heat the reactor makes But what happens inside a nuclear power plants to such marvels
INTRODUCTION
Nuclear Power Plants produce to controlled air pollutions such as sulphur and particulates or greenhouse gases The use of nuclear energy in place of other energy sources helps to keep the air clean presence the earthrsquos climate avoid ground level ozone formation and prevent acid rain Of all energy sources nuclear energy has perhaps the lowest impact on the environment specially in relation to kilowatts produced because nuclear power plants do not emit harmful gases require relatively small area and effectively minimize or negative other impacts In other words nuclear power plant is the most ldquoecologically efficientrdquo provides of all energy sources Why Because it produces the most electricity in relation to its minimal environment impact
HISTORYAs of 16 January 2013 the IAEA report there are
439 nuclear power reactors in operation operating in 31 countries Nuclear power plants are usually considered to be base load stations since fuel is a small part of the cost of production
Electricity was generated by a nuclear reactor for the first time ever on September 3 1948 at the X-10 Graphite Reactor in Oak Ridge Tennessee in the United States and was the first nuclear power plant to power a light bulb The second larger experiment occurred on December 20 1951 at the EBR-I experimental station near Arco Idaho in the United States On June 27 1954 the worlds first nuclear power plant to generate electricity for a grid started operations at the Soviet city of Obninsk The worlds first full scale power station Calder Hall in England opened on October 17 1956
Nuclear power was considered as a solution to the 1973 oil crisis in which the Philippines was affected The Bataan Nuclear Power Plant was built in the early 1980s but never went into operation because it sits on a tectonic fault and volcano The Fukushima nuclear disaster gave pause to efforts to revive the plant
Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
The Philippine Nuclear Power Plant started in 1958 with the creation of the Philippine Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) under a regime of martial law Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos in July 1973 announced the decision to build a nuclear power plant This was in response to the 1973 oil crisis as the Middle East oil embargo had put a heavy strain on the Philippine economy and Marcos believed nuclear power to be the solution to meeting the countrys energy demands and decreasing dependence on imported oil
Construction on the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant began in 1976 Following the 1979 Three Mile Island accident in the United States construction on the BNPP was stopped and a subsequent safety inquiry into the plant revealed over 4000 defects Among the issues raised was that it was built near major earthquake fault lines and close to the then dormant Pinatubo volcano
By 1984 when the BNPP was nearly complete its cost had reached $US23 billion Equipped with a Westinghouse light water reactor it was designed to produce 621 megawatts of electricity
Marcos was overthrown by the People Power Revolution in 1986 Days after the April 1986 Chernobyl disaster the succeeding administration of President Corazon Aquino decided not to operate the plant
Among other considerations taken were the strong opposition from Bataan residents and Philippine citizens
The government sued Westinghouse for overpricing and bribery but was ultimately rejected by a United States court Debt repayment on the plant became the countrys biggest single obligation While successive governments have looked at several proposals to convert the plant into an oil coal or gas-fired power station these options have all been deemed less economically attractive in the long term than simply constructing new power stations
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor As is typical in all conventional thermal power stations the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator which produces electricity As of 16 January 2013 the IAEA report there are 439 nuclear power reactors in operation operating in 31 countries Nuclear power plants are usually considered to be base load stations since fuel is a small part of the cost of production
BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
Pressurized Water Reactor- Pressurized Water Reactors (also known as PWRs)
keep water under pressure so that it heats but does not boil This heated water is circulated through tubes in steam generators allowing the water in the steam generators to turn to steam which then turns the turbine generator Water from the reactor and the water that is turned into steam are in separate systems and do not mix
Boiling Water Reactor- In Boiling Water Reactors (also known as BWRs) the
water heated by fission actually boils and turns into steam to turn the turbine generator In both PWRs and BWRs the steam is turned back into water and can be used again in the process
About one ndash sixth off the worldrsquos electricity is generated by nuclear power plants over 435 of them are currently in operation around the globe The nuclear power plant stands on the border between humanityrsquos greatest hopes and the deepest fears for the future
Nuclear power plant have an important role in our country Why Just because it can easily provide electrical energy to produce light to entertain us while watching television etc And it does not contribute to carbon emissions simply no carbon dioxide (CO2) is given out therefore it does not cause global warning
A nuclear power plant is a (given) place where people make electricity using heat from nuclear reactions The plant also has machines which remove heat from the reactor to operate of steam turbine and generator to make electricity Nuclear power plants are usually near water to remove the heat the reactor makes But what happens inside a nuclear power plants to such marvels
INTRODUCTION
Nuclear Power Plants produce to controlled air pollutions such as sulphur and particulates or greenhouse gases The use of nuclear energy in place of other energy sources helps to keep the air clean presence the earthrsquos climate avoid ground level ozone formation and prevent acid rain Of all energy sources nuclear energy has perhaps the lowest impact on the environment specially in relation to kilowatts produced because nuclear power plants do not emit harmful gases require relatively small area and effectively minimize or negative other impacts In other words nuclear power plant is the most ldquoecologically efficientrdquo provides of all energy sources Why Because it produces the most electricity in relation to its minimal environment impact
HISTORYAs of 16 January 2013 the IAEA report there are
439 nuclear power reactors in operation operating in 31 countries Nuclear power plants are usually considered to be base load stations since fuel is a small part of the cost of production
Electricity was generated by a nuclear reactor for the first time ever on September 3 1948 at the X-10 Graphite Reactor in Oak Ridge Tennessee in the United States and was the first nuclear power plant to power a light bulb The second larger experiment occurred on December 20 1951 at the EBR-I experimental station near Arco Idaho in the United States On June 27 1954 the worlds first nuclear power plant to generate electricity for a grid started operations at the Soviet city of Obninsk The worlds first full scale power station Calder Hall in England opened on October 17 1956
Nuclear power was considered as a solution to the 1973 oil crisis in which the Philippines was affected The Bataan Nuclear Power Plant was built in the early 1980s but never went into operation because it sits on a tectonic fault and volcano The Fukushima nuclear disaster gave pause to efforts to revive the plant
Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
The Philippine Nuclear Power Plant started in 1958 with the creation of the Philippine Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) under a regime of martial law Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos in July 1973 announced the decision to build a nuclear power plant This was in response to the 1973 oil crisis as the Middle East oil embargo had put a heavy strain on the Philippine economy and Marcos believed nuclear power to be the solution to meeting the countrys energy demands and decreasing dependence on imported oil
Construction on the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant began in 1976 Following the 1979 Three Mile Island accident in the United States construction on the BNPP was stopped and a subsequent safety inquiry into the plant revealed over 4000 defects Among the issues raised was that it was built near major earthquake fault lines and close to the then dormant Pinatubo volcano
By 1984 when the BNPP was nearly complete its cost had reached $US23 billion Equipped with a Westinghouse light water reactor it was designed to produce 621 megawatts of electricity
Marcos was overthrown by the People Power Revolution in 1986 Days after the April 1986 Chernobyl disaster the succeeding administration of President Corazon Aquino decided not to operate the plant
Among other considerations taken were the strong opposition from Bataan residents and Philippine citizens
The government sued Westinghouse for overpricing and bribery but was ultimately rejected by a United States court Debt repayment on the plant became the countrys biggest single obligation While successive governments have looked at several proposals to convert the plant into an oil coal or gas-fired power station these options have all been deemed less economically attractive in the long term than simply constructing new power stations
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor As is typical in all conventional thermal power stations the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator which produces electricity As of 16 January 2013 the IAEA report there are 439 nuclear power reactors in operation operating in 31 countries Nuclear power plants are usually considered to be base load stations since fuel is a small part of the cost of production
BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
Pressurized Water Reactor- Pressurized Water Reactors (also known as PWRs)
keep water under pressure so that it heats but does not boil This heated water is circulated through tubes in steam generators allowing the water in the steam generators to turn to steam which then turns the turbine generator Water from the reactor and the water that is turned into steam are in separate systems and do not mix
Boiling Water Reactor- In Boiling Water Reactors (also known as BWRs) the
water heated by fission actually boils and turns into steam to turn the turbine generator In both PWRs and BWRs the steam is turned back into water and can be used again in the process
Nuclear Power Plants produce to controlled air pollutions such as sulphur and particulates or greenhouse gases The use of nuclear energy in place of other energy sources helps to keep the air clean presence the earthrsquos climate avoid ground level ozone formation and prevent acid rain Of all energy sources nuclear energy has perhaps the lowest impact on the environment specially in relation to kilowatts produced because nuclear power plants do not emit harmful gases require relatively small area and effectively minimize or negative other impacts In other words nuclear power plant is the most ldquoecologically efficientrdquo provides of all energy sources Why Because it produces the most electricity in relation to its minimal environment impact
HISTORYAs of 16 January 2013 the IAEA report there are
439 nuclear power reactors in operation operating in 31 countries Nuclear power plants are usually considered to be base load stations since fuel is a small part of the cost of production
Electricity was generated by a nuclear reactor for the first time ever on September 3 1948 at the X-10 Graphite Reactor in Oak Ridge Tennessee in the United States and was the first nuclear power plant to power a light bulb The second larger experiment occurred on December 20 1951 at the EBR-I experimental station near Arco Idaho in the United States On June 27 1954 the worlds first nuclear power plant to generate electricity for a grid started operations at the Soviet city of Obninsk The worlds first full scale power station Calder Hall in England opened on October 17 1956
Nuclear power was considered as a solution to the 1973 oil crisis in which the Philippines was affected The Bataan Nuclear Power Plant was built in the early 1980s but never went into operation because it sits on a tectonic fault and volcano The Fukushima nuclear disaster gave pause to efforts to revive the plant
Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
The Philippine Nuclear Power Plant started in 1958 with the creation of the Philippine Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) under a regime of martial law Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos in July 1973 announced the decision to build a nuclear power plant This was in response to the 1973 oil crisis as the Middle East oil embargo had put a heavy strain on the Philippine economy and Marcos believed nuclear power to be the solution to meeting the countrys energy demands and decreasing dependence on imported oil
Construction on the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant began in 1976 Following the 1979 Three Mile Island accident in the United States construction on the BNPP was stopped and a subsequent safety inquiry into the plant revealed over 4000 defects Among the issues raised was that it was built near major earthquake fault lines and close to the then dormant Pinatubo volcano
By 1984 when the BNPP was nearly complete its cost had reached $US23 billion Equipped with a Westinghouse light water reactor it was designed to produce 621 megawatts of electricity
Marcos was overthrown by the People Power Revolution in 1986 Days after the April 1986 Chernobyl disaster the succeeding administration of President Corazon Aquino decided not to operate the plant
Among other considerations taken were the strong opposition from Bataan residents and Philippine citizens
The government sued Westinghouse for overpricing and bribery but was ultimately rejected by a United States court Debt repayment on the plant became the countrys biggest single obligation While successive governments have looked at several proposals to convert the plant into an oil coal or gas-fired power station these options have all been deemed less economically attractive in the long term than simply constructing new power stations
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor As is typical in all conventional thermal power stations the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator which produces electricity As of 16 January 2013 the IAEA report there are 439 nuclear power reactors in operation operating in 31 countries Nuclear power plants are usually considered to be base load stations since fuel is a small part of the cost of production
BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
Pressurized Water Reactor- Pressurized Water Reactors (also known as PWRs)
keep water under pressure so that it heats but does not boil This heated water is circulated through tubes in steam generators allowing the water in the steam generators to turn to steam which then turns the turbine generator Water from the reactor and the water that is turned into steam are in separate systems and do not mix
Boiling Water Reactor- In Boiling Water Reactors (also known as BWRs) the
water heated by fission actually boils and turns into steam to turn the turbine generator In both PWRs and BWRs the steam is turned back into water and can be used again in the process
HISTORYAs of 16 January 2013 the IAEA report there are
439 nuclear power reactors in operation operating in 31 countries Nuclear power plants are usually considered to be base load stations since fuel is a small part of the cost of production
Electricity was generated by a nuclear reactor for the first time ever on September 3 1948 at the X-10 Graphite Reactor in Oak Ridge Tennessee in the United States and was the first nuclear power plant to power a light bulb The second larger experiment occurred on December 20 1951 at the EBR-I experimental station near Arco Idaho in the United States On June 27 1954 the worlds first nuclear power plant to generate electricity for a grid started operations at the Soviet city of Obninsk The worlds first full scale power station Calder Hall in England opened on October 17 1956
Nuclear power was considered as a solution to the 1973 oil crisis in which the Philippines was affected The Bataan Nuclear Power Plant was built in the early 1980s but never went into operation because it sits on a tectonic fault and volcano The Fukushima nuclear disaster gave pause to efforts to revive the plant
Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
The Philippine Nuclear Power Plant started in 1958 with the creation of the Philippine Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) under a regime of martial law Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos in July 1973 announced the decision to build a nuclear power plant This was in response to the 1973 oil crisis as the Middle East oil embargo had put a heavy strain on the Philippine economy and Marcos believed nuclear power to be the solution to meeting the countrys energy demands and decreasing dependence on imported oil
Construction on the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant began in 1976 Following the 1979 Three Mile Island accident in the United States construction on the BNPP was stopped and a subsequent safety inquiry into the plant revealed over 4000 defects Among the issues raised was that it was built near major earthquake fault lines and close to the then dormant Pinatubo volcano
By 1984 when the BNPP was nearly complete its cost had reached $US23 billion Equipped with a Westinghouse light water reactor it was designed to produce 621 megawatts of electricity
Marcos was overthrown by the People Power Revolution in 1986 Days after the April 1986 Chernobyl disaster the succeeding administration of President Corazon Aquino decided not to operate the plant
Among other considerations taken were the strong opposition from Bataan residents and Philippine citizens
The government sued Westinghouse for overpricing and bribery but was ultimately rejected by a United States court Debt repayment on the plant became the countrys biggest single obligation While successive governments have looked at several proposals to convert the plant into an oil coal or gas-fired power station these options have all been deemed less economically attractive in the long term than simply constructing new power stations
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor As is typical in all conventional thermal power stations the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator which produces electricity As of 16 January 2013 the IAEA report there are 439 nuclear power reactors in operation operating in 31 countries Nuclear power plants are usually considered to be base load stations since fuel is a small part of the cost of production
BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
Pressurized Water Reactor- Pressurized Water Reactors (also known as PWRs)
keep water under pressure so that it heats but does not boil This heated water is circulated through tubes in steam generators allowing the water in the steam generators to turn to steam which then turns the turbine generator Water from the reactor and the water that is turned into steam are in separate systems and do not mix
Boiling Water Reactor- In Boiling Water Reactors (also known as BWRs) the
water heated by fission actually boils and turns into steam to turn the turbine generator In both PWRs and BWRs the steam is turned back into water and can be used again in the process
Nuclear power was considered as a solution to the 1973 oil crisis in which the Philippines was affected The Bataan Nuclear Power Plant was built in the early 1980s but never went into operation because it sits on a tectonic fault and volcano The Fukushima nuclear disaster gave pause to efforts to revive the plant
Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
The Philippine Nuclear Power Plant started in 1958 with the creation of the Philippine Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) under a regime of martial law Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos in July 1973 announced the decision to build a nuclear power plant This was in response to the 1973 oil crisis as the Middle East oil embargo had put a heavy strain on the Philippine economy and Marcos believed nuclear power to be the solution to meeting the countrys energy demands and decreasing dependence on imported oil
Construction on the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant began in 1976 Following the 1979 Three Mile Island accident in the United States construction on the BNPP was stopped and a subsequent safety inquiry into the plant revealed over 4000 defects Among the issues raised was that it was built near major earthquake fault lines and close to the then dormant Pinatubo volcano
By 1984 when the BNPP was nearly complete its cost had reached $US23 billion Equipped with a Westinghouse light water reactor it was designed to produce 621 megawatts of electricity
Marcos was overthrown by the People Power Revolution in 1986 Days after the April 1986 Chernobyl disaster the succeeding administration of President Corazon Aquino decided not to operate the plant
Among other considerations taken were the strong opposition from Bataan residents and Philippine citizens
The government sued Westinghouse for overpricing and bribery but was ultimately rejected by a United States court Debt repayment on the plant became the countrys biggest single obligation While successive governments have looked at several proposals to convert the plant into an oil coal or gas-fired power station these options have all been deemed less economically attractive in the long term than simply constructing new power stations
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor As is typical in all conventional thermal power stations the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator which produces electricity As of 16 January 2013 the IAEA report there are 439 nuclear power reactors in operation operating in 31 countries Nuclear power plants are usually considered to be base load stations since fuel is a small part of the cost of production
BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
Pressurized Water Reactor- Pressurized Water Reactors (also known as PWRs)
keep water under pressure so that it heats but does not boil This heated water is circulated through tubes in steam generators allowing the water in the steam generators to turn to steam which then turns the turbine generator Water from the reactor and the water that is turned into steam are in separate systems and do not mix
Boiling Water Reactor- In Boiling Water Reactors (also known as BWRs) the
water heated by fission actually boils and turns into steam to turn the turbine generator In both PWRs and BWRs the steam is turned back into water and can be used again in the process
Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
The Philippine Nuclear Power Plant started in 1958 with the creation of the Philippine Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) under a regime of martial law Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos in July 1973 announced the decision to build a nuclear power plant This was in response to the 1973 oil crisis as the Middle East oil embargo had put a heavy strain on the Philippine economy and Marcos believed nuclear power to be the solution to meeting the countrys energy demands and decreasing dependence on imported oil
Construction on the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant began in 1976 Following the 1979 Three Mile Island accident in the United States construction on the BNPP was stopped and a subsequent safety inquiry into the plant revealed over 4000 defects Among the issues raised was that it was built near major earthquake fault lines and close to the then dormant Pinatubo volcano
By 1984 when the BNPP was nearly complete its cost had reached $US23 billion Equipped with a Westinghouse light water reactor it was designed to produce 621 megawatts of electricity
Marcos was overthrown by the People Power Revolution in 1986 Days after the April 1986 Chernobyl disaster the succeeding administration of President Corazon Aquino decided not to operate the plant
Among other considerations taken were the strong opposition from Bataan residents and Philippine citizens
The government sued Westinghouse for overpricing and bribery but was ultimately rejected by a United States court Debt repayment on the plant became the countrys biggest single obligation While successive governments have looked at several proposals to convert the plant into an oil coal or gas-fired power station these options have all been deemed less economically attractive in the long term than simply constructing new power stations
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor As is typical in all conventional thermal power stations the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator which produces electricity As of 16 January 2013 the IAEA report there are 439 nuclear power reactors in operation operating in 31 countries Nuclear power plants are usually considered to be base load stations since fuel is a small part of the cost of production
BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
Pressurized Water Reactor- Pressurized Water Reactors (also known as PWRs)
keep water under pressure so that it heats but does not boil This heated water is circulated through tubes in steam generators allowing the water in the steam generators to turn to steam which then turns the turbine generator Water from the reactor and the water that is turned into steam are in separate systems and do not mix
Boiling Water Reactor- In Boiling Water Reactors (also known as BWRs) the
water heated by fission actually boils and turns into steam to turn the turbine generator In both PWRs and BWRs the steam is turned back into water and can be used again in the process
Construction on the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant began in 1976 Following the 1979 Three Mile Island accident in the United States construction on the BNPP was stopped and a subsequent safety inquiry into the plant revealed over 4000 defects Among the issues raised was that it was built near major earthquake fault lines and close to the then dormant Pinatubo volcano
By 1984 when the BNPP was nearly complete its cost had reached $US23 billion Equipped with a Westinghouse light water reactor it was designed to produce 621 megawatts of electricity
Marcos was overthrown by the People Power Revolution in 1986 Days after the April 1986 Chernobyl disaster the succeeding administration of President Corazon Aquino decided not to operate the plant
Among other considerations taken were the strong opposition from Bataan residents and Philippine citizens
The government sued Westinghouse for overpricing and bribery but was ultimately rejected by a United States court Debt repayment on the plant became the countrys biggest single obligation While successive governments have looked at several proposals to convert the plant into an oil coal or gas-fired power station these options have all been deemed less economically attractive in the long term than simply constructing new power stations
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor As is typical in all conventional thermal power stations the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator which produces electricity As of 16 January 2013 the IAEA report there are 439 nuclear power reactors in operation operating in 31 countries Nuclear power plants are usually considered to be base load stations since fuel is a small part of the cost of production
BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
Pressurized Water Reactor- Pressurized Water Reactors (also known as PWRs)
keep water under pressure so that it heats but does not boil This heated water is circulated through tubes in steam generators allowing the water in the steam generators to turn to steam which then turns the turbine generator Water from the reactor and the water that is turned into steam are in separate systems and do not mix
Boiling Water Reactor- In Boiling Water Reactors (also known as BWRs) the
water heated by fission actually boils and turns into steam to turn the turbine generator In both PWRs and BWRs the steam is turned back into water and can be used again in the process
Marcos was overthrown by the People Power Revolution in 1986 Days after the April 1986 Chernobyl disaster the succeeding administration of President Corazon Aquino decided not to operate the plant
Among other considerations taken were the strong opposition from Bataan residents and Philippine citizens
The government sued Westinghouse for overpricing and bribery but was ultimately rejected by a United States court Debt repayment on the plant became the countrys biggest single obligation While successive governments have looked at several proposals to convert the plant into an oil coal or gas-fired power station these options have all been deemed less economically attractive in the long term than simply constructing new power stations
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor As is typical in all conventional thermal power stations the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator which produces electricity As of 16 January 2013 the IAEA report there are 439 nuclear power reactors in operation operating in 31 countries Nuclear power plants are usually considered to be base load stations since fuel is a small part of the cost of production
BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
Pressurized Water Reactor- Pressurized Water Reactors (also known as PWRs)
keep water under pressure so that it heats but does not boil This heated water is circulated through tubes in steam generators allowing the water in the steam generators to turn to steam which then turns the turbine generator Water from the reactor and the water that is turned into steam are in separate systems and do not mix
Boiling Water Reactor- In Boiling Water Reactors (also known as BWRs) the
water heated by fission actually boils and turns into steam to turn the turbine generator In both PWRs and BWRs the steam is turned back into water and can be used again in the process
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor As is typical in all conventional thermal power stations the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator which produces electricity As of 16 January 2013 the IAEA report there are 439 nuclear power reactors in operation operating in 31 countries Nuclear power plants are usually considered to be base load stations since fuel is a small part of the cost of production
BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
Pressurized Water Reactor- Pressurized Water Reactors (also known as PWRs)
keep water under pressure so that it heats but does not boil This heated water is circulated through tubes in steam generators allowing the water in the steam generators to turn to steam which then turns the turbine generator Water from the reactor and the water that is turned into steam are in separate systems and do not mix
Boiling Water Reactor- In Boiling Water Reactors (also known as BWRs) the
water heated by fission actually boils and turns into steam to turn the turbine generator In both PWRs and BWRs the steam is turned back into water and can be used again in the process
JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
Pressurized Water Reactor- Pressurized Water Reactors (also known as PWRs)
keep water under pressure so that it heats but does not boil This heated water is circulated through tubes in steam generators allowing the water in the steam generators to turn to steam which then turns the turbine generator Water from the reactor and the water that is turned into steam are in separate systems and do not mix
Boiling Water Reactor- In Boiling Water Reactors (also known as BWRs) the
water heated by fission actually boils and turns into steam to turn the turbine generator In both PWRs and BWRs the steam is turned back into water and can be used again in the process
US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
Pressurized Water Reactor- Pressurized Water Reactors (also known as PWRs)
keep water under pressure so that it heats but does not boil This heated water is circulated through tubes in steam generators allowing the water in the steam generators to turn to steam which then turns the turbine generator Water from the reactor and the water that is turned into steam are in separate systems and do not mix
Boiling Water Reactor- In Boiling Water Reactors (also known as BWRs) the
water heated by fission actually boils and turns into steam to turn the turbine generator In both PWRs and BWRs the steam is turned back into water and can be used again in the process
KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
Pressurized Water Reactor- Pressurized Water Reactors (also known as PWRs)
keep water under pressure so that it heats but does not boil This heated water is circulated through tubes in steam generators allowing the water in the steam generators to turn to steam which then turns the turbine generator Water from the reactor and the water that is turned into steam are in separate systems and do not mix
Boiling Water Reactor- In Boiling Water Reactors (also known as BWRs) the
water heated by fission actually boils and turns into steam to turn the turbine generator In both PWRs and BWRs the steam is turned back into water and can be used again in the process
IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
Pressurized Water Reactor- Pressurized Water Reactors (also known as PWRs)
keep water under pressure so that it heats but does not boil This heated water is circulated through tubes in steam generators allowing the water in the steam generators to turn to steam which then turns the turbine generator Water from the reactor and the water that is turned into steam are in separate systems and do not mix
Boiling Water Reactor- In Boiling Water Reactors (also known as BWRs) the
water heated by fission actually boils and turns into steam to turn the turbine generator In both PWRs and BWRs the steam is turned back into water and can be used again in the process
TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
Pressurized Water Reactor- Pressurized Water Reactors (also known as PWRs)
keep water under pressure so that it heats but does not boil This heated water is circulated through tubes in steam generators allowing the water in the steam generators to turn to steam which then turns the turbine generator Water from the reactor and the water that is turned into steam are in separate systems and do not mix
Boiling Water Reactor- In Boiling Water Reactors (also known as BWRs) the
water heated by fission actually boils and turns into steam to turn the turbine generator In both PWRs and BWRs the steam is turned back into water and can be used again in the process
Boiling Water Reactor- In Boiling Water Reactors (also known as BWRs) the
water heated by fission actually boils and turns into steam to turn the turbine generator In both PWRs and BWRs the steam is turned back into water and can be used again in the process
HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
NUCLEAR REACTOR CONVERSIONEQUIPMENT
STEAM TURBINE
HEATENERGY
MECHANICAL ENERGY
HEAT STEAM
PUMP PUMP
ELECTRICAL ENERGY
GENERATOR
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
A Nuclear Reactor produces and controls the release of energy from splitting the atoms of uranium
The only purpose of a nuclear power plant is to produce electricity To produce electricity a power plant needs a source of heat to boil water which becomes steam The steam then turns a turbine the turbine an electrical generator and the generator produces electricity
BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
The bataan nuclear power plant (BNPP) is located at napot point within the municipality of morong bataan The plant is similar in design concept with the krsko Nuclear Power Plant in Yugoslavia The BNPP employs a westing house ndash designed pressurized water reactor light ndash water moderated and having a two ndash loop primary cooling system The reactor core uses a 16 x 16 array of fuel assemblies supplied by westing house The reactor is designed to operate at a power level of 1876 mwt (megawatts thermal) equivalent to a maximum net electrical output of 621 MWE (megawatts electric)
1 WHY DO WE NEED NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
In late 1973 the first world oil crisis erupted The price of crude oil more than quadrupled from US$255 per barrel in April 1973 to US $1084 per barrel in December 1974 and at the same time OPEC imposed a partial oil embargo to the Philippines With the Philippines 95 dependent on imported oil for its commercial energy consumption the crisis has unfolded the countryrsquos absolute vulnerability to drastic changes in the international oil market
In January 1974 the country needed non-oil energy projects for immediate implementation to relieve the grim possibility facing Luzon Evaluation of existing or indigenous sources of energy needed to meet the projected power demand was undertaken We were only starting to explore geothermal potential in commercial quantities the first live well being struck only in November 1974 The 50 MW Pantabangan Multi-Purpose project which was being constructed was upgraded to 100 MW and the hydro power potentials of other Luzon rivers were looked into The countryrsquos coal reserves have not yet been established Minable reserves were established only in 1980 in Semirara Island Thus the only viable alternative source of bulk energy seemed to be nuclear power which has been the subject of almost 20 years of exhaustive studies undertaken by both local and foreign experts Nuclear power along with geothermal coal and hydro will be vital in reducing the countryrsquos heavy dependence on high-priced and unreliable imported fuel oil It will improve the countryrsquos supply of electricity which is vital to a developing economy
2 FACILITIES
- BNPP has the following principal plant structures (a) the reactor containment building (b) the turbine building (c) the auxiliary building complex (d) the fuel handling building (e) the intake structure and (f) the ultimate heat sink
21 REACTOR CONTAINMENT BUILDING- This building contains the containment which is enclosed by a
concrete shield building The containment is a free-standing cylindrical steel shell with a hemispherical dome and elliptical bottom designed to withstand maximum temperature and pressure expected from the steam produced if all water in the primary system were expelled into the containment The containment is normally slightly below atmospheric pressure so that leakage through the containment walls would at most times be inward from the surroundings Inside the containment structure the reactor and other nuclear steam supply system components are shielded with concrete In addition a containment spray system and a containment recirculation and associated cooling system are provided to remove post-accident heat The concrete shield building surrounding the containment provides biological protection against radiation during normal and accident conditions The building also provides volume space or sealed containment for radioactive releases from the containment during normal and abnormal operation
22 TURBINE BUILDING
- This building contains the low and high pressure steam turbines the electrical generator and all the power-conversion related equipment
23 AUXILIARY BUILDING COMPLEX
- The building complex includes the control building the component cooling building the diesel generator building the intermediate building and the auxiliary building
24 FUEL HANDLING BUILDING
- The fuel handling building is an integral part of the auxiliary building complex It contains the spent fuel pool which is lined with stainless steel to prevent leakage of water
25 INTAKE STRUCTURE
- The intake structure is situated along the shoreline of the South China Sea within the nuclear plant perimeter The structure contains traveling water screens the circulating water pumps and auxiliary service equipment providing waste heat removal function This structure is connected by a reinforced concrete intake tunnel to the main condenser water boxes and turbine plant auxiliary heat exchangers via valved piping connections The main condenser water boxes and turbine plant auxiliary heat exchangers are connected by a reinforced concrete discharge tunnel via valved piping connections to the sealwell and then to the South China Sea
3 IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
31 Core ndash Itrsquos the focal point of the reactor where fuel is contained and nuclear fission reactions take place
32 Fuel ndashis made of small enriched uranium oxide rods stacked so as to form cylinders approx 4 metres long and with a diameter of about one centimetre These rods are wrapped in metal sheathes (steel or zirconium alloy) which allow heat to pass through while blocking the radioactive elements produced by fission
33 Moderator ndash This is a material placed in the reactor to slow down the neutrons produced by fission in order to reach the most suitable speed allowing the chain reaction to continue
34 Heat-transfer fluid (or coolant) - This fluid (liquid or gas) cools the core and carries outside the heat that is produced there The most commonly used fluid is water but some types of reactors use different fluids (heavy water molten sodium carbon dioxide helium and other fluids)
35 Control rods ndash These are rods used in specific materials (silver indium cadmium or boron carbide) to control fission inside the core Since they absorb neutrons they are capable of controlling the chain reaction which - depending on how deep down the rods are inserted into the core - can be accelerated slowed down or even stopped thus changing the capacity of the reactor Indeed if necessary the reactor can be immediately stopped when they are fully inserted
36 Vessel ndash The large steel recipient containing the core the control rods and the heat-transfer fluid
4 SYSTEMS
- The conversion to electrical energy takes place indirectly as in conventional thermal power plants The heat is produced by fission in a nuclear reactor (a light water reactor) Directly or indirectly water vapor (steam) is produced The pressurized steam is then usually fed to a multi-stage steam turbine Steam turbines in Western nuclear power plants are among the largest steam turbines ever After the steam turbine has expanded and partially condensed the steam the remaining vapor is condensed in a condenser The condenser is a heat exchanger which is connected to a secondary side such as a river or a cooling tower The water is then pumped back into the nuclear reactor and the cycle begins again The water-steam cycle corresponds to the Rankine cycle
41 NUCLEAR REACTORS
A nuclear reactor is a device to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction The most common use of nuclear reactors is for the generation of electric energy and for the propulsion of ships
The nuclear reactor is the heart of the plant In its central part the reactor cores heat is generated by controlled nuclear fission With this heat a coolant is heated as it is pumped through the reactor and thereby removes the energy from the reactor Heat from nuclear fission is used to raise steam which runs through turbines which in turn powers either ships propellers or electrical generators
411 Mechanism of Nuclear Reactor
- An induced nuclear fission event A neutron is absorbed by the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom which in turn splits into fast-moving lighter elements (fission products) and free neutrons Though both reactors and nuclear weapons rely on nuclear chain-reactions the rate of reactions in a reactor occurs much more slowly than in a bomb
412 Fission
- When a large fissile atomic nucleus such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239 absorbs a neutron it may undergo nuclear fission The heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei (the fission products) releasing kinetic energy gamma radiation and free neutrons A portion of these neutrons may later be absorbed by other fissile atoms and trigger further fission events which release more neutrons and so on This is known as a nuclear chain reaction
413 Heat Generation
- The kinetic energy of fission products is converted to thermal energy when these nuclei collide with nearby atoms
The reactor absorbs some of the gamma rays produced during fission and converts their energy into heat
Heat is produced by the radioactive decay of fission products and materials that have been activated by neutron absorption This decay heat-source will remain for some time even after the reactor is shut down
A kilogram of uranium-235 (U-235) converted via nuclear processes releases approximately three million times more energy than a kilogram of coal burned conventionally (72 times 1013 joules per kilogram of uranium-235 versus 24 times 107 joules per kilogram of coal)
414 Cooling
- A nuclear reactor coolant mdash usually water but sometimes a gas or a liquid metal (like liquid sodium) or molten salt mdash is circulated past the reactor core to absorb the heat that it generates The heat is carried away from the reactor and is then used to generate steam Most reactor systems employ a cooling system that is physically separated from the water that will be boiled to produce pressurized steam for the turbines like the pressurized water reactor But in some reactors the water for the steam turbines is boiled directly by the reactor core for example the boiling water reactor
415 Reactivity Control
- The power output of the reactor is adjusted by controlling how many neutrons are able to create more fissions
Control rods that are made of a neutron poison are used to absorb neutrons Absorbing more neutrons in a control rod means that there are fewer neutrons available to cause fission so pushing the control rod deeper into the reactor will reduce its power output and extracting the control rod will increase it
416 Electrical Power Generation- The energy released in the fission process generates
heat some of which can be converted into usable energy A common method of harnessing this thermal energy is to use it to boil water to produce pressurized steam which will then drive a steam turbine that turns an alternator and generates electricity
42 STEAM TURBINE
The purpose of the steam turbine is to convert the heat contained in steam into mechanical energy The engine house with the steam turbine is usually structurally separated from the main reactor building It is so aligned to prevent debris from the destruction of a turbine in operation from flying towards the reactor
In the case of a pressurized water reactor the steam turbine is separated from the nuclear system To detect a leak in the steam generator and thus the passage of radioactive water at an early stage an activity meter is mounted to track the outlet steam of the steam generator In contrast boiling water reactors pass radioactive water through the steam turbine so the turbine is kept as part of the control area of the nuclear power plant
421 Blade and Stage Design- Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging
from small 075 kW units used as mechanical drives for pumps compressors and other shaft driven equipment to 1500000kW turbines used to generate electricity Steam turbines are widely used for marine applications for vessel propulsion systems In recent times gas turbines as developed for aerospace applications are being used more and more in the field of power generation once dominated by steam turbines
- Turbine blades are of two basic types blades and nozzles Blades move entirely due to the impact of steam on them and their profiles do not converge This results in a steam velocity drop and essentially no pressure drop as steam moves through the blades A turbine composed of blades alternating with fixed nozzles is called an impulse turbine Curtis turbine Rateau turbine or Brown-Curtis turbine Nozzles appear similar to blades but their profiles converge near the exit This results in a steam pressure drop and velocity increase as steam moves through the nozzles Nozzles move due to both the impact of steam on them and the reaction due to the high-velocity steam at the exit A turbine composed of moving nozzles alternating with fixed nozzles is called a reaction turbine or Parsons turbine
Schematic diagram outlining the difference between an impulse and a 50 reaction turbine
422 Steam supply and exhaust conditions
- Condensing turbines are most commonly found in electrical power plants These turbines exhaust steam from a boiler in a partially condensed state typically of a quality near 90 at a pressure well below atmospheric to a condenser
- Non-condensing or back pressure turbines are most widely used for process steam applications The exhaust pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam pressure These are commonly found at refineries district heating units pulp and paper plants and desalination facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam are needed
- Reheat turbines are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants In a reheat turbine steam flow exits from a high pressure section of the turbine and is returned to the boiler where additional superheat is added The steam then goes back into an intermediate pressure section of the turbine and continues its expansion
- Extracting type turbines are common in all applications In an extracting type turbine steam is released from various stages of the turbine and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler feed water heaters to improve overall cycle efficiency Extraction flows may be controlled with a valve or left uncontrolled
- Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an intermediate stage to produce additional power
A low-pressure steam turbine working below atmospheric pressure in a nuclear power plant
423 Casing or shaft arrangements- These arrangements include single casing tandem
compound and cross compound turbines Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds A cross compound turbine is typically used for many large applications
424 A Two ndash flow Turbine Rotors
- The moving steam imparts both a tangential and axial thrust on the turbine shaft but the axial thrust in a simple turbine is unopposed To maintain the correct rotor position and balancing this force must be counteracted by an opposing force Either thrust bearings can be used for the shaft bearings or the rotor can be designed so that the steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at both ends The blades in each half face opposite ways so that the axial forces negate each other but the tangential forces act together This design of rotor is called two-flow double-axial-flow or double-exhaust This arrangement is common in low-pressure casings of a compound turbine
A two-flow turbine rotor The steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at each end balancing the axial force
43 GENERATOR
- The generator converts kinetic energy supplied by the turbine into electrical energy Low ndash pole AC Synchronous generators of high rated power are used
431 Dynamo
- A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based including the electric motor the alternating-current alternator and the rotary converter Today the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation for efficiency reliability and cost reasons A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator Also converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic
432 Alternator
- Without a commutator a dynamo becomes an alternator which is a synchronous singly fed generator Alternators produce alternating current with a frequency that is based on the rotational speed of the rotor and the number of magnetic poles
- Automotive alternators produce a varying frequency that changes with engine speed which is then converted by a rectifier to DC By comparison alternators used to feed an electric power grid are generally operated at a speed very close to a specific frequency for the benefit of AC devices that regulate their speed and performance based on grid frequency Some devices such as incandescent lamps and ballast-operated fluorescent lamps do not require a constant frequency but synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks do require a constant grid frequency
-Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small In the case of a brushless exciter no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding
433 Induction Generator- An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a
type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed giving negative slip A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator without any internal modifications Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants wind turbines or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure because they can recover energy with relatively simple controlsTo operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid or sometimes they are self-excited by using phase correcting capacitors
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
NUCLEAR REACTOR CONVERSIONEQUIPMENT
STEAM TURBINE
HEATENERGY
MECHANICAL ENERGY
HEAT STEAM
PUMP PUMP
ELECTRICAL ENERGY
GENERATOR
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
A Nuclear Reactor produces and controls the release of energy from splitting the atoms of uranium
The only purpose of a nuclear power plant is to produce electricity To produce electricity a power plant needs a source of heat to boil water which becomes steam The steam then turns a turbine the turbine an electrical generator and the generator produces electricity
BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
The bataan nuclear power plant (BNPP) is located at napot point within the municipality of morong bataan The plant is similar in design concept with the krsko Nuclear Power Plant in Yugoslavia The BNPP employs a westing house ndash designed pressurized water reactor light ndash water moderated and having a two ndash loop primary cooling system The reactor core uses a 16 x 16 array of fuel assemblies supplied by westing house The reactor is designed to operate at a power level of 1876 mwt (megawatts thermal) equivalent to a maximum net electrical output of 621 MWE (megawatts electric)
1 WHY DO WE NEED NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
In late 1973 the first world oil crisis erupted The price of crude oil more than quadrupled from US$255 per barrel in April 1973 to US $1084 per barrel in December 1974 and at the same time OPEC imposed a partial oil embargo to the Philippines With the Philippines 95 dependent on imported oil for its commercial energy consumption the crisis has unfolded the countryrsquos absolute vulnerability to drastic changes in the international oil market
In January 1974 the country needed non-oil energy projects for immediate implementation to relieve the grim possibility facing Luzon Evaluation of existing or indigenous sources of energy needed to meet the projected power demand was undertaken We were only starting to explore geothermal potential in commercial quantities the first live well being struck only in November 1974 The 50 MW Pantabangan Multi-Purpose project which was being constructed was upgraded to 100 MW and the hydro power potentials of other Luzon rivers were looked into The countryrsquos coal reserves have not yet been established Minable reserves were established only in 1980 in Semirara Island Thus the only viable alternative source of bulk energy seemed to be nuclear power which has been the subject of almost 20 years of exhaustive studies undertaken by both local and foreign experts Nuclear power along with geothermal coal and hydro will be vital in reducing the countryrsquos heavy dependence on high-priced and unreliable imported fuel oil It will improve the countryrsquos supply of electricity which is vital to a developing economy
2 FACILITIES
- BNPP has the following principal plant structures (a) the reactor containment building (b) the turbine building (c) the auxiliary building complex (d) the fuel handling building (e) the intake structure and (f) the ultimate heat sink
21 REACTOR CONTAINMENT BUILDING- This building contains the containment which is enclosed by a
concrete shield building The containment is a free-standing cylindrical steel shell with a hemispherical dome and elliptical bottom designed to withstand maximum temperature and pressure expected from the steam produced if all water in the primary system were expelled into the containment The containment is normally slightly below atmospheric pressure so that leakage through the containment walls would at most times be inward from the surroundings Inside the containment structure the reactor and other nuclear steam supply system components are shielded with concrete In addition a containment spray system and a containment recirculation and associated cooling system are provided to remove post-accident heat The concrete shield building surrounding the containment provides biological protection against radiation during normal and accident conditions The building also provides volume space or sealed containment for radioactive releases from the containment during normal and abnormal operation
22 TURBINE BUILDING
- This building contains the low and high pressure steam turbines the electrical generator and all the power-conversion related equipment
23 AUXILIARY BUILDING COMPLEX
- The building complex includes the control building the component cooling building the diesel generator building the intermediate building and the auxiliary building
24 FUEL HANDLING BUILDING
- The fuel handling building is an integral part of the auxiliary building complex It contains the spent fuel pool which is lined with stainless steel to prevent leakage of water
25 INTAKE STRUCTURE
- The intake structure is situated along the shoreline of the South China Sea within the nuclear plant perimeter The structure contains traveling water screens the circulating water pumps and auxiliary service equipment providing waste heat removal function This structure is connected by a reinforced concrete intake tunnel to the main condenser water boxes and turbine plant auxiliary heat exchangers via valved piping connections The main condenser water boxes and turbine plant auxiliary heat exchangers are connected by a reinforced concrete discharge tunnel via valved piping connections to the sealwell and then to the South China Sea
3 IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
31 Core ndash Itrsquos the focal point of the reactor where fuel is contained and nuclear fission reactions take place
32 Fuel ndashis made of small enriched uranium oxide rods stacked so as to form cylinders approx 4 metres long and with a diameter of about one centimetre These rods are wrapped in metal sheathes (steel or zirconium alloy) which allow heat to pass through while blocking the radioactive elements produced by fission
33 Moderator ndash This is a material placed in the reactor to slow down the neutrons produced by fission in order to reach the most suitable speed allowing the chain reaction to continue
34 Heat-transfer fluid (or coolant) - This fluid (liquid or gas) cools the core and carries outside the heat that is produced there The most commonly used fluid is water but some types of reactors use different fluids (heavy water molten sodium carbon dioxide helium and other fluids)
35 Control rods ndash These are rods used in specific materials (silver indium cadmium or boron carbide) to control fission inside the core Since they absorb neutrons they are capable of controlling the chain reaction which - depending on how deep down the rods are inserted into the core - can be accelerated slowed down or even stopped thus changing the capacity of the reactor Indeed if necessary the reactor can be immediately stopped when they are fully inserted
36 Vessel ndash The large steel recipient containing the core the control rods and the heat-transfer fluid
4 SYSTEMS
- The conversion to electrical energy takes place indirectly as in conventional thermal power plants The heat is produced by fission in a nuclear reactor (a light water reactor) Directly or indirectly water vapor (steam) is produced The pressurized steam is then usually fed to a multi-stage steam turbine Steam turbines in Western nuclear power plants are among the largest steam turbines ever After the steam turbine has expanded and partially condensed the steam the remaining vapor is condensed in a condenser The condenser is a heat exchanger which is connected to a secondary side such as a river or a cooling tower The water is then pumped back into the nuclear reactor and the cycle begins again The water-steam cycle corresponds to the Rankine cycle
41 NUCLEAR REACTORS
A nuclear reactor is a device to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction The most common use of nuclear reactors is for the generation of electric energy and for the propulsion of ships
The nuclear reactor is the heart of the plant In its central part the reactor cores heat is generated by controlled nuclear fission With this heat a coolant is heated as it is pumped through the reactor and thereby removes the energy from the reactor Heat from nuclear fission is used to raise steam which runs through turbines which in turn powers either ships propellers or electrical generators
411 Mechanism of Nuclear Reactor
- An induced nuclear fission event A neutron is absorbed by the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom which in turn splits into fast-moving lighter elements (fission products) and free neutrons Though both reactors and nuclear weapons rely on nuclear chain-reactions the rate of reactions in a reactor occurs much more slowly than in a bomb
412 Fission
- When a large fissile atomic nucleus such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239 absorbs a neutron it may undergo nuclear fission The heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei (the fission products) releasing kinetic energy gamma radiation and free neutrons A portion of these neutrons may later be absorbed by other fissile atoms and trigger further fission events which release more neutrons and so on This is known as a nuclear chain reaction
413 Heat Generation
- The kinetic energy of fission products is converted to thermal energy when these nuclei collide with nearby atoms
The reactor absorbs some of the gamma rays produced during fission and converts their energy into heat
Heat is produced by the radioactive decay of fission products and materials that have been activated by neutron absorption This decay heat-source will remain for some time even after the reactor is shut down
A kilogram of uranium-235 (U-235) converted via nuclear processes releases approximately three million times more energy than a kilogram of coal burned conventionally (72 times 1013 joules per kilogram of uranium-235 versus 24 times 107 joules per kilogram of coal)
414 Cooling
- A nuclear reactor coolant mdash usually water but sometimes a gas or a liquid metal (like liquid sodium) or molten salt mdash is circulated past the reactor core to absorb the heat that it generates The heat is carried away from the reactor and is then used to generate steam Most reactor systems employ a cooling system that is physically separated from the water that will be boiled to produce pressurized steam for the turbines like the pressurized water reactor But in some reactors the water for the steam turbines is boiled directly by the reactor core for example the boiling water reactor
415 Reactivity Control
- The power output of the reactor is adjusted by controlling how many neutrons are able to create more fissions
Control rods that are made of a neutron poison are used to absorb neutrons Absorbing more neutrons in a control rod means that there are fewer neutrons available to cause fission so pushing the control rod deeper into the reactor will reduce its power output and extracting the control rod will increase it
416 Electrical Power Generation- The energy released in the fission process generates
heat some of which can be converted into usable energy A common method of harnessing this thermal energy is to use it to boil water to produce pressurized steam which will then drive a steam turbine that turns an alternator and generates electricity
42 STEAM TURBINE
The purpose of the steam turbine is to convert the heat contained in steam into mechanical energy The engine house with the steam turbine is usually structurally separated from the main reactor building It is so aligned to prevent debris from the destruction of a turbine in operation from flying towards the reactor
In the case of a pressurized water reactor the steam turbine is separated from the nuclear system To detect a leak in the steam generator and thus the passage of radioactive water at an early stage an activity meter is mounted to track the outlet steam of the steam generator In contrast boiling water reactors pass radioactive water through the steam turbine so the turbine is kept as part of the control area of the nuclear power plant
421 Blade and Stage Design- Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging
from small 075 kW units used as mechanical drives for pumps compressors and other shaft driven equipment to 1500000kW turbines used to generate electricity Steam turbines are widely used for marine applications for vessel propulsion systems In recent times gas turbines as developed for aerospace applications are being used more and more in the field of power generation once dominated by steam turbines
- Turbine blades are of two basic types blades and nozzles Blades move entirely due to the impact of steam on them and their profiles do not converge This results in a steam velocity drop and essentially no pressure drop as steam moves through the blades A turbine composed of blades alternating with fixed nozzles is called an impulse turbine Curtis turbine Rateau turbine or Brown-Curtis turbine Nozzles appear similar to blades but their profiles converge near the exit This results in a steam pressure drop and velocity increase as steam moves through the nozzles Nozzles move due to both the impact of steam on them and the reaction due to the high-velocity steam at the exit A turbine composed of moving nozzles alternating with fixed nozzles is called a reaction turbine or Parsons turbine
Schematic diagram outlining the difference between an impulse and a 50 reaction turbine
422 Steam supply and exhaust conditions
- Condensing turbines are most commonly found in electrical power plants These turbines exhaust steam from a boiler in a partially condensed state typically of a quality near 90 at a pressure well below atmospheric to a condenser
- Non-condensing or back pressure turbines are most widely used for process steam applications The exhaust pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam pressure These are commonly found at refineries district heating units pulp and paper plants and desalination facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam are needed
- Reheat turbines are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants In a reheat turbine steam flow exits from a high pressure section of the turbine and is returned to the boiler where additional superheat is added The steam then goes back into an intermediate pressure section of the turbine and continues its expansion
- Extracting type turbines are common in all applications In an extracting type turbine steam is released from various stages of the turbine and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler feed water heaters to improve overall cycle efficiency Extraction flows may be controlled with a valve or left uncontrolled
- Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an intermediate stage to produce additional power
A low-pressure steam turbine working below atmospheric pressure in a nuclear power plant
423 Casing or shaft arrangements- These arrangements include single casing tandem
compound and cross compound turbines Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds A cross compound turbine is typically used for many large applications
424 A Two ndash flow Turbine Rotors
- The moving steam imparts both a tangential and axial thrust on the turbine shaft but the axial thrust in a simple turbine is unopposed To maintain the correct rotor position and balancing this force must be counteracted by an opposing force Either thrust bearings can be used for the shaft bearings or the rotor can be designed so that the steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at both ends The blades in each half face opposite ways so that the axial forces negate each other but the tangential forces act together This design of rotor is called two-flow double-axial-flow or double-exhaust This arrangement is common in low-pressure casings of a compound turbine
A two-flow turbine rotor The steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at each end balancing the axial force
43 GENERATOR
- The generator converts kinetic energy supplied by the turbine into electrical energy Low ndash pole AC Synchronous generators of high rated power are used
431 Dynamo
- A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based including the electric motor the alternating-current alternator and the rotary converter Today the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation for efficiency reliability and cost reasons A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator Also converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic
432 Alternator
- Without a commutator a dynamo becomes an alternator which is a synchronous singly fed generator Alternators produce alternating current with a frequency that is based on the rotational speed of the rotor and the number of magnetic poles
- Automotive alternators produce a varying frequency that changes with engine speed which is then converted by a rectifier to DC By comparison alternators used to feed an electric power grid are generally operated at a speed very close to a specific frequency for the benefit of AC devices that regulate their speed and performance based on grid frequency Some devices such as incandescent lamps and ballast-operated fluorescent lamps do not require a constant frequency but synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks do require a constant grid frequency
-Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small In the case of a brushless exciter no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding
433 Induction Generator- An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a
type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed giving negative slip A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator without any internal modifications Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants wind turbines or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure because they can recover energy with relatively simple controlsTo operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid or sometimes they are self-excited by using phase correcting capacitors
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
A Nuclear Reactor produces and controls the release of energy from splitting the atoms of uranium
The only purpose of a nuclear power plant is to produce electricity To produce electricity a power plant needs a source of heat to boil water which becomes steam The steam then turns a turbine the turbine an electrical generator and the generator produces electricity
BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
The bataan nuclear power plant (BNPP) is located at napot point within the municipality of morong bataan The plant is similar in design concept with the krsko Nuclear Power Plant in Yugoslavia The BNPP employs a westing house ndash designed pressurized water reactor light ndash water moderated and having a two ndash loop primary cooling system The reactor core uses a 16 x 16 array of fuel assemblies supplied by westing house The reactor is designed to operate at a power level of 1876 mwt (megawatts thermal) equivalent to a maximum net electrical output of 621 MWE (megawatts electric)
1 WHY DO WE NEED NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
In late 1973 the first world oil crisis erupted The price of crude oil more than quadrupled from US$255 per barrel in April 1973 to US $1084 per barrel in December 1974 and at the same time OPEC imposed a partial oil embargo to the Philippines With the Philippines 95 dependent on imported oil for its commercial energy consumption the crisis has unfolded the countryrsquos absolute vulnerability to drastic changes in the international oil market
In January 1974 the country needed non-oil energy projects for immediate implementation to relieve the grim possibility facing Luzon Evaluation of existing or indigenous sources of energy needed to meet the projected power demand was undertaken We were only starting to explore geothermal potential in commercial quantities the first live well being struck only in November 1974 The 50 MW Pantabangan Multi-Purpose project which was being constructed was upgraded to 100 MW and the hydro power potentials of other Luzon rivers were looked into The countryrsquos coal reserves have not yet been established Minable reserves were established only in 1980 in Semirara Island Thus the only viable alternative source of bulk energy seemed to be nuclear power which has been the subject of almost 20 years of exhaustive studies undertaken by both local and foreign experts Nuclear power along with geothermal coal and hydro will be vital in reducing the countryrsquos heavy dependence on high-priced and unreliable imported fuel oil It will improve the countryrsquos supply of electricity which is vital to a developing economy
2 FACILITIES
- BNPP has the following principal plant structures (a) the reactor containment building (b) the turbine building (c) the auxiliary building complex (d) the fuel handling building (e) the intake structure and (f) the ultimate heat sink
21 REACTOR CONTAINMENT BUILDING- This building contains the containment which is enclosed by a
concrete shield building The containment is a free-standing cylindrical steel shell with a hemispherical dome and elliptical bottom designed to withstand maximum temperature and pressure expected from the steam produced if all water in the primary system were expelled into the containment The containment is normally slightly below atmospheric pressure so that leakage through the containment walls would at most times be inward from the surroundings Inside the containment structure the reactor and other nuclear steam supply system components are shielded with concrete In addition a containment spray system and a containment recirculation and associated cooling system are provided to remove post-accident heat The concrete shield building surrounding the containment provides biological protection against radiation during normal and accident conditions The building also provides volume space or sealed containment for radioactive releases from the containment during normal and abnormal operation
22 TURBINE BUILDING
- This building contains the low and high pressure steam turbines the electrical generator and all the power-conversion related equipment
23 AUXILIARY BUILDING COMPLEX
- The building complex includes the control building the component cooling building the diesel generator building the intermediate building and the auxiliary building
24 FUEL HANDLING BUILDING
- The fuel handling building is an integral part of the auxiliary building complex It contains the spent fuel pool which is lined with stainless steel to prevent leakage of water
25 INTAKE STRUCTURE
- The intake structure is situated along the shoreline of the South China Sea within the nuclear plant perimeter The structure contains traveling water screens the circulating water pumps and auxiliary service equipment providing waste heat removal function This structure is connected by a reinforced concrete intake tunnel to the main condenser water boxes and turbine plant auxiliary heat exchangers via valved piping connections The main condenser water boxes and turbine plant auxiliary heat exchangers are connected by a reinforced concrete discharge tunnel via valved piping connections to the sealwell and then to the South China Sea
3 IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
31 Core ndash Itrsquos the focal point of the reactor where fuel is contained and nuclear fission reactions take place
32 Fuel ndashis made of small enriched uranium oxide rods stacked so as to form cylinders approx 4 metres long and with a diameter of about one centimetre These rods are wrapped in metal sheathes (steel or zirconium alloy) which allow heat to pass through while blocking the radioactive elements produced by fission
33 Moderator ndash This is a material placed in the reactor to slow down the neutrons produced by fission in order to reach the most suitable speed allowing the chain reaction to continue
34 Heat-transfer fluid (or coolant) - This fluid (liquid or gas) cools the core and carries outside the heat that is produced there The most commonly used fluid is water but some types of reactors use different fluids (heavy water molten sodium carbon dioxide helium and other fluids)
35 Control rods ndash These are rods used in specific materials (silver indium cadmium or boron carbide) to control fission inside the core Since they absorb neutrons they are capable of controlling the chain reaction which - depending on how deep down the rods are inserted into the core - can be accelerated slowed down or even stopped thus changing the capacity of the reactor Indeed if necessary the reactor can be immediately stopped when they are fully inserted
36 Vessel ndash The large steel recipient containing the core the control rods and the heat-transfer fluid
4 SYSTEMS
- The conversion to electrical energy takes place indirectly as in conventional thermal power plants The heat is produced by fission in a nuclear reactor (a light water reactor) Directly or indirectly water vapor (steam) is produced The pressurized steam is then usually fed to a multi-stage steam turbine Steam turbines in Western nuclear power plants are among the largest steam turbines ever After the steam turbine has expanded and partially condensed the steam the remaining vapor is condensed in a condenser The condenser is a heat exchanger which is connected to a secondary side such as a river or a cooling tower The water is then pumped back into the nuclear reactor and the cycle begins again The water-steam cycle corresponds to the Rankine cycle
41 NUCLEAR REACTORS
A nuclear reactor is a device to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction The most common use of nuclear reactors is for the generation of electric energy and for the propulsion of ships
The nuclear reactor is the heart of the plant In its central part the reactor cores heat is generated by controlled nuclear fission With this heat a coolant is heated as it is pumped through the reactor and thereby removes the energy from the reactor Heat from nuclear fission is used to raise steam which runs through turbines which in turn powers either ships propellers or electrical generators
411 Mechanism of Nuclear Reactor
- An induced nuclear fission event A neutron is absorbed by the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom which in turn splits into fast-moving lighter elements (fission products) and free neutrons Though both reactors and nuclear weapons rely on nuclear chain-reactions the rate of reactions in a reactor occurs much more slowly than in a bomb
412 Fission
- When a large fissile atomic nucleus such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239 absorbs a neutron it may undergo nuclear fission The heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei (the fission products) releasing kinetic energy gamma radiation and free neutrons A portion of these neutrons may later be absorbed by other fissile atoms and trigger further fission events which release more neutrons and so on This is known as a nuclear chain reaction
413 Heat Generation
- The kinetic energy of fission products is converted to thermal energy when these nuclei collide with nearby atoms
The reactor absorbs some of the gamma rays produced during fission and converts their energy into heat
Heat is produced by the radioactive decay of fission products and materials that have been activated by neutron absorption This decay heat-source will remain for some time even after the reactor is shut down
A kilogram of uranium-235 (U-235) converted via nuclear processes releases approximately three million times more energy than a kilogram of coal burned conventionally (72 times 1013 joules per kilogram of uranium-235 versus 24 times 107 joules per kilogram of coal)
414 Cooling
- A nuclear reactor coolant mdash usually water but sometimes a gas or a liquid metal (like liquid sodium) or molten salt mdash is circulated past the reactor core to absorb the heat that it generates The heat is carried away from the reactor and is then used to generate steam Most reactor systems employ a cooling system that is physically separated from the water that will be boiled to produce pressurized steam for the turbines like the pressurized water reactor But in some reactors the water for the steam turbines is boiled directly by the reactor core for example the boiling water reactor
415 Reactivity Control
- The power output of the reactor is adjusted by controlling how many neutrons are able to create more fissions
Control rods that are made of a neutron poison are used to absorb neutrons Absorbing more neutrons in a control rod means that there are fewer neutrons available to cause fission so pushing the control rod deeper into the reactor will reduce its power output and extracting the control rod will increase it
416 Electrical Power Generation- The energy released in the fission process generates
heat some of which can be converted into usable energy A common method of harnessing this thermal energy is to use it to boil water to produce pressurized steam which will then drive a steam turbine that turns an alternator and generates electricity
42 STEAM TURBINE
The purpose of the steam turbine is to convert the heat contained in steam into mechanical energy The engine house with the steam turbine is usually structurally separated from the main reactor building It is so aligned to prevent debris from the destruction of a turbine in operation from flying towards the reactor
In the case of a pressurized water reactor the steam turbine is separated from the nuclear system To detect a leak in the steam generator and thus the passage of radioactive water at an early stage an activity meter is mounted to track the outlet steam of the steam generator In contrast boiling water reactors pass radioactive water through the steam turbine so the turbine is kept as part of the control area of the nuclear power plant
421 Blade and Stage Design- Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging
from small 075 kW units used as mechanical drives for pumps compressors and other shaft driven equipment to 1500000kW turbines used to generate electricity Steam turbines are widely used for marine applications for vessel propulsion systems In recent times gas turbines as developed for aerospace applications are being used more and more in the field of power generation once dominated by steam turbines
- Turbine blades are of two basic types blades and nozzles Blades move entirely due to the impact of steam on them and their profiles do not converge This results in a steam velocity drop and essentially no pressure drop as steam moves through the blades A turbine composed of blades alternating with fixed nozzles is called an impulse turbine Curtis turbine Rateau turbine or Brown-Curtis turbine Nozzles appear similar to blades but their profiles converge near the exit This results in a steam pressure drop and velocity increase as steam moves through the nozzles Nozzles move due to both the impact of steam on them and the reaction due to the high-velocity steam at the exit A turbine composed of moving nozzles alternating with fixed nozzles is called a reaction turbine or Parsons turbine
Schematic diagram outlining the difference between an impulse and a 50 reaction turbine
422 Steam supply and exhaust conditions
- Condensing turbines are most commonly found in electrical power plants These turbines exhaust steam from a boiler in a partially condensed state typically of a quality near 90 at a pressure well below atmospheric to a condenser
- Non-condensing or back pressure turbines are most widely used for process steam applications The exhaust pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam pressure These are commonly found at refineries district heating units pulp and paper plants and desalination facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam are needed
- Reheat turbines are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants In a reheat turbine steam flow exits from a high pressure section of the turbine and is returned to the boiler where additional superheat is added The steam then goes back into an intermediate pressure section of the turbine and continues its expansion
- Extracting type turbines are common in all applications In an extracting type turbine steam is released from various stages of the turbine and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler feed water heaters to improve overall cycle efficiency Extraction flows may be controlled with a valve or left uncontrolled
- Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an intermediate stage to produce additional power
A low-pressure steam turbine working below atmospheric pressure in a nuclear power plant
423 Casing or shaft arrangements- These arrangements include single casing tandem
compound and cross compound turbines Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds A cross compound turbine is typically used for many large applications
424 A Two ndash flow Turbine Rotors
- The moving steam imparts both a tangential and axial thrust on the turbine shaft but the axial thrust in a simple turbine is unopposed To maintain the correct rotor position and balancing this force must be counteracted by an opposing force Either thrust bearings can be used for the shaft bearings or the rotor can be designed so that the steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at both ends The blades in each half face opposite ways so that the axial forces negate each other but the tangential forces act together This design of rotor is called two-flow double-axial-flow or double-exhaust This arrangement is common in low-pressure casings of a compound turbine
A two-flow turbine rotor The steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at each end balancing the axial force
43 GENERATOR
- The generator converts kinetic energy supplied by the turbine into electrical energy Low ndash pole AC Synchronous generators of high rated power are used
431 Dynamo
- A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based including the electric motor the alternating-current alternator and the rotary converter Today the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation for efficiency reliability and cost reasons A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator Also converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic
432 Alternator
- Without a commutator a dynamo becomes an alternator which is a synchronous singly fed generator Alternators produce alternating current with a frequency that is based on the rotational speed of the rotor and the number of magnetic poles
- Automotive alternators produce a varying frequency that changes with engine speed which is then converted by a rectifier to DC By comparison alternators used to feed an electric power grid are generally operated at a speed very close to a specific frequency for the benefit of AC devices that regulate their speed and performance based on grid frequency Some devices such as incandescent lamps and ballast-operated fluorescent lamps do not require a constant frequency but synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks do require a constant grid frequency
-Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small In the case of a brushless exciter no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding
433 Induction Generator- An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a
type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed giving negative slip A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator without any internal modifications Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants wind turbines or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure because they can recover energy with relatively simple controlsTo operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid or sometimes they are self-excited by using phase correcting capacitors
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
A Nuclear Reactor produces and controls the release of energy from splitting the atoms of uranium
The only purpose of a nuclear power plant is to produce electricity To produce electricity a power plant needs a source of heat to boil water which becomes steam The steam then turns a turbine the turbine an electrical generator and the generator produces electricity
BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
The bataan nuclear power plant (BNPP) is located at napot point within the municipality of morong bataan The plant is similar in design concept with the krsko Nuclear Power Plant in Yugoslavia The BNPP employs a westing house ndash designed pressurized water reactor light ndash water moderated and having a two ndash loop primary cooling system The reactor core uses a 16 x 16 array of fuel assemblies supplied by westing house The reactor is designed to operate at a power level of 1876 mwt (megawatts thermal) equivalent to a maximum net electrical output of 621 MWE (megawatts electric)
1 WHY DO WE NEED NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
In late 1973 the first world oil crisis erupted The price of crude oil more than quadrupled from US$255 per barrel in April 1973 to US $1084 per barrel in December 1974 and at the same time OPEC imposed a partial oil embargo to the Philippines With the Philippines 95 dependent on imported oil for its commercial energy consumption the crisis has unfolded the countryrsquos absolute vulnerability to drastic changes in the international oil market
In January 1974 the country needed non-oil energy projects for immediate implementation to relieve the grim possibility facing Luzon Evaluation of existing or indigenous sources of energy needed to meet the projected power demand was undertaken We were only starting to explore geothermal potential in commercial quantities the first live well being struck only in November 1974 The 50 MW Pantabangan Multi-Purpose project which was being constructed was upgraded to 100 MW and the hydro power potentials of other Luzon rivers were looked into The countryrsquos coal reserves have not yet been established Minable reserves were established only in 1980 in Semirara Island Thus the only viable alternative source of bulk energy seemed to be nuclear power which has been the subject of almost 20 years of exhaustive studies undertaken by both local and foreign experts Nuclear power along with geothermal coal and hydro will be vital in reducing the countryrsquos heavy dependence on high-priced and unreliable imported fuel oil It will improve the countryrsquos supply of electricity which is vital to a developing economy
2 FACILITIES
- BNPP has the following principal plant structures (a) the reactor containment building (b) the turbine building (c) the auxiliary building complex (d) the fuel handling building (e) the intake structure and (f) the ultimate heat sink
21 REACTOR CONTAINMENT BUILDING- This building contains the containment which is enclosed by a
concrete shield building The containment is a free-standing cylindrical steel shell with a hemispherical dome and elliptical bottom designed to withstand maximum temperature and pressure expected from the steam produced if all water in the primary system were expelled into the containment The containment is normally slightly below atmospheric pressure so that leakage through the containment walls would at most times be inward from the surroundings Inside the containment structure the reactor and other nuclear steam supply system components are shielded with concrete In addition a containment spray system and a containment recirculation and associated cooling system are provided to remove post-accident heat The concrete shield building surrounding the containment provides biological protection against radiation during normal and accident conditions The building also provides volume space or sealed containment for radioactive releases from the containment during normal and abnormal operation
22 TURBINE BUILDING
- This building contains the low and high pressure steam turbines the electrical generator and all the power-conversion related equipment
23 AUXILIARY BUILDING COMPLEX
- The building complex includes the control building the component cooling building the diesel generator building the intermediate building and the auxiliary building
24 FUEL HANDLING BUILDING
- The fuel handling building is an integral part of the auxiliary building complex It contains the spent fuel pool which is lined with stainless steel to prevent leakage of water
25 INTAKE STRUCTURE
- The intake structure is situated along the shoreline of the South China Sea within the nuclear plant perimeter The structure contains traveling water screens the circulating water pumps and auxiliary service equipment providing waste heat removal function This structure is connected by a reinforced concrete intake tunnel to the main condenser water boxes and turbine plant auxiliary heat exchangers via valved piping connections The main condenser water boxes and turbine plant auxiliary heat exchangers are connected by a reinforced concrete discharge tunnel via valved piping connections to the sealwell and then to the South China Sea
3 IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
31 Core ndash Itrsquos the focal point of the reactor where fuel is contained and nuclear fission reactions take place
32 Fuel ndashis made of small enriched uranium oxide rods stacked so as to form cylinders approx 4 metres long and with a diameter of about one centimetre These rods are wrapped in metal sheathes (steel or zirconium alloy) which allow heat to pass through while blocking the radioactive elements produced by fission
33 Moderator ndash This is a material placed in the reactor to slow down the neutrons produced by fission in order to reach the most suitable speed allowing the chain reaction to continue
34 Heat-transfer fluid (or coolant) - This fluid (liquid or gas) cools the core and carries outside the heat that is produced there The most commonly used fluid is water but some types of reactors use different fluids (heavy water molten sodium carbon dioxide helium and other fluids)
35 Control rods ndash These are rods used in specific materials (silver indium cadmium or boron carbide) to control fission inside the core Since they absorb neutrons they are capable of controlling the chain reaction which - depending on how deep down the rods are inserted into the core - can be accelerated slowed down or even stopped thus changing the capacity of the reactor Indeed if necessary the reactor can be immediately stopped when they are fully inserted
36 Vessel ndash The large steel recipient containing the core the control rods and the heat-transfer fluid
4 SYSTEMS
- The conversion to electrical energy takes place indirectly as in conventional thermal power plants The heat is produced by fission in a nuclear reactor (a light water reactor) Directly or indirectly water vapor (steam) is produced The pressurized steam is then usually fed to a multi-stage steam turbine Steam turbines in Western nuclear power plants are among the largest steam turbines ever After the steam turbine has expanded and partially condensed the steam the remaining vapor is condensed in a condenser The condenser is a heat exchanger which is connected to a secondary side such as a river or a cooling tower The water is then pumped back into the nuclear reactor and the cycle begins again The water-steam cycle corresponds to the Rankine cycle
41 NUCLEAR REACTORS
A nuclear reactor is a device to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction The most common use of nuclear reactors is for the generation of electric energy and for the propulsion of ships
The nuclear reactor is the heart of the plant In its central part the reactor cores heat is generated by controlled nuclear fission With this heat a coolant is heated as it is pumped through the reactor and thereby removes the energy from the reactor Heat from nuclear fission is used to raise steam which runs through turbines which in turn powers either ships propellers or electrical generators
411 Mechanism of Nuclear Reactor
- An induced nuclear fission event A neutron is absorbed by the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom which in turn splits into fast-moving lighter elements (fission products) and free neutrons Though both reactors and nuclear weapons rely on nuclear chain-reactions the rate of reactions in a reactor occurs much more slowly than in a bomb
412 Fission
- When a large fissile atomic nucleus such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239 absorbs a neutron it may undergo nuclear fission The heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei (the fission products) releasing kinetic energy gamma radiation and free neutrons A portion of these neutrons may later be absorbed by other fissile atoms and trigger further fission events which release more neutrons and so on This is known as a nuclear chain reaction
413 Heat Generation
- The kinetic energy of fission products is converted to thermal energy when these nuclei collide with nearby atoms
The reactor absorbs some of the gamma rays produced during fission and converts their energy into heat
Heat is produced by the radioactive decay of fission products and materials that have been activated by neutron absorption This decay heat-source will remain for some time even after the reactor is shut down
A kilogram of uranium-235 (U-235) converted via nuclear processes releases approximately three million times more energy than a kilogram of coal burned conventionally (72 times 1013 joules per kilogram of uranium-235 versus 24 times 107 joules per kilogram of coal)
414 Cooling
- A nuclear reactor coolant mdash usually water but sometimes a gas or a liquid metal (like liquid sodium) or molten salt mdash is circulated past the reactor core to absorb the heat that it generates The heat is carried away from the reactor and is then used to generate steam Most reactor systems employ a cooling system that is physically separated from the water that will be boiled to produce pressurized steam for the turbines like the pressurized water reactor But in some reactors the water for the steam turbines is boiled directly by the reactor core for example the boiling water reactor
415 Reactivity Control
- The power output of the reactor is adjusted by controlling how many neutrons are able to create more fissions
Control rods that are made of a neutron poison are used to absorb neutrons Absorbing more neutrons in a control rod means that there are fewer neutrons available to cause fission so pushing the control rod deeper into the reactor will reduce its power output and extracting the control rod will increase it
416 Electrical Power Generation- The energy released in the fission process generates
heat some of which can be converted into usable energy A common method of harnessing this thermal energy is to use it to boil water to produce pressurized steam which will then drive a steam turbine that turns an alternator and generates electricity
42 STEAM TURBINE
The purpose of the steam turbine is to convert the heat contained in steam into mechanical energy The engine house with the steam turbine is usually structurally separated from the main reactor building It is so aligned to prevent debris from the destruction of a turbine in operation from flying towards the reactor
In the case of a pressurized water reactor the steam turbine is separated from the nuclear system To detect a leak in the steam generator and thus the passage of radioactive water at an early stage an activity meter is mounted to track the outlet steam of the steam generator In contrast boiling water reactors pass radioactive water through the steam turbine so the turbine is kept as part of the control area of the nuclear power plant
421 Blade and Stage Design- Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging
from small 075 kW units used as mechanical drives for pumps compressors and other shaft driven equipment to 1500000kW turbines used to generate electricity Steam turbines are widely used for marine applications for vessel propulsion systems In recent times gas turbines as developed for aerospace applications are being used more and more in the field of power generation once dominated by steam turbines
- Turbine blades are of two basic types blades and nozzles Blades move entirely due to the impact of steam on them and their profiles do not converge This results in a steam velocity drop and essentially no pressure drop as steam moves through the blades A turbine composed of blades alternating with fixed nozzles is called an impulse turbine Curtis turbine Rateau turbine or Brown-Curtis turbine Nozzles appear similar to blades but their profiles converge near the exit This results in a steam pressure drop and velocity increase as steam moves through the nozzles Nozzles move due to both the impact of steam on them and the reaction due to the high-velocity steam at the exit A turbine composed of moving nozzles alternating with fixed nozzles is called a reaction turbine or Parsons turbine
Schematic diagram outlining the difference between an impulse and a 50 reaction turbine
422 Steam supply and exhaust conditions
- Condensing turbines are most commonly found in electrical power plants These turbines exhaust steam from a boiler in a partially condensed state typically of a quality near 90 at a pressure well below atmospheric to a condenser
- Non-condensing or back pressure turbines are most widely used for process steam applications The exhaust pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam pressure These are commonly found at refineries district heating units pulp and paper plants and desalination facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam are needed
- Reheat turbines are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants In a reheat turbine steam flow exits from a high pressure section of the turbine and is returned to the boiler where additional superheat is added The steam then goes back into an intermediate pressure section of the turbine and continues its expansion
- Extracting type turbines are common in all applications In an extracting type turbine steam is released from various stages of the turbine and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler feed water heaters to improve overall cycle efficiency Extraction flows may be controlled with a valve or left uncontrolled
- Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an intermediate stage to produce additional power
A low-pressure steam turbine working below atmospheric pressure in a nuclear power plant
423 Casing or shaft arrangements- These arrangements include single casing tandem
compound and cross compound turbines Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds A cross compound turbine is typically used for many large applications
424 A Two ndash flow Turbine Rotors
- The moving steam imparts both a tangential and axial thrust on the turbine shaft but the axial thrust in a simple turbine is unopposed To maintain the correct rotor position and balancing this force must be counteracted by an opposing force Either thrust bearings can be used for the shaft bearings or the rotor can be designed so that the steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at both ends The blades in each half face opposite ways so that the axial forces negate each other but the tangential forces act together This design of rotor is called two-flow double-axial-flow or double-exhaust This arrangement is common in low-pressure casings of a compound turbine
A two-flow turbine rotor The steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at each end balancing the axial force
43 GENERATOR
- The generator converts kinetic energy supplied by the turbine into electrical energy Low ndash pole AC Synchronous generators of high rated power are used
431 Dynamo
- A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based including the electric motor the alternating-current alternator and the rotary converter Today the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation for efficiency reliability and cost reasons A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator Also converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic
432 Alternator
- Without a commutator a dynamo becomes an alternator which is a synchronous singly fed generator Alternators produce alternating current with a frequency that is based on the rotational speed of the rotor and the number of magnetic poles
- Automotive alternators produce a varying frequency that changes with engine speed which is then converted by a rectifier to DC By comparison alternators used to feed an electric power grid are generally operated at a speed very close to a specific frequency for the benefit of AC devices that regulate their speed and performance based on grid frequency Some devices such as incandescent lamps and ballast-operated fluorescent lamps do not require a constant frequency but synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks do require a constant grid frequency
-Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small In the case of a brushless exciter no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding
433 Induction Generator- An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a
type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed giving negative slip A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator without any internal modifications Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants wind turbines or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure because they can recover energy with relatively simple controlsTo operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid or sometimes they are self-excited by using phase correcting capacitors
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
The bataan nuclear power plant (BNPP) is located at napot point within the municipality of morong bataan The plant is similar in design concept with the krsko Nuclear Power Plant in Yugoslavia The BNPP employs a westing house ndash designed pressurized water reactor light ndash water moderated and having a two ndash loop primary cooling system The reactor core uses a 16 x 16 array of fuel assemblies supplied by westing house The reactor is designed to operate at a power level of 1876 mwt (megawatts thermal) equivalent to a maximum net electrical output of 621 MWE (megawatts electric)
1 WHY DO WE NEED NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
In late 1973 the first world oil crisis erupted The price of crude oil more than quadrupled from US$255 per barrel in April 1973 to US $1084 per barrel in December 1974 and at the same time OPEC imposed a partial oil embargo to the Philippines With the Philippines 95 dependent on imported oil for its commercial energy consumption the crisis has unfolded the countryrsquos absolute vulnerability to drastic changes in the international oil market
In January 1974 the country needed non-oil energy projects for immediate implementation to relieve the grim possibility facing Luzon Evaluation of existing or indigenous sources of energy needed to meet the projected power demand was undertaken We were only starting to explore geothermal potential in commercial quantities the first live well being struck only in November 1974 The 50 MW Pantabangan Multi-Purpose project which was being constructed was upgraded to 100 MW and the hydro power potentials of other Luzon rivers were looked into The countryrsquos coal reserves have not yet been established Minable reserves were established only in 1980 in Semirara Island Thus the only viable alternative source of bulk energy seemed to be nuclear power which has been the subject of almost 20 years of exhaustive studies undertaken by both local and foreign experts Nuclear power along with geothermal coal and hydro will be vital in reducing the countryrsquos heavy dependence on high-priced and unreliable imported fuel oil It will improve the countryrsquos supply of electricity which is vital to a developing economy
2 FACILITIES
- BNPP has the following principal plant structures (a) the reactor containment building (b) the turbine building (c) the auxiliary building complex (d) the fuel handling building (e) the intake structure and (f) the ultimate heat sink
21 REACTOR CONTAINMENT BUILDING- This building contains the containment which is enclosed by a
concrete shield building The containment is a free-standing cylindrical steel shell with a hemispherical dome and elliptical bottom designed to withstand maximum temperature and pressure expected from the steam produced if all water in the primary system were expelled into the containment The containment is normally slightly below atmospheric pressure so that leakage through the containment walls would at most times be inward from the surroundings Inside the containment structure the reactor and other nuclear steam supply system components are shielded with concrete In addition a containment spray system and a containment recirculation and associated cooling system are provided to remove post-accident heat The concrete shield building surrounding the containment provides biological protection against radiation during normal and accident conditions The building also provides volume space or sealed containment for radioactive releases from the containment during normal and abnormal operation
22 TURBINE BUILDING
- This building contains the low and high pressure steam turbines the electrical generator and all the power-conversion related equipment
23 AUXILIARY BUILDING COMPLEX
- The building complex includes the control building the component cooling building the diesel generator building the intermediate building and the auxiliary building
24 FUEL HANDLING BUILDING
- The fuel handling building is an integral part of the auxiliary building complex It contains the spent fuel pool which is lined with stainless steel to prevent leakage of water
25 INTAKE STRUCTURE
- The intake structure is situated along the shoreline of the South China Sea within the nuclear plant perimeter The structure contains traveling water screens the circulating water pumps and auxiliary service equipment providing waste heat removal function This structure is connected by a reinforced concrete intake tunnel to the main condenser water boxes and turbine plant auxiliary heat exchangers via valved piping connections The main condenser water boxes and turbine plant auxiliary heat exchangers are connected by a reinforced concrete discharge tunnel via valved piping connections to the sealwell and then to the South China Sea
3 IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
31 Core ndash Itrsquos the focal point of the reactor where fuel is contained and nuclear fission reactions take place
32 Fuel ndashis made of small enriched uranium oxide rods stacked so as to form cylinders approx 4 metres long and with a diameter of about one centimetre These rods are wrapped in metal sheathes (steel or zirconium alloy) which allow heat to pass through while blocking the radioactive elements produced by fission
33 Moderator ndash This is a material placed in the reactor to slow down the neutrons produced by fission in order to reach the most suitable speed allowing the chain reaction to continue
34 Heat-transfer fluid (or coolant) - This fluid (liquid or gas) cools the core and carries outside the heat that is produced there The most commonly used fluid is water but some types of reactors use different fluids (heavy water molten sodium carbon dioxide helium and other fluids)
35 Control rods ndash These are rods used in specific materials (silver indium cadmium or boron carbide) to control fission inside the core Since they absorb neutrons they are capable of controlling the chain reaction which - depending on how deep down the rods are inserted into the core - can be accelerated slowed down or even stopped thus changing the capacity of the reactor Indeed if necessary the reactor can be immediately stopped when they are fully inserted
36 Vessel ndash The large steel recipient containing the core the control rods and the heat-transfer fluid
4 SYSTEMS
- The conversion to electrical energy takes place indirectly as in conventional thermal power plants The heat is produced by fission in a nuclear reactor (a light water reactor) Directly or indirectly water vapor (steam) is produced The pressurized steam is then usually fed to a multi-stage steam turbine Steam turbines in Western nuclear power plants are among the largest steam turbines ever After the steam turbine has expanded and partially condensed the steam the remaining vapor is condensed in a condenser The condenser is a heat exchanger which is connected to a secondary side such as a river or a cooling tower The water is then pumped back into the nuclear reactor and the cycle begins again The water-steam cycle corresponds to the Rankine cycle
41 NUCLEAR REACTORS
A nuclear reactor is a device to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction The most common use of nuclear reactors is for the generation of electric energy and for the propulsion of ships
The nuclear reactor is the heart of the plant In its central part the reactor cores heat is generated by controlled nuclear fission With this heat a coolant is heated as it is pumped through the reactor and thereby removes the energy from the reactor Heat from nuclear fission is used to raise steam which runs through turbines which in turn powers either ships propellers or electrical generators
411 Mechanism of Nuclear Reactor
- An induced nuclear fission event A neutron is absorbed by the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom which in turn splits into fast-moving lighter elements (fission products) and free neutrons Though both reactors and nuclear weapons rely on nuclear chain-reactions the rate of reactions in a reactor occurs much more slowly than in a bomb
412 Fission
- When a large fissile atomic nucleus such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239 absorbs a neutron it may undergo nuclear fission The heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei (the fission products) releasing kinetic energy gamma radiation and free neutrons A portion of these neutrons may later be absorbed by other fissile atoms and trigger further fission events which release more neutrons and so on This is known as a nuclear chain reaction
413 Heat Generation
- The kinetic energy of fission products is converted to thermal energy when these nuclei collide with nearby atoms
The reactor absorbs some of the gamma rays produced during fission and converts their energy into heat
Heat is produced by the radioactive decay of fission products and materials that have been activated by neutron absorption This decay heat-source will remain for some time even after the reactor is shut down
A kilogram of uranium-235 (U-235) converted via nuclear processes releases approximately three million times more energy than a kilogram of coal burned conventionally (72 times 1013 joules per kilogram of uranium-235 versus 24 times 107 joules per kilogram of coal)
414 Cooling
- A nuclear reactor coolant mdash usually water but sometimes a gas or a liquid metal (like liquid sodium) or molten salt mdash is circulated past the reactor core to absorb the heat that it generates The heat is carried away from the reactor and is then used to generate steam Most reactor systems employ a cooling system that is physically separated from the water that will be boiled to produce pressurized steam for the turbines like the pressurized water reactor But in some reactors the water for the steam turbines is boiled directly by the reactor core for example the boiling water reactor
415 Reactivity Control
- The power output of the reactor is adjusted by controlling how many neutrons are able to create more fissions
Control rods that are made of a neutron poison are used to absorb neutrons Absorbing more neutrons in a control rod means that there are fewer neutrons available to cause fission so pushing the control rod deeper into the reactor will reduce its power output and extracting the control rod will increase it
416 Electrical Power Generation- The energy released in the fission process generates
heat some of which can be converted into usable energy A common method of harnessing this thermal energy is to use it to boil water to produce pressurized steam which will then drive a steam turbine that turns an alternator and generates electricity
42 STEAM TURBINE
The purpose of the steam turbine is to convert the heat contained in steam into mechanical energy The engine house with the steam turbine is usually structurally separated from the main reactor building It is so aligned to prevent debris from the destruction of a turbine in operation from flying towards the reactor
In the case of a pressurized water reactor the steam turbine is separated from the nuclear system To detect a leak in the steam generator and thus the passage of radioactive water at an early stage an activity meter is mounted to track the outlet steam of the steam generator In contrast boiling water reactors pass radioactive water through the steam turbine so the turbine is kept as part of the control area of the nuclear power plant
421 Blade and Stage Design- Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging
from small 075 kW units used as mechanical drives for pumps compressors and other shaft driven equipment to 1500000kW turbines used to generate electricity Steam turbines are widely used for marine applications for vessel propulsion systems In recent times gas turbines as developed for aerospace applications are being used more and more in the field of power generation once dominated by steam turbines
- Turbine blades are of two basic types blades and nozzles Blades move entirely due to the impact of steam on them and their profiles do not converge This results in a steam velocity drop and essentially no pressure drop as steam moves through the blades A turbine composed of blades alternating with fixed nozzles is called an impulse turbine Curtis turbine Rateau turbine or Brown-Curtis turbine Nozzles appear similar to blades but their profiles converge near the exit This results in a steam pressure drop and velocity increase as steam moves through the nozzles Nozzles move due to both the impact of steam on them and the reaction due to the high-velocity steam at the exit A turbine composed of moving nozzles alternating with fixed nozzles is called a reaction turbine or Parsons turbine
Schematic diagram outlining the difference between an impulse and a 50 reaction turbine
422 Steam supply and exhaust conditions
- Condensing turbines are most commonly found in electrical power plants These turbines exhaust steam from a boiler in a partially condensed state typically of a quality near 90 at a pressure well below atmospheric to a condenser
- Non-condensing or back pressure turbines are most widely used for process steam applications The exhaust pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam pressure These are commonly found at refineries district heating units pulp and paper plants and desalination facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam are needed
- Reheat turbines are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants In a reheat turbine steam flow exits from a high pressure section of the turbine and is returned to the boiler where additional superheat is added The steam then goes back into an intermediate pressure section of the turbine and continues its expansion
- Extracting type turbines are common in all applications In an extracting type turbine steam is released from various stages of the turbine and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler feed water heaters to improve overall cycle efficiency Extraction flows may be controlled with a valve or left uncontrolled
- Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an intermediate stage to produce additional power
A low-pressure steam turbine working below atmospheric pressure in a nuclear power plant
423 Casing or shaft arrangements- These arrangements include single casing tandem
compound and cross compound turbines Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds A cross compound turbine is typically used for many large applications
424 A Two ndash flow Turbine Rotors
- The moving steam imparts both a tangential and axial thrust on the turbine shaft but the axial thrust in a simple turbine is unopposed To maintain the correct rotor position and balancing this force must be counteracted by an opposing force Either thrust bearings can be used for the shaft bearings or the rotor can be designed so that the steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at both ends The blades in each half face opposite ways so that the axial forces negate each other but the tangential forces act together This design of rotor is called two-flow double-axial-flow or double-exhaust This arrangement is common in low-pressure casings of a compound turbine
A two-flow turbine rotor The steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at each end balancing the axial force
43 GENERATOR
- The generator converts kinetic energy supplied by the turbine into electrical energy Low ndash pole AC Synchronous generators of high rated power are used
431 Dynamo
- A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based including the electric motor the alternating-current alternator and the rotary converter Today the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation for efficiency reliability and cost reasons A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator Also converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic
432 Alternator
- Without a commutator a dynamo becomes an alternator which is a synchronous singly fed generator Alternators produce alternating current with a frequency that is based on the rotational speed of the rotor and the number of magnetic poles
- Automotive alternators produce a varying frequency that changes with engine speed which is then converted by a rectifier to DC By comparison alternators used to feed an electric power grid are generally operated at a speed very close to a specific frequency for the benefit of AC devices that regulate their speed and performance based on grid frequency Some devices such as incandescent lamps and ballast-operated fluorescent lamps do not require a constant frequency but synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks do require a constant grid frequency
-Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small In the case of a brushless exciter no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding
433 Induction Generator- An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a
type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed giving negative slip A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator without any internal modifications Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants wind turbines or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure because they can recover energy with relatively simple controlsTo operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid or sometimes they are self-excited by using phase correcting capacitors
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
1 WHY DO WE NEED NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
In late 1973 the first world oil crisis erupted The price of crude oil more than quadrupled from US$255 per barrel in April 1973 to US $1084 per barrel in December 1974 and at the same time OPEC imposed a partial oil embargo to the Philippines With the Philippines 95 dependent on imported oil for its commercial energy consumption the crisis has unfolded the countryrsquos absolute vulnerability to drastic changes in the international oil market
In January 1974 the country needed non-oil energy projects for immediate implementation to relieve the grim possibility facing Luzon Evaluation of existing or indigenous sources of energy needed to meet the projected power demand was undertaken We were only starting to explore geothermal potential in commercial quantities the first live well being struck only in November 1974 The 50 MW Pantabangan Multi-Purpose project which was being constructed was upgraded to 100 MW and the hydro power potentials of other Luzon rivers were looked into The countryrsquos coal reserves have not yet been established Minable reserves were established only in 1980 in Semirara Island Thus the only viable alternative source of bulk energy seemed to be nuclear power which has been the subject of almost 20 years of exhaustive studies undertaken by both local and foreign experts Nuclear power along with geothermal coal and hydro will be vital in reducing the countryrsquos heavy dependence on high-priced and unreliable imported fuel oil It will improve the countryrsquos supply of electricity which is vital to a developing economy
2 FACILITIES
- BNPP has the following principal plant structures (a) the reactor containment building (b) the turbine building (c) the auxiliary building complex (d) the fuel handling building (e) the intake structure and (f) the ultimate heat sink
21 REACTOR CONTAINMENT BUILDING- This building contains the containment which is enclosed by a
concrete shield building The containment is a free-standing cylindrical steel shell with a hemispherical dome and elliptical bottom designed to withstand maximum temperature and pressure expected from the steam produced if all water in the primary system were expelled into the containment The containment is normally slightly below atmospheric pressure so that leakage through the containment walls would at most times be inward from the surroundings Inside the containment structure the reactor and other nuclear steam supply system components are shielded with concrete In addition a containment spray system and a containment recirculation and associated cooling system are provided to remove post-accident heat The concrete shield building surrounding the containment provides biological protection against radiation during normal and accident conditions The building also provides volume space or sealed containment for radioactive releases from the containment during normal and abnormal operation
22 TURBINE BUILDING
- This building contains the low and high pressure steam turbines the electrical generator and all the power-conversion related equipment
23 AUXILIARY BUILDING COMPLEX
- The building complex includes the control building the component cooling building the diesel generator building the intermediate building and the auxiliary building
24 FUEL HANDLING BUILDING
- The fuel handling building is an integral part of the auxiliary building complex It contains the spent fuel pool which is lined with stainless steel to prevent leakage of water
25 INTAKE STRUCTURE
- The intake structure is situated along the shoreline of the South China Sea within the nuclear plant perimeter The structure contains traveling water screens the circulating water pumps and auxiliary service equipment providing waste heat removal function This structure is connected by a reinforced concrete intake tunnel to the main condenser water boxes and turbine plant auxiliary heat exchangers via valved piping connections The main condenser water boxes and turbine plant auxiliary heat exchangers are connected by a reinforced concrete discharge tunnel via valved piping connections to the sealwell and then to the South China Sea
3 IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
31 Core ndash Itrsquos the focal point of the reactor where fuel is contained and nuclear fission reactions take place
32 Fuel ndashis made of small enriched uranium oxide rods stacked so as to form cylinders approx 4 metres long and with a diameter of about one centimetre These rods are wrapped in metal sheathes (steel or zirconium alloy) which allow heat to pass through while blocking the radioactive elements produced by fission
33 Moderator ndash This is a material placed in the reactor to slow down the neutrons produced by fission in order to reach the most suitable speed allowing the chain reaction to continue
34 Heat-transfer fluid (or coolant) - This fluid (liquid or gas) cools the core and carries outside the heat that is produced there The most commonly used fluid is water but some types of reactors use different fluids (heavy water molten sodium carbon dioxide helium and other fluids)
35 Control rods ndash These are rods used in specific materials (silver indium cadmium or boron carbide) to control fission inside the core Since they absorb neutrons they are capable of controlling the chain reaction which - depending on how deep down the rods are inserted into the core - can be accelerated slowed down or even stopped thus changing the capacity of the reactor Indeed if necessary the reactor can be immediately stopped when they are fully inserted
36 Vessel ndash The large steel recipient containing the core the control rods and the heat-transfer fluid
4 SYSTEMS
- The conversion to electrical energy takes place indirectly as in conventional thermal power plants The heat is produced by fission in a nuclear reactor (a light water reactor) Directly or indirectly water vapor (steam) is produced The pressurized steam is then usually fed to a multi-stage steam turbine Steam turbines in Western nuclear power plants are among the largest steam turbines ever After the steam turbine has expanded and partially condensed the steam the remaining vapor is condensed in a condenser The condenser is a heat exchanger which is connected to a secondary side such as a river or a cooling tower The water is then pumped back into the nuclear reactor and the cycle begins again The water-steam cycle corresponds to the Rankine cycle
41 NUCLEAR REACTORS
A nuclear reactor is a device to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction The most common use of nuclear reactors is for the generation of electric energy and for the propulsion of ships
The nuclear reactor is the heart of the plant In its central part the reactor cores heat is generated by controlled nuclear fission With this heat a coolant is heated as it is pumped through the reactor and thereby removes the energy from the reactor Heat from nuclear fission is used to raise steam which runs through turbines which in turn powers either ships propellers or electrical generators
411 Mechanism of Nuclear Reactor
- An induced nuclear fission event A neutron is absorbed by the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom which in turn splits into fast-moving lighter elements (fission products) and free neutrons Though both reactors and nuclear weapons rely on nuclear chain-reactions the rate of reactions in a reactor occurs much more slowly than in a bomb
412 Fission
- When a large fissile atomic nucleus such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239 absorbs a neutron it may undergo nuclear fission The heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei (the fission products) releasing kinetic energy gamma radiation and free neutrons A portion of these neutrons may later be absorbed by other fissile atoms and trigger further fission events which release more neutrons and so on This is known as a nuclear chain reaction
413 Heat Generation
- The kinetic energy of fission products is converted to thermal energy when these nuclei collide with nearby atoms
The reactor absorbs some of the gamma rays produced during fission and converts their energy into heat
Heat is produced by the radioactive decay of fission products and materials that have been activated by neutron absorption This decay heat-source will remain for some time even after the reactor is shut down
A kilogram of uranium-235 (U-235) converted via nuclear processes releases approximately three million times more energy than a kilogram of coal burned conventionally (72 times 1013 joules per kilogram of uranium-235 versus 24 times 107 joules per kilogram of coal)
414 Cooling
- A nuclear reactor coolant mdash usually water but sometimes a gas or a liquid metal (like liquid sodium) or molten salt mdash is circulated past the reactor core to absorb the heat that it generates The heat is carried away from the reactor and is then used to generate steam Most reactor systems employ a cooling system that is physically separated from the water that will be boiled to produce pressurized steam for the turbines like the pressurized water reactor But in some reactors the water for the steam turbines is boiled directly by the reactor core for example the boiling water reactor
415 Reactivity Control
- The power output of the reactor is adjusted by controlling how many neutrons are able to create more fissions
Control rods that are made of a neutron poison are used to absorb neutrons Absorbing more neutrons in a control rod means that there are fewer neutrons available to cause fission so pushing the control rod deeper into the reactor will reduce its power output and extracting the control rod will increase it
416 Electrical Power Generation- The energy released in the fission process generates
heat some of which can be converted into usable energy A common method of harnessing this thermal energy is to use it to boil water to produce pressurized steam which will then drive a steam turbine that turns an alternator and generates electricity
42 STEAM TURBINE
The purpose of the steam turbine is to convert the heat contained in steam into mechanical energy The engine house with the steam turbine is usually structurally separated from the main reactor building It is so aligned to prevent debris from the destruction of a turbine in operation from flying towards the reactor
In the case of a pressurized water reactor the steam turbine is separated from the nuclear system To detect a leak in the steam generator and thus the passage of radioactive water at an early stage an activity meter is mounted to track the outlet steam of the steam generator In contrast boiling water reactors pass radioactive water through the steam turbine so the turbine is kept as part of the control area of the nuclear power plant
421 Blade and Stage Design- Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging
from small 075 kW units used as mechanical drives for pumps compressors and other shaft driven equipment to 1500000kW turbines used to generate electricity Steam turbines are widely used for marine applications for vessel propulsion systems In recent times gas turbines as developed for aerospace applications are being used more and more in the field of power generation once dominated by steam turbines
- Turbine blades are of two basic types blades and nozzles Blades move entirely due to the impact of steam on them and their profiles do not converge This results in a steam velocity drop and essentially no pressure drop as steam moves through the blades A turbine composed of blades alternating with fixed nozzles is called an impulse turbine Curtis turbine Rateau turbine or Brown-Curtis turbine Nozzles appear similar to blades but their profiles converge near the exit This results in a steam pressure drop and velocity increase as steam moves through the nozzles Nozzles move due to both the impact of steam on them and the reaction due to the high-velocity steam at the exit A turbine composed of moving nozzles alternating with fixed nozzles is called a reaction turbine or Parsons turbine
Schematic diagram outlining the difference between an impulse and a 50 reaction turbine
422 Steam supply and exhaust conditions
- Condensing turbines are most commonly found in electrical power plants These turbines exhaust steam from a boiler in a partially condensed state typically of a quality near 90 at a pressure well below atmospheric to a condenser
- Non-condensing or back pressure turbines are most widely used for process steam applications The exhaust pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam pressure These are commonly found at refineries district heating units pulp and paper plants and desalination facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam are needed
- Reheat turbines are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants In a reheat turbine steam flow exits from a high pressure section of the turbine and is returned to the boiler where additional superheat is added The steam then goes back into an intermediate pressure section of the turbine and continues its expansion
- Extracting type turbines are common in all applications In an extracting type turbine steam is released from various stages of the turbine and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler feed water heaters to improve overall cycle efficiency Extraction flows may be controlled with a valve or left uncontrolled
- Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an intermediate stage to produce additional power
A low-pressure steam turbine working below atmospheric pressure in a nuclear power plant
423 Casing or shaft arrangements- These arrangements include single casing tandem
compound and cross compound turbines Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds A cross compound turbine is typically used for many large applications
424 A Two ndash flow Turbine Rotors
- The moving steam imparts both a tangential and axial thrust on the turbine shaft but the axial thrust in a simple turbine is unopposed To maintain the correct rotor position and balancing this force must be counteracted by an opposing force Either thrust bearings can be used for the shaft bearings or the rotor can be designed so that the steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at both ends The blades in each half face opposite ways so that the axial forces negate each other but the tangential forces act together This design of rotor is called two-flow double-axial-flow or double-exhaust This arrangement is common in low-pressure casings of a compound turbine
A two-flow turbine rotor The steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at each end balancing the axial force
43 GENERATOR
- The generator converts kinetic energy supplied by the turbine into electrical energy Low ndash pole AC Synchronous generators of high rated power are used
431 Dynamo
- A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based including the electric motor the alternating-current alternator and the rotary converter Today the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation for efficiency reliability and cost reasons A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator Also converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic
432 Alternator
- Without a commutator a dynamo becomes an alternator which is a synchronous singly fed generator Alternators produce alternating current with a frequency that is based on the rotational speed of the rotor and the number of magnetic poles
- Automotive alternators produce a varying frequency that changes with engine speed which is then converted by a rectifier to DC By comparison alternators used to feed an electric power grid are generally operated at a speed very close to a specific frequency for the benefit of AC devices that regulate their speed and performance based on grid frequency Some devices such as incandescent lamps and ballast-operated fluorescent lamps do not require a constant frequency but synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks do require a constant grid frequency
-Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small In the case of a brushless exciter no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding
433 Induction Generator- An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a
type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed giving negative slip A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator without any internal modifications Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants wind turbines or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure because they can recover energy with relatively simple controlsTo operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid or sometimes they are self-excited by using phase correcting capacitors
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
In January 1974 the country needed non-oil energy projects for immediate implementation to relieve the grim possibility facing Luzon Evaluation of existing or indigenous sources of energy needed to meet the projected power demand was undertaken We were only starting to explore geothermal potential in commercial quantities the first live well being struck only in November 1974 The 50 MW Pantabangan Multi-Purpose project which was being constructed was upgraded to 100 MW and the hydro power potentials of other Luzon rivers were looked into The countryrsquos coal reserves have not yet been established Minable reserves were established only in 1980 in Semirara Island Thus the only viable alternative source of bulk energy seemed to be nuclear power which has been the subject of almost 20 years of exhaustive studies undertaken by both local and foreign experts Nuclear power along with geothermal coal and hydro will be vital in reducing the countryrsquos heavy dependence on high-priced and unreliable imported fuel oil It will improve the countryrsquos supply of electricity which is vital to a developing economy
2 FACILITIES
- BNPP has the following principal plant structures (a) the reactor containment building (b) the turbine building (c) the auxiliary building complex (d) the fuel handling building (e) the intake structure and (f) the ultimate heat sink
21 REACTOR CONTAINMENT BUILDING- This building contains the containment which is enclosed by a
concrete shield building The containment is a free-standing cylindrical steel shell with a hemispherical dome and elliptical bottom designed to withstand maximum temperature and pressure expected from the steam produced if all water in the primary system were expelled into the containment The containment is normally slightly below atmospheric pressure so that leakage through the containment walls would at most times be inward from the surroundings Inside the containment structure the reactor and other nuclear steam supply system components are shielded with concrete In addition a containment spray system and a containment recirculation and associated cooling system are provided to remove post-accident heat The concrete shield building surrounding the containment provides biological protection against radiation during normal and accident conditions The building also provides volume space or sealed containment for radioactive releases from the containment during normal and abnormal operation
22 TURBINE BUILDING
- This building contains the low and high pressure steam turbines the electrical generator and all the power-conversion related equipment
23 AUXILIARY BUILDING COMPLEX
- The building complex includes the control building the component cooling building the diesel generator building the intermediate building and the auxiliary building
24 FUEL HANDLING BUILDING
- The fuel handling building is an integral part of the auxiliary building complex It contains the spent fuel pool which is lined with stainless steel to prevent leakage of water
25 INTAKE STRUCTURE
- The intake structure is situated along the shoreline of the South China Sea within the nuclear plant perimeter The structure contains traveling water screens the circulating water pumps and auxiliary service equipment providing waste heat removal function This structure is connected by a reinforced concrete intake tunnel to the main condenser water boxes and turbine plant auxiliary heat exchangers via valved piping connections The main condenser water boxes and turbine plant auxiliary heat exchangers are connected by a reinforced concrete discharge tunnel via valved piping connections to the sealwell and then to the South China Sea
3 IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
31 Core ndash Itrsquos the focal point of the reactor where fuel is contained and nuclear fission reactions take place
32 Fuel ndashis made of small enriched uranium oxide rods stacked so as to form cylinders approx 4 metres long and with a diameter of about one centimetre These rods are wrapped in metal sheathes (steel or zirconium alloy) which allow heat to pass through while blocking the radioactive elements produced by fission
33 Moderator ndash This is a material placed in the reactor to slow down the neutrons produced by fission in order to reach the most suitable speed allowing the chain reaction to continue
34 Heat-transfer fluid (or coolant) - This fluid (liquid or gas) cools the core and carries outside the heat that is produced there The most commonly used fluid is water but some types of reactors use different fluids (heavy water molten sodium carbon dioxide helium and other fluids)
35 Control rods ndash These are rods used in specific materials (silver indium cadmium or boron carbide) to control fission inside the core Since they absorb neutrons they are capable of controlling the chain reaction which - depending on how deep down the rods are inserted into the core - can be accelerated slowed down or even stopped thus changing the capacity of the reactor Indeed if necessary the reactor can be immediately stopped when they are fully inserted
36 Vessel ndash The large steel recipient containing the core the control rods and the heat-transfer fluid
4 SYSTEMS
- The conversion to electrical energy takes place indirectly as in conventional thermal power plants The heat is produced by fission in a nuclear reactor (a light water reactor) Directly or indirectly water vapor (steam) is produced The pressurized steam is then usually fed to a multi-stage steam turbine Steam turbines in Western nuclear power plants are among the largest steam turbines ever After the steam turbine has expanded and partially condensed the steam the remaining vapor is condensed in a condenser The condenser is a heat exchanger which is connected to a secondary side such as a river or a cooling tower The water is then pumped back into the nuclear reactor and the cycle begins again The water-steam cycle corresponds to the Rankine cycle
41 NUCLEAR REACTORS
A nuclear reactor is a device to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction The most common use of nuclear reactors is for the generation of electric energy and for the propulsion of ships
The nuclear reactor is the heart of the plant In its central part the reactor cores heat is generated by controlled nuclear fission With this heat a coolant is heated as it is pumped through the reactor and thereby removes the energy from the reactor Heat from nuclear fission is used to raise steam which runs through turbines which in turn powers either ships propellers or electrical generators
411 Mechanism of Nuclear Reactor
- An induced nuclear fission event A neutron is absorbed by the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom which in turn splits into fast-moving lighter elements (fission products) and free neutrons Though both reactors and nuclear weapons rely on nuclear chain-reactions the rate of reactions in a reactor occurs much more slowly than in a bomb
412 Fission
- When a large fissile atomic nucleus such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239 absorbs a neutron it may undergo nuclear fission The heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei (the fission products) releasing kinetic energy gamma radiation and free neutrons A portion of these neutrons may later be absorbed by other fissile atoms and trigger further fission events which release more neutrons and so on This is known as a nuclear chain reaction
413 Heat Generation
- The kinetic energy of fission products is converted to thermal energy when these nuclei collide with nearby atoms
The reactor absorbs some of the gamma rays produced during fission and converts their energy into heat
Heat is produced by the radioactive decay of fission products and materials that have been activated by neutron absorption This decay heat-source will remain for some time even after the reactor is shut down
A kilogram of uranium-235 (U-235) converted via nuclear processes releases approximately three million times more energy than a kilogram of coal burned conventionally (72 times 1013 joules per kilogram of uranium-235 versus 24 times 107 joules per kilogram of coal)
414 Cooling
- A nuclear reactor coolant mdash usually water but sometimes a gas or a liquid metal (like liquid sodium) or molten salt mdash is circulated past the reactor core to absorb the heat that it generates The heat is carried away from the reactor and is then used to generate steam Most reactor systems employ a cooling system that is physically separated from the water that will be boiled to produce pressurized steam for the turbines like the pressurized water reactor But in some reactors the water for the steam turbines is boiled directly by the reactor core for example the boiling water reactor
415 Reactivity Control
- The power output of the reactor is adjusted by controlling how many neutrons are able to create more fissions
Control rods that are made of a neutron poison are used to absorb neutrons Absorbing more neutrons in a control rod means that there are fewer neutrons available to cause fission so pushing the control rod deeper into the reactor will reduce its power output and extracting the control rod will increase it
416 Electrical Power Generation- The energy released in the fission process generates
heat some of which can be converted into usable energy A common method of harnessing this thermal energy is to use it to boil water to produce pressurized steam which will then drive a steam turbine that turns an alternator and generates electricity
42 STEAM TURBINE
The purpose of the steam turbine is to convert the heat contained in steam into mechanical energy The engine house with the steam turbine is usually structurally separated from the main reactor building It is so aligned to prevent debris from the destruction of a turbine in operation from flying towards the reactor
In the case of a pressurized water reactor the steam turbine is separated from the nuclear system To detect a leak in the steam generator and thus the passage of radioactive water at an early stage an activity meter is mounted to track the outlet steam of the steam generator In contrast boiling water reactors pass radioactive water through the steam turbine so the turbine is kept as part of the control area of the nuclear power plant
421 Blade and Stage Design- Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging
from small 075 kW units used as mechanical drives for pumps compressors and other shaft driven equipment to 1500000kW turbines used to generate electricity Steam turbines are widely used for marine applications for vessel propulsion systems In recent times gas turbines as developed for aerospace applications are being used more and more in the field of power generation once dominated by steam turbines
- Turbine blades are of two basic types blades and nozzles Blades move entirely due to the impact of steam on them and their profiles do not converge This results in a steam velocity drop and essentially no pressure drop as steam moves through the blades A turbine composed of blades alternating with fixed nozzles is called an impulse turbine Curtis turbine Rateau turbine or Brown-Curtis turbine Nozzles appear similar to blades but their profiles converge near the exit This results in a steam pressure drop and velocity increase as steam moves through the nozzles Nozzles move due to both the impact of steam on them and the reaction due to the high-velocity steam at the exit A turbine composed of moving nozzles alternating with fixed nozzles is called a reaction turbine or Parsons turbine
Schematic diagram outlining the difference between an impulse and a 50 reaction turbine
422 Steam supply and exhaust conditions
- Condensing turbines are most commonly found in electrical power plants These turbines exhaust steam from a boiler in a partially condensed state typically of a quality near 90 at a pressure well below atmospheric to a condenser
- Non-condensing or back pressure turbines are most widely used for process steam applications The exhaust pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam pressure These are commonly found at refineries district heating units pulp and paper plants and desalination facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam are needed
- Reheat turbines are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants In a reheat turbine steam flow exits from a high pressure section of the turbine and is returned to the boiler where additional superheat is added The steam then goes back into an intermediate pressure section of the turbine and continues its expansion
- Extracting type turbines are common in all applications In an extracting type turbine steam is released from various stages of the turbine and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler feed water heaters to improve overall cycle efficiency Extraction flows may be controlled with a valve or left uncontrolled
- Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an intermediate stage to produce additional power
A low-pressure steam turbine working below atmospheric pressure in a nuclear power plant
423 Casing or shaft arrangements- These arrangements include single casing tandem
compound and cross compound turbines Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds A cross compound turbine is typically used for many large applications
424 A Two ndash flow Turbine Rotors
- The moving steam imparts both a tangential and axial thrust on the turbine shaft but the axial thrust in a simple turbine is unopposed To maintain the correct rotor position and balancing this force must be counteracted by an opposing force Either thrust bearings can be used for the shaft bearings or the rotor can be designed so that the steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at both ends The blades in each half face opposite ways so that the axial forces negate each other but the tangential forces act together This design of rotor is called two-flow double-axial-flow or double-exhaust This arrangement is common in low-pressure casings of a compound turbine
A two-flow turbine rotor The steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at each end balancing the axial force
43 GENERATOR
- The generator converts kinetic energy supplied by the turbine into electrical energy Low ndash pole AC Synchronous generators of high rated power are used
431 Dynamo
- A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based including the electric motor the alternating-current alternator and the rotary converter Today the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation for efficiency reliability and cost reasons A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator Also converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic
432 Alternator
- Without a commutator a dynamo becomes an alternator which is a synchronous singly fed generator Alternators produce alternating current with a frequency that is based on the rotational speed of the rotor and the number of magnetic poles
- Automotive alternators produce a varying frequency that changes with engine speed which is then converted by a rectifier to DC By comparison alternators used to feed an electric power grid are generally operated at a speed very close to a specific frequency for the benefit of AC devices that regulate their speed and performance based on grid frequency Some devices such as incandescent lamps and ballast-operated fluorescent lamps do not require a constant frequency but synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks do require a constant grid frequency
-Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small In the case of a brushless exciter no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding
433 Induction Generator- An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a
type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed giving negative slip A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator without any internal modifications Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants wind turbines or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure because they can recover energy with relatively simple controlsTo operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid or sometimes they are self-excited by using phase correcting capacitors
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
2 FACILITIES
- BNPP has the following principal plant structures (a) the reactor containment building (b) the turbine building (c) the auxiliary building complex (d) the fuel handling building (e) the intake structure and (f) the ultimate heat sink
21 REACTOR CONTAINMENT BUILDING- This building contains the containment which is enclosed by a
concrete shield building The containment is a free-standing cylindrical steel shell with a hemispherical dome and elliptical bottom designed to withstand maximum temperature and pressure expected from the steam produced if all water in the primary system were expelled into the containment The containment is normally slightly below atmospheric pressure so that leakage through the containment walls would at most times be inward from the surroundings Inside the containment structure the reactor and other nuclear steam supply system components are shielded with concrete In addition a containment spray system and a containment recirculation and associated cooling system are provided to remove post-accident heat The concrete shield building surrounding the containment provides biological protection against radiation during normal and accident conditions The building also provides volume space or sealed containment for radioactive releases from the containment during normal and abnormal operation
22 TURBINE BUILDING
- This building contains the low and high pressure steam turbines the electrical generator and all the power-conversion related equipment
23 AUXILIARY BUILDING COMPLEX
- The building complex includes the control building the component cooling building the diesel generator building the intermediate building and the auxiliary building
24 FUEL HANDLING BUILDING
- The fuel handling building is an integral part of the auxiliary building complex It contains the spent fuel pool which is lined with stainless steel to prevent leakage of water
25 INTAKE STRUCTURE
- The intake structure is situated along the shoreline of the South China Sea within the nuclear plant perimeter The structure contains traveling water screens the circulating water pumps and auxiliary service equipment providing waste heat removal function This structure is connected by a reinforced concrete intake tunnel to the main condenser water boxes and turbine plant auxiliary heat exchangers via valved piping connections The main condenser water boxes and turbine plant auxiliary heat exchangers are connected by a reinforced concrete discharge tunnel via valved piping connections to the sealwell and then to the South China Sea
3 IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
31 Core ndash Itrsquos the focal point of the reactor where fuel is contained and nuclear fission reactions take place
32 Fuel ndashis made of small enriched uranium oxide rods stacked so as to form cylinders approx 4 metres long and with a diameter of about one centimetre These rods are wrapped in metal sheathes (steel or zirconium alloy) which allow heat to pass through while blocking the radioactive elements produced by fission
33 Moderator ndash This is a material placed in the reactor to slow down the neutrons produced by fission in order to reach the most suitable speed allowing the chain reaction to continue
34 Heat-transfer fluid (or coolant) - This fluid (liquid or gas) cools the core and carries outside the heat that is produced there The most commonly used fluid is water but some types of reactors use different fluids (heavy water molten sodium carbon dioxide helium and other fluids)
35 Control rods ndash These are rods used in specific materials (silver indium cadmium or boron carbide) to control fission inside the core Since they absorb neutrons they are capable of controlling the chain reaction which - depending on how deep down the rods are inserted into the core - can be accelerated slowed down or even stopped thus changing the capacity of the reactor Indeed if necessary the reactor can be immediately stopped when they are fully inserted
36 Vessel ndash The large steel recipient containing the core the control rods and the heat-transfer fluid
4 SYSTEMS
- The conversion to electrical energy takes place indirectly as in conventional thermal power plants The heat is produced by fission in a nuclear reactor (a light water reactor) Directly or indirectly water vapor (steam) is produced The pressurized steam is then usually fed to a multi-stage steam turbine Steam turbines in Western nuclear power plants are among the largest steam turbines ever After the steam turbine has expanded and partially condensed the steam the remaining vapor is condensed in a condenser The condenser is a heat exchanger which is connected to a secondary side such as a river or a cooling tower The water is then pumped back into the nuclear reactor and the cycle begins again The water-steam cycle corresponds to the Rankine cycle
41 NUCLEAR REACTORS
A nuclear reactor is a device to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction The most common use of nuclear reactors is for the generation of electric energy and for the propulsion of ships
The nuclear reactor is the heart of the plant In its central part the reactor cores heat is generated by controlled nuclear fission With this heat a coolant is heated as it is pumped through the reactor and thereby removes the energy from the reactor Heat from nuclear fission is used to raise steam which runs through turbines which in turn powers either ships propellers or electrical generators
411 Mechanism of Nuclear Reactor
- An induced nuclear fission event A neutron is absorbed by the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom which in turn splits into fast-moving lighter elements (fission products) and free neutrons Though both reactors and nuclear weapons rely on nuclear chain-reactions the rate of reactions in a reactor occurs much more slowly than in a bomb
412 Fission
- When a large fissile atomic nucleus such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239 absorbs a neutron it may undergo nuclear fission The heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei (the fission products) releasing kinetic energy gamma radiation and free neutrons A portion of these neutrons may later be absorbed by other fissile atoms and trigger further fission events which release more neutrons and so on This is known as a nuclear chain reaction
413 Heat Generation
- The kinetic energy of fission products is converted to thermal energy when these nuclei collide with nearby atoms
The reactor absorbs some of the gamma rays produced during fission and converts their energy into heat
Heat is produced by the radioactive decay of fission products and materials that have been activated by neutron absorption This decay heat-source will remain for some time even after the reactor is shut down
A kilogram of uranium-235 (U-235) converted via nuclear processes releases approximately three million times more energy than a kilogram of coal burned conventionally (72 times 1013 joules per kilogram of uranium-235 versus 24 times 107 joules per kilogram of coal)
414 Cooling
- A nuclear reactor coolant mdash usually water but sometimes a gas or a liquid metal (like liquid sodium) or molten salt mdash is circulated past the reactor core to absorb the heat that it generates The heat is carried away from the reactor and is then used to generate steam Most reactor systems employ a cooling system that is physically separated from the water that will be boiled to produce pressurized steam for the turbines like the pressurized water reactor But in some reactors the water for the steam turbines is boiled directly by the reactor core for example the boiling water reactor
415 Reactivity Control
- The power output of the reactor is adjusted by controlling how many neutrons are able to create more fissions
Control rods that are made of a neutron poison are used to absorb neutrons Absorbing more neutrons in a control rod means that there are fewer neutrons available to cause fission so pushing the control rod deeper into the reactor will reduce its power output and extracting the control rod will increase it
416 Electrical Power Generation- The energy released in the fission process generates
heat some of which can be converted into usable energy A common method of harnessing this thermal energy is to use it to boil water to produce pressurized steam which will then drive a steam turbine that turns an alternator and generates electricity
42 STEAM TURBINE
The purpose of the steam turbine is to convert the heat contained in steam into mechanical energy The engine house with the steam turbine is usually structurally separated from the main reactor building It is so aligned to prevent debris from the destruction of a turbine in operation from flying towards the reactor
In the case of a pressurized water reactor the steam turbine is separated from the nuclear system To detect a leak in the steam generator and thus the passage of radioactive water at an early stage an activity meter is mounted to track the outlet steam of the steam generator In contrast boiling water reactors pass radioactive water through the steam turbine so the turbine is kept as part of the control area of the nuclear power plant
421 Blade and Stage Design- Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging
from small 075 kW units used as mechanical drives for pumps compressors and other shaft driven equipment to 1500000kW turbines used to generate electricity Steam turbines are widely used for marine applications for vessel propulsion systems In recent times gas turbines as developed for aerospace applications are being used more and more in the field of power generation once dominated by steam turbines
- Turbine blades are of two basic types blades and nozzles Blades move entirely due to the impact of steam on them and their profiles do not converge This results in a steam velocity drop and essentially no pressure drop as steam moves through the blades A turbine composed of blades alternating with fixed nozzles is called an impulse turbine Curtis turbine Rateau turbine or Brown-Curtis turbine Nozzles appear similar to blades but their profiles converge near the exit This results in a steam pressure drop and velocity increase as steam moves through the nozzles Nozzles move due to both the impact of steam on them and the reaction due to the high-velocity steam at the exit A turbine composed of moving nozzles alternating with fixed nozzles is called a reaction turbine or Parsons turbine
Schematic diagram outlining the difference between an impulse and a 50 reaction turbine
422 Steam supply and exhaust conditions
- Condensing turbines are most commonly found in electrical power plants These turbines exhaust steam from a boiler in a partially condensed state typically of a quality near 90 at a pressure well below atmospheric to a condenser
- Non-condensing or back pressure turbines are most widely used for process steam applications The exhaust pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam pressure These are commonly found at refineries district heating units pulp and paper plants and desalination facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam are needed
- Reheat turbines are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants In a reheat turbine steam flow exits from a high pressure section of the turbine and is returned to the boiler where additional superheat is added The steam then goes back into an intermediate pressure section of the turbine and continues its expansion
- Extracting type turbines are common in all applications In an extracting type turbine steam is released from various stages of the turbine and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler feed water heaters to improve overall cycle efficiency Extraction flows may be controlled with a valve or left uncontrolled
- Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an intermediate stage to produce additional power
A low-pressure steam turbine working below atmospheric pressure in a nuclear power plant
423 Casing or shaft arrangements- These arrangements include single casing tandem
compound and cross compound turbines Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds A cross compound turbine is typically used for many large applications
424 A Two ndash flow Turbine Rotors
- The moving steam imparts both a tangential and axial thrust on the turbine shaft but the axial thrust in a simple turbine is unopposed To maintain the correct rotor position and balancing this force must be counteracted by an opposing force Either thrust bearings can be used for the shaft bearings or the rotor can be designed so that the steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at both ends The blades in each half face opposite ways so that the axial forces negate each other but the tangential forces act together This design of rotor is called two-flow double-axial-flow or double-exhaust This arrangement is common in low-pressure casings of a compound turbine
A two-flow turbine rotor The steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at each end balancing the axial force
43 GENERATOR
- The generator converts kinetic energy supplied by the turbine into electrical energy Low ndash pole AC Synchronous generators of high rated power are used
431 Dynamo
- A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based including the electric motor the alternating-current alternator and the rotary converter Today the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation for efficiency reliability and cost reasons A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator Also converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic
432 Alternator
- Without a commutator a dynamo becomes an alternator which is a synchronous singly fed generator Alternators produce alternating current with a frequency that is based on the rotational speed of the rotor and the number of magnetic poles
- Automotive alternators produce a varying frequency that changes with engine speed which is then converted by a rectifier to DC By comparison alternators used to feed an electric power grid are generally operated at a speed very close to a specific frequency for the benefit of AC devices that regulate their speed and performance based on grid frequency Some devices such as incandescent lamps and ballast-operated fluorescent lamps do not require a constant frequency but synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks do require a constant grid frequency
-Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small In the case of a brushless exciter no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding
433 Induction Generator- An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a
type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed giving negative slip A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator without any internal modifications Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants wind turbines or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure because they can recover energy with relatively simple controlsTo operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid or sometimes they are self-excited by using phase correcting capacitors
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
21 REACTOR CONTAINMENT BUILDING- This building contains the containment which is enclosed by a
concrete shield building The containment is a free-standing cylindrical steel shell with a hemispherical dome and elliptical bottom designed to withstand maximum temperature and pressure expected from the steam produced if all water in the primary system were expelled into the containment The containment is normally slightly below atmospheric pressure so that leakage through the containment walls would at most times be inward from the surroundings Inside the containment structure the reactor and other nuclear steam supply system components are shielded with concrete In addition a containment spray system and a containment recirculation and associated cooling system are provided to remove post-accident heat The concrete shield building surrounding the containment provides biological protection against radiation during normal and accident conditions The building also provides volume space or sealed containment for radioactive releases from the containment during normal and abnormal operation
22 TURBINE BUILDING
- This building contains the low and high pressure steam turbines the electrical generator and all the power-conversion related equipment
23 AUXILIARY BUILDING COMPLEX
- The building complex includes the control building the component cooling building the diesel generator building the intermediate building and the auxiliary building
24 FUEL HANDLING BUILDING
- The fuel handling building is an integral part of the auxiliary building complex It contains the spent fuel pool which is lined with stainless steel to prevent leakage of water
25 INTAKE STRUCTURE
- The intake structure is situated along the shoreline of the South China Sea within the nuclear plant perimeter The structure contains traveling water screens the circulating water pumps and auxiliary service equipment providing waste heat removal function This structure is connected by a reinforced concrete intake tunnel to the main condenser water boxes and turbine plant auxiliary heat exchangers via valved piping connections The main condenser water boxes and turbine plant auxiliary heat exchangers are connected by a reinforced concrete discharge tunnel via valved piping connections to the sealwell and then to the South China Sea
3 IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
31 Core ndash Itrsquos the focal point of the reactor where fuel is contained and nuclear fission reactions take place
32 Fuel ndashis made of small enriched uranium oxide rods stacked so as to form cylinders approx 4 metres long and with a diameter of about one centimetre These rods are wrapped in metal sheathes (steel or zirconium alloy) which allow heat to pass through while blocking the radioactive elements produced by fission
33 Moderator ndash This is a material placed in the reactor to slow down the neutrons produced by fission in order to reach the most suitable speed allowing the chain reaction to continue
34 Heat-transfer fluid (or coolant) - This fluid (liquid or gas) cools the core and carries outside the heat that is produced there The most commonly used fluid is water but some types of reactors use different fluids (heavy water molten sodium carbon dioxide helium and other fluids)
35 Control rods ndash These are rods used in specific materials (silver indium cadmium or boron carbide) to control fission inside the core Since they absorb neutrons they are capable of controlling the chain reaction which - depending on how deep down the rods are inserted into the core - can be accelerated slowed down or even stopped thus changing the capacity of the reactor Indeed if necessary the reactor can be immediately stopped when they are fully inserted
36 Vessel ndash The large steel recipient containing the core the control rods and the heat-transfer fluid
4 SYSTEMS
- The conversion to electrical energy takes place indirectly as in conventional thermal power plants The heat is produced by fission in a nuclear reactor (a light water reactor) Directly or indirectly water vapor (steam) is produced The pressurized steam is then usually fed to a multi-stage steam turbine Steam turbines in Western nuclear power plants are among the largest steam turbines ever After the steam turbine has expanded and partially condensed the steam the remaining vapor is condensed in a condenser The condenser is a heat exchanger which is connected to a secondary side such as a river or a cooling tower The water is then pumped back into the nuclear reactor and the cycle begins again The water-steam cycle corresponds to the Rankine cycle
41 NUCLEAR REACTORS
A nuclear reactor is a device to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction The most common use of nuclear reactors is for the generation of electric energy and for the propulsion of ships
The nuclear reactor is the heart of the plant In its central part the reactor cores heat is generated by controlled nuclear fission With this heat a coolant is heated as it is pumped through the reactor and thereby removes the energy from the reactor Heat from nuclear fission is used to raise steam which runs through turbines which in turn powers either ships propellers or electrical generators
411 Mechanism of Nuclear Reactor
- An induced nuclear fission event A neutron is absorbed by the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom which in turn splits into fast-moving lighter elements (fission products) and free neutrons Though both reactors and nuclear weapons rely on nuclear chain-reactions the rate of reactions in a reactor occurs much more slowly than in a bomb
412 Fission
- When a large fissile atomic nucleus such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239 absorbs a neutron it may undergo nuclear fission The heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei (the fission products) releasing kinetic energy gamma radiation and free neutrons A portion of these neutrons may later be absorbed by other fissile atoms and trigger further fission events which release more neutrons and so on This is known as a nuclear chain reaction
413 Heat Generation
- The kinetic energy of fission products is converted to thermal energy when these nuclei collide with nearby atoms
The reactor absorbs some of the gamma rays produced during fission and converts their energy into heat
Heat is produced by the radioactive decay of fission products and materials that have been activated by neutron absorption This decay heat-source will remain for some time even after the reactor is shut down
A kilogram of uranium-235 (U-235) converted via nuclear processes releases approximately three million times more energy than a kilogram of coal burned conventionally (72 times 1013 joules per kilogram of uranium-235 versus 24 times 107 joules per kilogram of coal)
414 Cooling
- A nuclear reactor coolant mdash usually water but sometimes a gas or a liquid metal (like liquid sodium) or molten salt mdash is circulated past the reactor core to absorb the heat that it generates The heat is carried away from the reactor and is then used to generate steam Most reactor systems employ a cooling system that is physically separated from the water that will be boiled to produce pressurized steam for the turbines like the pressurized water reactor But in some reactors the water for the steam turbines is boiled directly by the reactor core for example the boiling water reactor
415 Reactivity Control
- The power output of the reactor is adjusted by controlling how many neutrons are able to create more fissions
Control rods that are made of a neutron poison are used to absorb neutrons Absorbing more neutrons in a control rod means that there are fewer neutrons available to cause fission so pushing the control rod deeper into the reactor will reduce its power output and extracting the control rod will increase it
416 Electrical Power Generation- The energy released in the fission process generates
heat some of which can be converted into usable energy A common method of harnessing this thermal energy is to use it to boil water to produce pressurized steam which will then drive a steam turbine that turns an alternator and generates electricity
42 STEAM TURBINE
The purpose of the steam turbine is to convert the heat contained in steam into mechanical energy The engine house with the steam turbine is usually structurally separated from the main reactor building It is so aligned to prevent debris from the destruction of a turbine in operation from flying towards the reactor
In the case of a pressurized water reactor the steam turbine is separated from the nuclear system To detect a leak in the steam generator and thus the passage of radioactive water at an early stage an activity meter is mounted to track the outlet steam of the steam generator In contrast boiling water reactors pass radioactive water through the steam turbine so the turbine is kept as part of the control area of the nuclear power plant
421 Blade and Stage Design- Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging
from small 075 kW units used as mechanical drives for pumps compressors and other shaft driven equipment to 1500000kW turbines used to generate electricity Steam turbines are widely used for marine applications for vessel propulsion systems In recent times gas turbines as developed for aerospace applications are being used more and more in the field of power generation once dominated by steam turbines
- Turbine blades are of two basic types blades and nozzles Blades move entirely due to the impact of steam on them and their profiles do not converge This results in a steam velocity drop and essentially no pressure drop as steam moves through the blades A turbine composed of blades alternating with fixed nozzles is called an impulse turbine Curtis turbine Rateau turbine or Brown-Curtis turbine Nozzles appear similar to blades but their profiles converge near the exit This results in a steam pressure drop and velocity increase as steam moves through the nozzles Nozzles move due to both the impact of steam on them and the reaction due to the high-velocity steam at the exit A turbine composed of moving nozzles alternating with fixed nozzles is called a reaction turbine or Parsons turbine
Schematic diagram outlining the difference between an impulse and a 50 reaction turbine
422 Steam supply and exhaust conditions
- Condensing turbines are most commonly found in electrical power plants These turbines exhaust steam from a boiler in a partially condensed state typically of a quality near 90 at a pressure well below atmospheric to a condenser
- Non-condensing or back pressure turbines are most widely used for process steam applications The exhaust pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam pressure These are commonly found at refineries district heating units pulp and paper plants and desalination facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam are needed
- Reheat turbines are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants In a reheat turbine steam flow exits from a high pressure section of the turbine and is returned to the boiler where additional superheat is added The steam then goes back into an intermediate pressure section of the turbine and continues its expansion
- Extracting type turbines are common in all applications In an extracting type turbine steam is released from various stages of the turbine and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler feed water heaters to improve overall cycle efficiency Extraction flows may be controlled with a valve or left uncontrolled
- Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an intermediate stage to produce additional power
A low-pressure steam turbine working below atmospheric pressure in a nuclear power plant
423 Casing or shaft arrangements- These arrangements include single casing tandem
compound and cross compound turbines Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds A cross compound turbine is typically used for many large applications
424 A Two ndash flow Turbine Rotors
- The moving steam imparts both a tangential and axial thrust on the turbine shaft but the axial thrust in a simple turbine is unopposed To maintain the correct rotor position and balancing this force must be counteracted by an opposing force Either thrust bearings can be used for the shaft bearings or the rotor can be designed so that the steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at both ends The blades in each half face opposite ways so that the axial forces negate each other but the tangential forces act together This design of rotor is called two-flow double-axial-flow or double-exhaust This arrangement is common in low-pressure casings of a compound turbine
A two-flow turbine rotor The steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at each end balancing the axial force
43 GENERATOR
- The generator converts kinetic energy supplied by the turbine into electrical energy Low ndash pole AC Synchronous generators of high rated power are used
431 Dynamo
- A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based including the electric motor the alternating-current alternator and the rotary converter Today the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation for efficiency reliability and cost reasons A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator Also converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic
432 Alternator
- Without a commutator a dynamo becomes an alternator which is a synchronous singly fed generator Alternators produce alternating current with a frequency that is based on the rotational speed of the rotor and the number of magnetic poles
- Automotive alternators produce a varying frequency that changes with engine speed which is then converted by a rectifier to DC By comparison alternators used to feed an electric power grid are generally operated at a speed very close to a specific frequency for the benefit of AC devices that regulate their speed and performance based on grid frequency Some devices such as incandescent lamps and ballast-operated fluorescent lamps do not require a constant frequency but synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks do require a constant grid frequency
-Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small In the case of a brushless exciter no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding
433 Induction Generator- An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a
type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed giving negative slip A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator without any internal modifications Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants wind turbines or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure because they can recover energy with relatively simple controlsTo operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid or sometimes they are self-excited by using phase correcting capacitors
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
22 TURBINE BUILDING
- This building contains the low and high pressure steam turbines the electrical generator and all the power-conversion related equipment
23 AUXILIARY BUILDING COMPLEX
- The building complex includes the control building the component cooling building the diesel generator building the intermediate building and the auxiliary building
24 FUEL HANDLING BUILDING
- The fuel handling building is an integral part of the auxiliary building complex It contains the spent fuel pool which is lined with stainless steel to prevent leakage of water
25 INTAKE STRUCTURE
- The intake structure is situated along the shoreline of the South China Sea within the nuclear plant perimeter The structure contains traveling water screens the circulating water pumps and auxiliary service equipment providing waste heat removal function This structure is connected by a reinforced concrete intake tunnel to the main condenser water boxes and turbine plant auxiliary heat exchangers via valved piping connections The main condenser water boxes and turbine plant auxiliary heat exchangers are connected by a reinforced concrete discharge tunnel via valved piping connections to the sealwell and then to the South China Sea
3 IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
31 Core ndash Itrsquos the focal point of the reactor where fuel is contained and nuclear fission reactions take place
32 Fuel ndashis made of small enriched uranium oxide rods stacked so as to form cylinders approx 4 metres long and with a diameter of about one centimetre These rods are wrapped in metal sheathes (steel or zirconium alloy) which allow heat to pass through while blocking the radioactive elements produced by fission
33 Moderator ndash This is a material placed in the reactor to slow down the neutrons produced by fission in order to reach the most suitable speed allowing the chain reaction to continue
34 Heat-transfer fluid (or coolant) - This fluid (liquid or gas) cools the core and carries outside the heat that is produced there The most commonly used fluid is water but some types of reactors use different fluids (heavy water molten sodium carbon dioxide helium and other fluids)
35 Control rods ndash These are rods used in specific materials (silver indium cadmium or boron carbide) to control fission inside the core Since they absorb neutrons they are capable of controlling the chain reaction which - depending on how deep down the rods are inserted into the core - can be accelerated slowed down or even stopped thus changing the capacity of the reactor Indeed if necessary the reactor can be immediately stopped when they are fully inserted
36 Vessel ndash The large steel recipient containing the core the control rods and the heat-transfer fluid
4 SYSTEMS
- The conversion to electrical energy takes place indirectly as in conventional thermal power plants The heat is produced by fission in a nuclear reactor (a light water reactor) Directly or indirectly water vapor (steam) is produced The pressurized steam is then usually fed to a multi-stage steam turbine Steam turbines in Western nuclear power plants are among the largest steam turbines ever After the steam turbine has expanded and partially condensed the steam the remaining vapor is condensed in a condenser The condenser is a heat exchanger which is connected to a secondary side such as a river or a cooling tower The water is then pumped back into the nuclear reactor and the cycle begins again The water-steam cycle corresponds to the Rankine cycle
41 NUCLEAR REACTORS
A nuclear reactor is a device to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction The most common use of nuclear reactors is for the generation of electric energy and for the propulsion of ships
The nuclear reactor is the heart of the plant In its central part the reactor cores heat is generated by controlled nuclear fission With this heat a coolant is heated as it is pumped through the reactor and thereby removes the energy from the reactor Heat from nuclear fission is used to raise steam which runs through turbines which in turn powers either ships propellers or electrical generators
411 Mechanism of Nuclear Reactor
- An induced nuclear fission event A neutron is absorbed by the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom which in turn splits into fast-moving lighter elements (fission products) and free neutrons Though both reactors and nuclear weapons rely on nuclear chain-reactions the rate of reactions in a reactor occurs much more slowly than in a bomb
412 Fission
- When a large fissile atomic nucleus such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239 absorbs a neutron it may undergo nuclear fission The heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei (the fission products) releasing kinetic energy gamma radiation and free neutrons A portion of these neutrons may later be absorbed by other fissile atoms and trigger further fission events which release more neutrons and so on This is known as a nuclear chain reaction
413 Heat Generation
- The kinetic energy of fission products is converted to thermal energy when these nuclei collide with nearby atoms
The reactor absorbs some of the gamma rays produced during fission and converts their energy into heat
Heat is produced by the radioactive decay of fission products and materials that have been activated by neutron absorption This decay heat-source will remain for some time even after the reactor is shut down
A kilogram of uranium-235 (U-235) converted via nuclear processes releases approximately three million times more energy than a kilogram of coal burned conventionally (72 times 1013 joules per kilogram of uranium-235 versus 24 times 107 joules per kilogram of coal)
414 Cooling
- A nuclear reactor coolant mdash usually water but sometimes a gas or a liquid metal (like liquid sodium) or molten salt mdash is circulated past the reactor core to absorb the heat that it generates The heat is carried away from the reactor and is then used to generate steam Most reactor systems employ a cooling system that is physically separated from the water that will be boiled to produce pressurized steam for the turbines like the pressurized water reactor But in some reactors the water for the steam turbines is boiled directly by the reactor core for example the boiling water reactor
415 Reactivity Control
- The power output of the reactor is adjusted by controlling how many neutrons are able to create more fissions
Control rods that are made of a neutron poison are used to absorb neutrons Absorbing more neutrons in a control rod means that there are fewer neutrons available to cause fission so pushing the control rod deeper into the reactor will reduce its power output and extracting the control rod will increase it
416 Electrical Power Generation- The energy released in the fission process generates
heat some of which can be converted into usable energy A common method of harnessing this thermal energy is to use it to boil water to produce pressurized steam which will then drive a steam turbine that turns an alternator and generates electricity
42 STEAM TURBINE
The purpose of the steam turbine is to convert the heat contained in steam into mechanical energy The engine house with the steam turbine is usually structurally separated from the main reactor building It is so aligned to prevent debris from the destruction of a turbine in operation from flying towards the reactor
In the case of a pressurized water reactor the steam turbine is separated from the nuclear system To detect a leak in the steam generator and thus the passage of radioactive water at an early stage an activity meter is mounted to track the outlet steam of the steam generator In contrast boiling water reactors pass radioactive water through the steam turbine so the turbine is kept as part of the control area of the nuclear power plant
421 Blade and Stage Design- Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging
from small 075 kW units used as mechanical drives for pumps compressors and other shaft driven equipment to 1500000kW turbines used to generate electricity Steam turbines are widely used for marine applications for vessel propulsion systems In recent times gas turbines as developed for aerospace applications are being used more and more in the field of power generation once dominated by steam turbines
- Turbine blades are of two basic types blades and nozzles Blades move entirely due to the impact of steam on them and their profiles do not converge This results in a steam velocity drop and essentially no pressure drop as steam moves through the blades A turbine composed of blades alternating with fixed nozzles is called an impulse turbine Curtis turbine Rateau turbine or Brown-Curtis turbine Nozzles appear similar to blades but their profiles converge near the exit This results in a steam pressure drop and velocity increase as steam moves through the nozzles Nozzles move due to both the impact of steam on them and the reaction due to the high-velocity steam at the exit A turbine composed of moving nozzles alternating with fixed nozzles is called a reaction turbine or Parsons turbine
Schematic diagram outlining the difference between an impulse and a 50 reaction turbine
422 Steam supply and exhaust conditions
- Condensing turbines are most commonly found in electrical power plants These turbines exhaust steam from a boiler in a partially condensed state typically of a quality near 90 at a pressure well below atmospheric to a condenser
- Non-condensing or back pressure turbines are most widely used for process steam applications The exhaust pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam pressure These are commonly found at refineries district heating units pulp and paper plants and desalination facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam are needed
- Reheat turbines are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants In a reheat turbine steam flow exits from a high pressure section of the turbine and is returned to the boiler where additional superheat is added The steam then goes back into an intermediate pressure section of the turbine and continues its expansion
- Extracting type turbines are common in all applications In an extracting type turbine steam is released from various stages of the turbine and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler feed water heaters to improve overall cycle efficiency Extraction flows may be controlled with a valve or left uncontrolled
- Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an intermediate stage to produce additional power
A low-pressure steam turbine working below atmospheric pressure in a nuclear power plant
423 Casing or shaft arrangements- These arrangements include single casing tandem
compound and cross compound turbines Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds A cross compound turbine is typically used for many large applications
424 A Two ndash flow Turbine Rotors
- The moving steam imparts both a tangential and axial thrust on the turbine shaft but the axial thrust in a simple turbine is unopposed To maintain the correct rotor position and balancing this force must be counteracted by an opposing force Either thrust bearings can be used for the shaft bearings or the rotor can be designed so that the steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at both ends The blades in each half face opposite ways so that the axial forces negate each other but the tangential forces act together This design of rotor is called two-flow double-axial-flow or double-exhaust This arrangement is common in low-pressure casings of a compound turbine
A two-flow turbine rotor The steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at each end balancing the axial force
43 GENERATOR
- The generator converts kinetic energy supplied by the turbine into electrical energy Low ndash pole AC Synchronous generators of high rated power are used
431 Dynamo
- A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based including the electric motor the alternating-current alternator and the rotary converter Today the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation for efficiency reliability and cost reasons A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator Also converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic
432 Alternator
- Without a commutator a dynamo becomes an alternator which is a synchronous singly fed generator Alternators produce alternating current with a frequency that is based on the rotational speed of the rotor and the number of magnetic poles
- Automotive alternators produce a varying frequency that changes with engine speed which is then converted by a rectifier to DC By comparison alternators used to feed an electric power grid are generally operated at a speed very close to a specific frequency for the benefit of AC devices that regulate their speed and performance based on grid frequency Some devices such as incandescent lamps and ballast-operated fluorescent lamps do not require a constant frequency but synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks do require a constant grid frequency
-Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small In the case of a brushless exciter no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding
433 Induction Generator- An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a
type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed giving negative slip A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator without any internal modifications Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants wind turbines or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure because they can recover energy with relatively simple controlsTo operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid or sometimes they are self-excited by using phase correcting capacitors
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
23 AUXILIARY BUILDING COMPLEX
- The building complex includes the control building the component cooling building the diesel generator building the intermediate building and the auxiliary building
24 FUEL HANDLING BUILDING
- The fuel handling building is an integral part of the auxiliary building complex It contains the spent fuel pool which is lined with stainless steel to prevent leakage of water
25 INTAKE STRUCTURE
- The intake structure is situated along the shoreline of the South China Sea within the nuclear plant perimeter The structure contains traveling water screens the circulating water pumps and auxiliary service equipment providing waste heat removal function This structure is connected by a reinforced concrete intake tunnel to the main condenser water boxes and turbine plant auxiliary heat exchangers via valved piping connections The main condenser water boxes and turbine plant auxiliary heat exchangers are connected by a reinforced concrete discharge tunnel via valved piping connections to the sealwell and then to the South China Sea
3 IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
31 Core ndash Itrsquos the focal point of the reactor where fuel is contained and nuclear fission reactions take place
32 Fuel ndashis made of small enriched uranium oxide rods stacked so as to form cylinders approx 4 metres long and with a diameter of about one centimetre These rods are wrapped in metal sheathes (steel or zirconium alloy) which allow heat to pass through while blocking the radioactive elements produced by fission
33 Moderator ndash This is a material placed in the reactor to slow down the neutrons produced by fission in order to reach the most suitable speed allowing the chain reaction to continue
34 Heat-transfer fluid (or coolant) - This fluid (liquid or gas) cools the core and carries outside the heat that is produced there The most commonly used fluid is water but some types of reactors use different fluids (heavy water molten sodium carbon dioxide helium and other fluids)
35 Control rods ndash These are rods used in specific materials (silver indium cadmium or boron carbide) to control fission inside the core Since they absorb neutrons they are capable of controlling the chain reaction which - depending on how deep down the rods are inserted into the core - can be accelerated slowed down or even stopped thus changing the capacity of the reactor Indeed if necessary the reactor can be immediately stopped when they are fully inserted
36 Vessel ndash The large steel recipient containing the core the control rods and the heat-transfer fluid
4 SYSTEMS
- The conversion to electrical energy takes place indirectly as in conventional thermal power plants The heat is produced by fission in a nuclear reactor (a light water reactor) Directly or indirectly water vapor (steam) is produced The pressurized steam is then usually fed to a multi-stage steam turbine Steam turbines in Western nuclear power plants are among the largest steam turbines ever After the steam turbine has expanded and partially condensed the steam the remaining vapor is condensed in a condenser The condenser is a heat exchanger which is connected to a secondary side such as a river or a cooling tower The water is then pumped back into the nuclear reactor and the cycle begins again The water-steam cycle corresponds to the Rankine cycle
41 NUCLEAR REACTORS
A nuclear reactor is a device to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction The most common use of nuclear reactors is for the generation of electric energy and for the propulsion of ships
The nuclear reactor is the heart of the plant In its central part the reactor cores heat is generated by controlled nuclear fission With this heat a coolant is heated as it is pumped through the reactor and thereby removes the energy from the reactor Heat from nuclear fission is used to raise steam which runs through turbines which in turn powers either ships propellers or electrical generators
411 Mechanism of Nuclear Reactor
- An induced nuclear fission event A neutron is absorbed by the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom which in turn splits into fast-moving lighter elements (fission products) and free neutrons Though both reactors and nuclear weapons rely on nuclear chain-reactions the rate of reactions in a reactor occurs much more slowly than in a bomb
412 Fission
- When a large fissile atomic nucleus such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239 absorbs a neutron it may undergo nuclear fission The heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei (the fission products) releasing kinetic energy gamma radiation and free neutrons A portion of these neutrons may later be absorbed by other fissile atoms and trigger further fission events which release more neutrons and so on This is known as a nuclear chain reaction
413 Heat Generation
- The kinetic energy of fission products is converted to thermal energy when these nuclei collide with nearby atoms
The reactor absorbs some of the gamma rays produced during fission and converts their energy into heat
Heat is produced by the radioactive decay of fission products and materials that have been activated by neutron absorption This decay heat-source will remain for some time even after the reactor is shut down
A kilogram of uranium-235 (U-235) converted via nuclear processes releases approximately three million times more energy than a kilogram of coal burned conventionally (72 times 1013 joules per kilogram of uranium-235 versus 24 times 107 joules per kilogram of coal)
414 Cooling
- A nuclear reactor coolant mdash usually water but sometimes a gas or a liquid metal (like liquid sodium) or molten salt mdash is circulated past the reactor core to absorb the heat that it generates The heat is carried away from the reactor and is then used to generate steam Most reactor systems employ a cooling system that is physically separated from the water that will be boiled to produce pressurized steam for the turbines like the pressurized water reactor But in some reactors the water for the steam turbines is boiled directly by the reactor core for example the boiling water reactor
415 Reactivity Control
- The power output of the reactor is adjusted by controlling how many neutrons are able to create more fissions
Control rods that are made of a neutron poison are used to absorb neutrons Absorbing more neutrons in a control rod means that there are fewer neutrons available to cause fission so pushing the control rod deeper into the reactor will reduce its power output and extracting the control rod will increase it
416 Electrical Power Generation- The energy released in the fission process generates
heat some of which can be converted into usable energy A common method of harnessing this thermal energy is to use it to boil water to produce pressurized steam which will then drive a steam turbine that turns an alternator and generates electricity
42 STEAM TURBINE
The purpose of the steam turbine is to convert the heat contained in steam into mechanical energy The engine house with the steam turbine is usually structurally separated from the main reactor building It is so aligned to prevent debris from the destruction of a turbine in operation from flying towards the reactor
In the case of a pressurized water reactor the steam turbine is separated from the nuclear system To detect a leak in the steam generator and thus the passage of radioactive water at an early stage an activity meter is mounted to track the outlet steam of the steam generator In contrast boiling water reactors pass radioactive water through the steam turbine so the turbine is kept as part of the control area of the nuclear power plant
421 Blade and Stage Design- Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging
from small 075 kW units used as mechanical drives for pumps compressors and other shaft driven equipment to 1500000kW turbines used to generate electricity Steam turbines are widely used for marine applications for vessel propulsion systems In recent times gas turbines as developed for aerospace applications are being used more and more in the field of power generation once dominated by steam turbines
- Turbine blades are of two basic types blades and nozzles Blades move entirely due to the impact of steam on them and their profiles do not converge This results in a steam velocity drop and essentially no pressure drop as steam moves through the blades A turbine composed of blades alternating with fixed nozzles is called an impulse turbine Curtis turbine Rateau turbine or Brown-Curtis turbine Nozzles appear similar to blades but their profiles converge near the exit This results in a steam pressure drop and velocity increase as steam moves through the nozzles Nozzles move due to both the impact of steam on them and the reaction due to the high-velocity steam at the exit A turbine composed of moving nozzles alternating with fixed nozzles is called a reaction turbine or Parsons turbine
Schematic diagram outlining the difference between an impulse and a 50 reaction turbine
422 Steam supply and exhaust conditions
- Condensing turbines are most commonly found in electrical power plants These turbines exhaust steam from a boiler in a partially condensed state typically of a quality near 90 at a pressure well below atmospheric to a condenser
- Non-condensing or back pressure turbines are most widely used for process steam applications The exhaust pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam pressure These are commonly found at refineries district heating units pulp and paper plants and desalination facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam are needed
- Reheat turbines are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants In a reheat turbine steam flow exits from a high pressure section of the turbine and is returned to the boiler where additional superheat is added The steam then goes back into an intermediate pressure section of the turbine and continues its expansion
- Extracting type turbines are common in all applications In an extracting type turbine steam is released from various stages of the turbine and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler feed water heaters to improve overall cycle efficiency Extraction flows may be controlled with a valve or left uncontrolled
- Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an intermediate stage to produce additional power
A low-pressure steam turbine working below atmospheric pressure in a nuclear power plant
423 Casing or shaft arrangements- These arrangements include single casing tandem
compound and cross compound turbines Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds A cross compound turbine is typically used for many large applications
424 A Two ndash flow Turbine Rotors
- The moving steam imparts both a tangential and axial thrust on the turbine shaft but the axial thrust in a simple turbine is unopposed To maintain the correct rotor position and balancing this force must be counteracted by an opposing force Either thrust bearings can be used for the shaft bearings or the rotor can be designed so that the steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at both ends The blades in each half face opposite ways so that the axial forces negate each other but the tangential forces act together This design of rotor is called two-flow double-axial-flow or double-exhaust This arrangement is common in low-pressure casings of a compound turbine
A two-flow turbine rotor The steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at each end balancing the axial force
43 GENERATOR
- The generator converts kinetic energy supplied by the turbine into electrical energy Low ndash pole AC Synchronous generators of high rated power are used
431 Dynamo
- A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based including the electric motor the alternating-current alternator and the rotary converter Today the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation for efficiency reliability and cost reasons A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator Also converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic
432 Alternator
- Without a commutator a dynamo becomes an alternator which is a synchronous singly fed generator Alternators produce alternating current with a frequency that is based on the rotational speed of the rotor and the number of magnetic poles
- Automotive alternators produce a varying frequency that changes with engine speed which is then converted by a rectifier to DC By comparison alternators used to feed an electric power grid are generally operated at a speed very close to a specific frequency for the benefit of AC devices that regulate their speed and performance based on grid frequency Some devices such as incandescent lamps and ballast-operated fluorescent lamps do not require a constant frequency but synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks do require a constant grid frequency
-Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small In the case of a brushless exciter no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding
433 Induction Generator- An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a
type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed giving negative slip A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator without any internal modifications Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants wind turbines or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure because they can recover energy with relatively simple controlsTo operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid or sometimes they are self-excited by using phase correcting capacitors
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
24 FUEL HANDLING BUILDING
- The fuel handling building is an integral part of the auxiliary building complex It contains the spent fuel pool which is lined with stainless steel to prevent leakage of water
25 INTAKE STRUCTURE
- The intake structure is situated along the shoreline of the South China Sea within the nuclear plant perimeter The structure contains traveling water screens the circulating water pumps and auxiliary service equipment providing waste heat removal function This structure is connected by a reinforced concrete intake tunnel to the main condenser water boxes and turbine plant auxiliary heat exchangers via valved piping connections The main condenser water boxes and turbine plant auxiliary heat exchangers are connected by a reinforced concrete discharge tunnel via valved piping connections to the sealwell and then to the South China Sea
3 IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
31 Core ndash Itrsquos the focal point of the reactor where fuel is contained and nuclear fission reactions take place
32 Fuel ndashis made of small enriched uranium oxide rods stacked so as to form cylinders approx 4 metres long and with a diameter of about one centimetre These rods are wrapped in metal sheathes (steel or zirconium alloy) which allow heat to pass through while blocking the radioactive elements produced by fission
33 Moderator ndash This is a material placed in the reactor to slow down the neutrons produced by fission in order to reach the most suitable speed allowing the chain reaction to continue
34 Heat-transfer fluid (or coolant) - This fluid (liquid or gas) cools the core and carries outside the heat that is produced there The most commonly used fluid is water but some types of reactors use different fluids (heavy water molten sodium carbon dioxide helium and other fluids)
35 Control rods ndash These are rods used in specific materials (silver indium cadmium or boron carbide) to control fission inside the core Since they absorb neutrons they are capable of controlling the chain reaction which - depending on how deep down the rods are inserted into the core - can be accelerated slowed down or even stopped thus changing the capacity of the reactor Indeed if necessary the reactor can be immediately stopped when they are fully inserted
36 Vessel ndash The large steel recipient containing the core the control rods and the heat-transfer fluid
4 SYSTEMS
- The conversion to electrical energy takes place indirectly as in conventional thermal power plants The heat is produced by fission in a nuclear reactor (a light water reactor) Directly or indirectly water vapor (steam) is produced The pressurized steam is then usually fed to a multi-stage steam turbine Steam turbines in Western nuclear power plants are among the largest steam turbines ever After the steam turbine has expanded and partially condensed the steam the remaining vapor is condensed in a condenser The condenser is a heat exchanger which is connected to a secondary side such as a river or a cooling tower The water is then pumped back into the nuclear reactor and the cycle begins again The water-steam cycle corresponds to the Rankine cycle
41 NUCLEAR REACTORS
A nuclear reactor is a device to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction The most common use of nuclear reactors is for the generation of electric energy and for the propulsion of ships
The nuclear reactor is the heart of the plant In its central part the reactor cores heat is generated by controlled nuclear fission With this heat a coolant is heated as it is pumped through the reactor and thereby removes the energy from the reactor Heat from nuclear fission is used to raise steam which runs through turbines which in turn powers either ships propellers or electrical generators
411 Mechanism of Nuclear Reactor
- An induced nuclear fission event A neutron is absorbed by the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom which in turn splits into fast-moving lighter elements (fission products) and free neutrons Though both reactors and nuclear weapons rely on nuclear chain-reactions the rate of reactions in a reactor occurs much more slowly than in a bomb
412 Fission
- When a large fissile atomic nucleus such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239 absorbs a neutron it may undergo nuclear fission The heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei (the fission products) releasing kinetic energy gamma radiation and free neutrons A portion of these neutrons may later be absorbed by other fissile atoms and trigger further fission events which release more neutrons and so on This is known as a nuclear chain reaction
413 Heat Generation
- The kinetic energy of fission products is converted to thermal energy when these nuclei collide with nearby atoms
The reactor absorbs some of the gamma rays produced during fission and converts their energy into heat
Heat is produced by the radioactive decay of fission products and materials that have been activated by neutron absorption This decay heat-source will remain for some time even after the reactor is shut down
A kilogram of uranium-235 (U-235) converted via nuclear processes releases approximately three million times more energy than a kilogram of coal burned conventionally (72 times 1013 joules per kilogram of uranium-235 versus 24 times 107 joules per kilogram of coal)
414 Cooling
- A nuclear reactor coolant mdash usually water but sometimes a gas or a liquid metal (like liquid sodium) or molten salt mdash is circulated past the reactor core to absorb the heat that it generates The heat is carried away from the reactor and is then used to generate steam Most reactor systems employ a cooling system that is physically separated from the water that will be boiled to produce pressurized steam for the turbines like the pressurized water reactor But in some reactors the water for the steam turbines is boiled directly by the reactor core for example the boiling water reactor
415 Reactivity Control
- The power output of the reactor is adjusted by controlling how many neutrons are able to create more fissions
Control rods that are made of a neutron poison are used to absorb neutrons Absorbing more neutrons in a control rod means that there are fewer neutrons available to cause fission so pushing the control rod deeper into the reactor will reduce its power output and extracting the control rod will increase it
416 Electrical Power Generation- The energy released in the fission process generates
heat some of which can be converted into usable energy A common method of harnessing this thermal energy is to use it to boil water to produce pressurized steam which will then drive a steam turbine that turns an alternator and generates electricity
42 STEAM TURBINE
The purpose of the steam turbine is to convert the heat contained in steam into mechanical energy The engine house with the steam turbine is usually structurally separated from the main reactor building It is so aligned to prevent debris from the destruction of a turbine in operation from flying towards the reactor
In the case of a pressurized water reactor the steam turbine is separated from the nuclear system To detect a leak in the steam generator and thus the passage of radioactive water at an early stage an activity meter is mounted to track the outlet steam of the steam generator In contrast boiling water reactors pass radioactive water through the steam turbine so the turbine is kept as part of the control area of the nuclear power plant
421 Blade and Stage Design- Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging
from small 075 kW units used as mechanical drives for pumps compressors and other shaft driven equipment to 1500000kW turbines used to generate electricity Steam turbines are widely used for marine applications for vessel propulsion systems In recent times gas turbines as developed for aerospace applications are being used more and more in the field of power generation once dominated by steam turbines
- Turbine blades are of two basic types blades and nozzles Blades move entirely due to the impact of steam on them and their profiles do not converge This results in a steam velocity drop and essentially no pressure drop as steam moves through the blades A turbine composed of blades alternating with fixed nozzles is called an impulse turbine Curtis turbine Rateau turbine or Brown-Curtis turbine Nozzles appear similar to blades but their profiles converge near the exit This results in a steam pressure drop and velocity increase as steam moves through the nozzles Nozzles move due to both the impact of steam on them and the reaction due to the high-velocity steam at the exit A turbine composed of moving nozzles alternating with fixed nozzles is called a reaction turbine or Parsons turbine
Schematic diagram outlining the difference between an impulse and a 50 reaction turbine
422 Steam supply and exhaust conditions
- Condensing turbines are most commonly found in electrical power plants These turbines exhaust steam from a boiler in a partially condensed state typically of a quality near 90 at a pressure well below atmospheric to a condenser
- Non-condensing or back pressure turbines are most widely used for process steam applications The exhaust pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam pressure These are commonly found at refineries district heating units pulp and paper plants and desalination facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam are needed
- Reheat turbines are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants In a reheat turbine steam flow exits from a high pressure section of the turbine and is returned to the boiler where additional superheat is added The steam then goes back into an intermediate pressure section of the turbine and continues its expansion
- Extracting type turbines are common in all applications In an extracting type turbine steam is released from various stages of the turbine and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler feed water heaters to improve overall cycle efficiency Extraction flows may be controlled with a valve or left uncontrolled
- Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an intermediate stage to produce additional power
A low-pressure steam turbine working below atmospheric pressure in a nuclear power plant
423 Casing or shaft arrangements- These arrangements include single casing tandem
compound and cross compound turbines Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds A cross compound turbine is typically used for many large applications
424 A Two ndash flow Turbine Rotors
- The moving steam imparts both a tangential and axial thrust on the turbine shaft but the axial thrust in a simple turbine is unopposed To maintain the correct rotor position and balancing this force must be counteracted by an opposing force Either thrust bearings can be used for the shaft bearings or the rotor can be designed so that the steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at both ends The blades in each half face opposite ways so that the axial forces negate each other but the tangential forces act together This design of rotor is called two-flow double-axial-flow or double-exhaust This arrangement is common in low-pressure casings of a compound turbine
A two-flow turbine rotor The steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at each end balancing the axial force
43 GENERATOR
- The generator converts kinetic energy supplied by the turbine into electrical energy Low ndash pole AC Synchronous generators of high rated power are used
431 Dynamo
- A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based including the electric motor the alternating-current alternator and the rotary converter Today the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation for efficiency reliability and cost reasons A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator Also converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic
432 Alternator
- Without a commutator a dynamo becomes an alternator which is a synchronous singly fed generator Alternators produce alternating current with a frequency that is based on the rotational speed of the rotor and the number of magnetic poles
- Automotive alternators produce a varying frequency that changes with engine speed which is then converted by a rectifier to DC By comparison alternators used to feed an electric power grid are generally operated at a speed very close to a specific frequency for the benefit of AC devices that regulate their speed and performance based on grid frequency Some devices such as incandescent lamps and ballast-operated fluorescent lamps do not require a constant frequency but synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks do require a constant grid frequency
-Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small In the case of a brushless exciter no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding
433 Induction Generator- An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a
type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed giving negative slip A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator without any internal modifications Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants wind turbines or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure because they can recover energy with relatively simple controlsTo operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid or sometimes they are self-excited by using phase correcting capacitors
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
25 INTAKE STRUCTURE
- The intake structure is situated along the shoreline of the South China Sea within the nuclear plant perimeter The structure contains traveling water screens the circulating water pumps and auxiliary service equipment providing waste heat removal function This structure is connected by a reinforced concrete intake tunnel to the main condenser water boxes and turbine plant auxiliary heat exchangers via valved piping connections The main condenser water boxes and turbine plant auxiliary heat exchangers are connected by a reinforced concrete discharge tunnel via valved piping connections to the sealwell and then to the South China Sea
3 IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
31 Core ndash Itrsquos the focal point of the reactor where fuel is contained and nuclear fission reactions take place
32 Fuel ndashis made of small enriched uranium oxide rods stacked so as to form cylinders approx 4 metres long and with a diameter of about one centimetre These rods are wrapped in metal sheathes (steel or zirconium alloy) which allow heat to pass through while blocking the radioactive elements produced by fission
33 Moderator ndash This is a material placed in the reactor to slow down the neutrons produced by fission in order to reach the most suitable speed allowing the chain reaction to continue
34 Heat-transfer fluid (or coolant) - This fluid (liquid or gas) cools the core and carries outside the heat that is produced there The most commonly used fluid is water but some types of reactors use different fluids (heavy water molten sodium carbon dioxide helium and other fluids)
35 Control rods ndash These are rods used in specific materials (silver indium cadmium or boron carbide) to control fission inside the core Since they absorb neutrons they are capable of controlling the chain reaction which - depending on how deep down the rods are inserted into the core - can be accelerated slowed down or even stopped thus changing the capacity of the reactor Indeed if necessary the reactor can be immediately stopped when they are fully inserted
36 Vessel ndash The large steel recipient containing the core the control rods and the heat-transfer fluid
4 SYSTEMS
- The conversion to electrical energy takes place indirectly as in conventional thermal power plants The heat is produced by fission in a nuclear reactor (a light water reactor) Directly or indirectly water vapor (steam) is produced The pressurized steam is then usually fed to a multi-stage steam turbine Steam turbines in Western nuclear power plants are among the largest steam turbines ever After the steam turbine has expanded and partially condensed the steam the remaining vapor is condensed in a condenser The condenser is a heat exchanger which is connected to a secondary side such as a river or a cooling tower The water is then pumped back into the nuclear reactor and the cycle begins again The water-steam cycle corresponds to the Rankine cycle
41 NUCLEAR REACTORS
A nuclear reactor is a device to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction The most common use of nuclear reactors is for the generation of electric energy and for the propulsion of ships
The nuclear reactor is the heart of the plant In its central part the reactor cores heat is generated by controlled nuclear fission With this heat a coolant is heated as it is pumped through the reactor and thereby removes the energy from the reactor Heat from nuclear fission is used to raise steam which runs through turbines which in turn powers either ships propellers or electrical generators
411 Mechanism of Nuclear Reactor
- An induced nuclear fission event A neutron is absorbed by the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom which in turn splits into fast-moving lighter elements (fission products) and free neutrons Though both reactors and nuclear weapons rely on nuclear chain-reactions the rate of reactions in a reactor occurs much more slowly than in a bomb
412 Fission
- When a large fissile atomic nucleus such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239 absorbs a neutron it may undergo nuclear fission The heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei (the fission products) releasing kinetic energy gamma radiation and free neutrons A portion of these neutrons may later be absorbed by other fissile atoms and trigger further fission events which release more neutrons and so on This is known as a nuclear chain reaction
413 Heat Generation
- The kinetic energy of fission products is converted to thermal energy when these nuclei collide with nearby atoms
The reactor absorbs some of the gamma rays produced during fission and converts their energy into heat
Heat is produced by the radioactive decay of fission products and materials that have been activated by neutron absorption This decay heat-source will remain for some time even after the reactor is shut down
A kilogram of uranium-235 (U-235) converted via nuclear processes releases approximately three million times more energy than a kilogram of coal burned conventionally (72 times 1013 joules per kilogram of uranium-235 versus 24 times 107 joules per kilogram of coal)
414 Cooling
- A nuclear reactor coolant mdash usually water but sometimes a gas or a liquid metal (like liquid sodium) or molten salt mdash is circulated past the reactor core to absorb the heat that it generates The heat is carried away from the reactor and is then used to generate steam Most reactor systems employ a cooling system that is physically separated from the water that will be boiled to produce pressurized steam for the turbines like the pressurized water reactor But in some reactors the water for the steam turbines is boiled directly by the reactor core for example the boiling water reactor
415 Reactivity Control
- The power output of the reactor is adjusted by controlling how many neutrons are able to create more fissions
Control rods that are made of a neutron poison are used to absorb neutrons Absorbing more neutrons in a control rod means that there are fewer neutrons available to cause fission so pushing the control rod deeper into the reactor will reduce its power output and extracting the control rod will increase it
416 Electrical Power Generation- The energy released in the fission process generates
heat some of which can be converted into usable energy A common method of harnessing this thermal energy is to use it to boil water to produce pressurized steam which will then drive a steam turbine that turns an alternator and generates electricity
42 STEAM TURBINE
The purpose of the steam turbine is to convert the heat contained in steam into mechanical energy The engine house with the steam turbine is usually structurally separated from the main reactor building It is so aligned to prevent debris from the destruction of a turbine in operation from flying towards the reactor
In the case of a pressurized water reactor the steam turbine is separated from the nuclear system To detect a leak in the steam generator and thus the passage of radioactive water at an early stage an activity meter is mounted to track the outlet steam of the steam generator In contrast boiling water reactors pass radioactive water through the steam turbine so the turbine is kept as part of the control area of the nuclear power plant
421 Blade and Stage Design- Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging
from small 075 kW units used as mechanical drives for pumps compressors and other shaft driven equipment to 1500000kW turbines used to generate electricity Steam turbines are widely used for marine applications for vessel propulsion systems In recent times gas turbines as developed for aerospace applications are being used more and more in the field of power generation once dominated by steam turbines
- Turbine blades are of two basic types blades and nozzles Blades move entirely due to the impact of steam on them and their profiles do not converge This results in a steam velocity drop and essentially no pressure drop as steam moves through the blades A turbine composed of blades alternating with fixed nozzles is called an impulse turbine Curtis turbine Rateau turbine or Brown-Curtis turbine Nozzles appear similar to blades but their profiles converge near the exit This results in a steam pressure drop and velocity increase as steam moves through the nozzles Nozzles move due to both the impact of steam on them and the reaction due to the high-velocity steam at the exit A turbine composed of moving nozzles alternating with fixed nozzles is called a reaction turbine or Parsons turbine
Schematic diagram outlining the difference between an impulse and a 50 reaction turbine
422 Steam supply and exhaust conditions
- Condensing turbines are most commonly found in electrical power plants These turbines exhaust steam from a boiler in a partially condensed state typically of a quality near 90 at a pressure well below atmospheric to a condenser
- Non-condensing or back pressure turbines are most widely used for process steam applications The exhaust pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam pressure These are commonly found at refineries district heating units pulp and paper plants and desalination facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam are needed
- Reheat turbines are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants In a reheat turbine steam flow exits from a high pressure section of the turbine and is returned to the boiler where additional superheat is added The steam then goes back into an intermediate pressure section of the turbine and continues its expansion
- Extracting type turbines are common in all applications In an extracting type turbine steam is released from various stages of the turbine and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler feed water heaters to improve overall cycle efficiency Extraction flows may be controlled with a valve or left uncontrolled
- Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an intermediate stage to produce additional power
A low-pressure steam turbine working below atmospheric pressure in a nuclear power plant
423 Casing or shaft arrangements- These arrangements include single casing tandem
compound and cross compound turbines Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds A cross compound turbine is typically used for many large applications
424 A Two ndash flow Turbine Rotors
- The moving steam imparts both a tangential and axial thrust on the turbine shaft but the axial thrust in a simple turbine is unopposed To maintain the correct rotor position and balancing this force must be counteracted by an opposing force Either thrust bearings can be used for the shaft bearings or the rotor can be designed so that the steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at both ends The blades in each half face opposite ways so that the axial forces negate each other but the tangential forces act together This design of rotor is called two-flow double-axial-flow or double-exhaust This arrangement is common in low-pressure casings of a compound turbine
A two-flow turbine rotor The steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at each end balancing the axial force
43 GENERATOR
- The generator converts kinetic energy supplied by the turbine into electrical energy Low ndash pole AC Synchronous generators of high rated power are used
431 Dynamo
- A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based including the electric motor the alternating-current alternator and the rotary converter Today the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation for efficiency reliability and cost reasons A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator Also converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic
432 Alternator
- Without a commutator a dynamo becomes an alternator which is a synchronous singly fed generator Alternators produce alternating current with a frequency that is based on the rotational speed of the rotor and the number of magnetic poles
- Automotive alternators produce a varying frequency that changes with engine speed which is then converted by a rectifier to DC By comparison alternators used to feed an electric power grid are generally operated at a speed very close to a specific frequency for the benefit of AC devices that regulate their speed and performance based on grid frequency Some devices such as incandescent lamps and ballast-operated fluorescent lamps do not require a constant frequency but synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks do require a constant grid frequency
-Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small In the case of a brushless exciter no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding
433 Induction Generator- An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a
type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed giving negative slip A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator without any internal modifications Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants wind turbines or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure because they can recover energy with relatively simple controlsTo operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid or sometimes they are self-excited by using phase correcting capacitors
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
3 IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
31 Core ndash Itrsquos the focal point of the reactor where fuel is contained and nuclear fission reactions take place
32 Fuel ndashis made of small enriched uranium oxide rods stacked so as to form cylinders approx 4 metres long and with a diameter of about one centimetre These rods are wrapped in metal sheathes (steel or zirconium alloy) which allow heat to pass through while blocking the radioactive elements produced by fission
33 Moderator ndash This is a material placed in the reactor to slow down the neutrons produced by fission in order to reach the most suitable speed allowing the chain reaction to continue
34 Heat-transfer fluid (or coolant) - This fluid (liquid or gas) cools the core and carries outside the heat that is produced there The most commonly used fluid is water but some types of reactors use different fluids (heavy water molten sodium carbon dioxide helium and other fluids)
35 Control rods ndash These are rods used in specific materials (silver indium cadmium or boron carbide) to control fission inside the core Since they absorb neutrons they are capable of controlling the chain reaction which - depending on how deep down the rods are inserted into the core - can be accelerated slowed down or even stopped thus changing the capacity of the reactor Indeed if necessary the reactor can be immediately stopped when they are fully inserted
36 Vessel ndash The large steel recipient containing the core the control rods and the heat-transfer fluid
4 SYSTEMS
- The conversion to electrical energy takes place indirectly as in conventional thermal power plants The heat is produced by fission in a nuclear reactor (a light water reactor) Directly or indirectly water vapor (steam) is produced The pressurized steam is then usually fed to a multi-stage steam turbine Steam turbines in Western nuclear power plants are among the largest steam turbines ever After the steam turbine has expanded and partially condensed the steam the remaining vapor is condensed in a condenser The condenser is a heat exchanger which is connected to a secondary side such as a river or a cooling tower The water is then pumped back into the nuclear reactor and the cycle begins again The water-steam cycle corresponds to the Rankine cycle
41 NUCLEAR REACTORS
A nuclear reactor is a device to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction The most common use of nuclear reactors is for the generation of electric energy and for the propulsion of ships
The nuclear reactor is the heart of the plant In its central part the reactor cores heat is generated by controlled nuclear fission With this heat a coolant is heated as it is pumped through the reactor and thereby removes the energy from the reactor Heat from nuclear fission is used to raise steam which runs through turbines which in turn powers either ships propellers or electrical generators
411 Mechanism of Nuclear Reactor
- An induced nuclear fission event A neutron is absorbed by the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom which in turn splits into fast-moving lighter elements (fission products) and free neutrons Though both reactors and nuclear weapons rely on nuclear chain-reactions the rate of reactions in a reactor occurs much more slowly than in a bomb
412 Fission
- When a large fissile atomic nucleus such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239 absorbs a neutron it may undergo nuclear fission The heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei (the fission products) releasing kinetic energy gamma radiation and free neutrons A portion of these neutrons may later be absorbed by other fissile atoms and trigger further fission events which release more neutrons and so on This is known as a nuclear chain reaction
413 Heat Generation
- The kinetic energy of fission products is converted to thermal energy when these nuclei collide with nearby atoms
The reactor absorbs some of the gamma rays produced during fission and converts their energy into heat
Heat is produced by the radioactive decay of fission products and materials that have been activated by neutron absorption This decay heat-source will remain for some time even after the reactor is shut down
A kilogram of uranium-235 (U-235) converted via nuclear processes releases approximately three million times more energy than a kilogram of coal burned conventionally (72 times 1013 joules per kilogram of uranium-235 versus 24 times 107 joules per kilogram of coal)
414 Cooling
- A nuclear reactor coolant mdash usually water but sometimes a gas or a liquid metal (like liquid sodium) or molten salt mdash is circulated past the reactor core to absorb the heat that it generates The heat is carried away from the reactor and is then used to generate steam Most reactor systems employ a cooling system that is physically separated from the water that will be boiled to produce pressurized steam for the turbines like the pressurized water reactor But in some reactors the water for the steam turbines is boiled directly by the reactor core for example the boiling water reactor
415 Reactivity Control
- The power output of the reactor is adjusted by controlling how many neutrons are able to create more fissions
Control rods that are made of a neutron poison are used to absorb neutrons Absorbing more neutrons in a control rod means that there are fewer neutrons available to cause fission so pushing the control rod deeper into the reactor will reduce its power output and extracting the control rod will increase it
416 Electrical Power Generation- The energy released in the fission process generates
heat some of which can be converted into usable energy A common method of harnessing this thermal energy is to use it to boil water to produce pressurized steam which will then drive a steam turbine that turns an alternator and generates electricity
42 STEAM TURBINE
The purpose of the steam turbine is to convert the heat contained in steam into mechanical energy The engine house with the steam turbine is usually structurally separated from the main reactor building It is so aligned to prevent debris from the destruction of a turbine in operation from flying towards the reactor
In the case of a pressurized water reactor the steam turbine is separated from the nuclear system To detect a leak in the steam generator and thus the passage of radioactive water at an early stage an activity meter is mounted to track the outlet steam of the steam generator In contrast boiling water reactors pass radioactive water through the steam turbine so the turbine is kept as part of the control area of the nuclear power plant
421 Blade and Stage Design- Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging
from small 075 kW units used as mechanical drives for pumps compressors and other shaft driven equipment to 1500000kW turbines used to generate electricity Steam turbines are widely used for marine applications for vessel propulsion systems In recent times gas turbines as developed for aerospace applications are being used more and more in the field of power generation once dominated by steam turbines
- Turbine blades are of two basic types blades and nozzles Blades move entirely due to the impact of steam on them and their profiles do not converge This results in a steam velocity drop and essentially no pressure drop as steam moves through the blades A turbine composed of blades alternating with fixed nozzles is called an impulse turbine Curtis turbine Rateau turbine or Brown-Curtis turbine Nozzles appear similar to blades but their profiles converge near the exit This results in a steam pressure drop and velocity increase as steam moves through the nozzles Nozzles move due to both the impact of steam on them and the reaction due to the high-velocity steam at the exit A turbine composed of moving nozzles alternating with fixed nozzles is called a reaction turbine or Parsons turbine
Schematic diagram outlining the difference between an impulse and a 50 reaction turbine
422 Steam supply and exhaust conditions
- Condensing turbines are most commonly found in electrical power plants These turbines exhaust steam from a boiler in a partially condensed state typically of a quality near 90 at a pressure well below atmospheric to a condenser
- Non-condensing or back pressure turbines are most widely used for process steam applications The exhaust pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam pressure These are commonly found at refineries district heating units pulp and paper plants and desalination facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam are needed
- Reheat turbines are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants In a reheat turbine steam flow exits from a high pressure section of the turbine and is returned to the boiler where additional superheat is added The steam then goes back into an intermediate pressure section of the turbine and continues its expansion
- Extracting type turbines are common in all applications In an extracting type turbine steam is released from various stages of the turbine and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler feed water heaters to improve overall cycle efficiency Extraction flows may be controlled with a valve or left uncontrolled
- Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an intermediate stage to produce additional power
A low-pressure steam turbine working below atmospheric pressure in a nuclear power plant
423 Casing or shaft arrangements- These arrangements include single casing tandem
compound and cross compound turbines Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds A cross compound turbine is typically used for many large applications
424 A Two ndash flow Turbine Rotors
- The moving steam imparts both a tangential and axial thrust on the turbine shaft but the axial thrust in a simple turbine is unopposed To maintain the correct rotor position and balancing this force must be counteracted by an opposing force Either thrust bearings can be used for the shaft bearings or the rotor can be designed so that the steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at both ends The blades in each half face opposite ways so that the axial forces negate each other but the tangential forces act together This design of rotor is called two-flow double-axial-flow or double-exhaust This arrangement is common in low-pressure casings of a compound turbine
A two-flow turbine rotor The steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at each end balancing the axial force
43 GENERATOR
- The generator converts kinetic energy supplied by the turbine into electrical energy Low ndash pole AC Synchronous generators of high rated power are used
431 Dynamo
- A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based including the electric motor the alternating-current alternator and the rotary converter Today the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation for efficiency reliability and cost reasons A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator Also converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic
432 Alternator
- Without a commutator a dynamo becomes an alternator which is a synchronous singly fed generator Alternators produce alternating current with a frequency that is based on the rotational speed of the rotor and the number of magnetic poles
- Automotive alternators produce a varying frequency that changes with engine speed which is then converted by a rectifier to DC By comparison alternators used to feed an electric power grid are generally operated at a speed very close to a specific frequency for the benefit of AC devices that regulate their speed and performance based on grid frequency Some devices such as incandescent lamps and ballast-operated fluorescent lamps do not require a constant frequency but synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks do require a constant grid frequency
-Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small In the case of a brushless exciter no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding
433 Induction Generator- An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a
type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed giving negative slip A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator without any internal modifications Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants wind turbines or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure because they can recover energy with relatively simple controlsTo operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid or sometimes they are self-excited by using phase correcting capacitors
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
32 Fuel ndashis made of small enriched uranium oxide rods stacked so as to form cylinders approx 4 metres long and with a diameter of about one centimetre These rods are wrapped in metal sheathes (steel or zirconium alloy) which allow heat to pass through while blocking the radioactive elements produced by fission
33 Moderator ndash This is a material placed in the reactor to slow down the neutrons produced by fission in order to reach the most suitable speed allowing the chain reaction to continue
34 Heat-transfer fluid (or coolant) - This fluid (liquid or gas) cools the core and carries outside the heat that is produced there The most commonly used fluid is water but some types of reactors use different fluids (heavy water molten sodium carbon dioxide helium and other fluids)
35 Control rods ndash These are rods used in specific materials (silver indium cadmium or boron carbide) to control fission inside the core Since they absorb neutrons they are capable of controlling the chain reaction which - depending on how deep down the rods are inserted into the core - can be accelerated slowed down or even stopped thus changing the capacity of the reactor Indeed if necessary the reactor can be immediately stopped when they are fully inserted
36 Vessel ndash The large steel recipient containing the core the control rods and the heat-transfer fluid
4 SYSTEMS
- The conversion to electrical energy takes place indirectly as in conventional thermal power plants The heat is produced by fission in a nuclear reactor (a light water reactor) Directly or indirectly water vapor (steam) is produced The pressurized steam is then usually fed to a multi-stage steam turbine Steam turbines in Western nuclear power plants are among the largest steam turbines ever After the steam turbine has expanded and partially condensed the steam the remaining vapor is condensed in a condenser The condenser is a heat exchanger which is connected to a secondary side such as a river or a cooling tower The water is then pumped back into the nuclear reactor and the cycle begins again The water-steam cycle corresponds to the Rankine cycle
41 NUCLEAR REACTORS
A nuclear reactor is a device to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction The most common use of nuclear reactors is for the generation of electric energy and for the propulsion of ships
The nuclear reactor is the heart of the plant In its central part the reactor cores heat is generated by controlled nuclear fission With this heat a coolant is heated as it is pumped through the reactor and thereby removes the energy from the reactor Heat from nuclear fission is used to raise steam which runs through turbines which in turn powers either ships propellers or electrical generators
411 Mechanism of Nuclear Reactor
- An induced nuclear fission event A neutron is absorbed by the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom which in turn splits into fast-moving lighter elements (fission products) and free neutrons Though both reactors and nuclear weapons rely on nuclear chain-reactions the rate of reactions in a reactor occurs much more slowly than in a bomb
412 Fission
- When a large fissile atomic nucleus such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239 absorbs a neutron it may undergo nuclear fission The heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei (the fission products) releasing kinetic energy gamma radiation and free neutrons A portion of these neutrons may later be absorbed by other fissile atoms and trigger further fission events which release more neutrons and so on This is known as a nuclear chain reaction
413 Heat Generation
- The kinetic energy of fission products is converted to thermal energy when these nuclei collide with nearby atoms
The reactor absorbs some of the gamma rays produced during fission and converts their energy into heat
Heat is produced by the radioactive decay of fission products and materials that have been activated by neutron absorption This decay heat-source will remain for some time even after the reactor is shut down
A kilogram of uranium-235 (U-235) converted via nuclear processes releases approximately three million times more energy than a kilogram of coal burned conventionally (72 times 1013 joules per kilogram of uranium-235 versus 24 times 107 joules per kilogram of coal)
414 Cooling
- A nuclear reactor coolant mdash usually water but sometimes a gas or a liquid metal (like liquid sodium) or molten salt mdash is circulated past the reactor core to absorb the heat that it generates The heat is carried away from the reactor and is then used to generate steam Most reactor systems employ a cooling system that is physically separated from the water that will be boiled to produce pressurized steam for the turbines like the pressurized water reactor But in some reactors the water for the steam turbines is boiled directly by the reactor core for example the boiling water reactor
415 Reactivity Control
- The power output of the reactor is adjusted by controlling how many neutrons are able to create more fissions
Control rods that are made of a neutron poison are used to absorb neutrons Absorbing more neutrons in a control rod means that there are fewer neutrons available to cause fission so pushing the control rod deeper into the reactor will reduce its power output and extracting the control rod will increase it
416 Electrical Power Generation- The energy released in the fission process generates
heat some of which can be converted into usable energy A common method of harnessing this thermal energy is to use it to boil water to produce pressurized steam which will then drive a steam turbine that turns an alternator and generates electricity
42 STEAM TURBINE
The purpose of the steam turbine is to convert the heat contained in steam into mechanical energy The engine house with the steam turbine is usually structurally separated from the main reactor building It is so aligned to prevent debris from the destruction of a turbine in operation from flying towards the reactor
In the case of a pressurized water reactor the steam turbine is separated from the nuclear system To detect a leak in the steam generator and thus the passage of radioactive water at an early stage an activity meter is mounted to track the outlet steam of the steam generator In contrast boiling water reactors pass radioactive water through the steam turbine so the turbine is kept as part of the control area of the nuclear power plant
421 Blade and Stage Design- Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging
from small 075 kW units used as mechanical drives for pumps compressors and other shaft driven equipment to 1500000kW turbines used to generate electricity Steam turbines are widely used for marine applications for vessel propulsion systems In recent times gas turbines as developed for aerospace applications are being used more and more in the field of power generation once dominated by steam turbines
- Turbine blades are of two basic types blades and nozzles Blades move entirely due to the impact of steam on them and their profiles do not converge This results in a steam velocity drop and essentially no pressure drop as steam moves through the blades A turbine composed of blades alternating with fixed nozzles is called an impulse turbine Curtis turbine Rateau turbine or Brown-Curtis turbine Nozzles appear similar to blades but their profiles converge near the exit This results in a steam pressure drop and velocity increase as steam moves through the nozzles Nozzles move due to both the impact of steam on them and the reaction due to the high-velocity steam at the exit A turbine composed of moving nozzles alternating with fixed nozzles is called a reaction turbine or Parsons turbine
Schematic diagram outlining the difference between an impulse and a 50 reaction turbine
422 Steam supply and exhaust conditions
- Condensing turbines are most commonly found in electrical power plants These turbines exhaust steam from a boiler in a partially condensed state typically of a quality near 90 at a pressure well below atmospheric to a condenser
- Non-condensing or back pressure turbines are most widely used for process steam applications The exhaust pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam pressure These are commonly found at refineries district heating units pulp and paper plants and desalination facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam are needed
- Reheat turbines are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants In a reheat turbine steam flow exits from a high pressure section of the turbine and is returned to the boiler where additional superheat is added The steam then goes back into an intermediate pressure section of the turbine and continues its expansion
- Extracting type turbines are common in all applications In an extracting type turbine steam is released from various stages of the turbine and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler feed water heaters to improve overall cycle efficiency Extraction flows may be controlled with a valve or left uncontrolled
- Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an intermediate stage to produce additional power
A low-pressure steam turbine working below atmospheric pressure in a nuclear power plant
423 Casing or shaft arrangements- These arrangements include single casing tandem
compound and cross compound turbines Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds A cross compound turbine is typically used for many large applications
424 A Two ndash flow Turbine Rotors
- The moving steam imparts both a tangential and axial thrust on the turbine shaft but the axial thrust in a simple turbine is unopposed To maintain the correct rotor position and balancing this force must be counteracted by an opposing force Either thrust bearings can be used for the shaft bearings or the rotor can be designed so that the steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at both ends The blades in each half face opposite ways so that the axial forces negate each other but the tangential forces act together This design of rotor is called two-flow double-axial-flow or double-exhaust This arrangement is common in low-pressure casings of a compound turbine
A two-flow turbine rotor The steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at each end balancing the axial force
43 GENERATOR
- The generator converts kinetic energy supplied by the turbine into electrical energy Low ndash pole AC Synchronous generators of high rated power are used
431 Dynamo
- A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based including the electric motor the alternating-current alternator and the rotary converter Today the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation for efficiency reliability and cost reasons A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator Also converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic
432 Alternator
- Without a commutator a dynamo becomes an alternator which is a synchronous singly fed generator Alternators produce alternating current with a frequency that is based on the rotational speed of the rotor and the number of magnetic poles
- Automotive alternators produce a varying frequency that changes with engine speed which is then converted by a rectifier to DC By comparison alternators used to feed an electric power grid are generally operated at a speed very close to a specific frequency for the benefit of AC devices that regulate their speed and performance based on grid frequency Some devices such as incandescent lamps and ballast-operated fluorescent lamps do not require a constant frequency but synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks do require a constant grid frequency
-Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small In the case of a brushless exciter no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding
433 Induction Generator- An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a
type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed giving negative slip A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator without any internal modifications Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants wind turbines or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure because they can recover energy with relatively simple controlsTo operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid or sometimes they are self-excited by using phase correcting capacitors
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
33 Moderator ndash This is a material placed in the reactor to slow down the neutrons produced by fission in order to reach the most suitable speed allowing the chain reaction to continue
34 Heat-transfer fluid (or coolant) - This fluid (liquid or gas) cools the core and carries outside the heat that is produced there The most commonly used fluid is water but some types of reactors use different fluids (heavy water molten sodium carbon dioxide helium and other fluids)
35 Control rods ndash These are rods used in specific materials (silver indium cadmium or boron carbide) to control fission inside the core Since they absorb neutrons they are capable of controlling the chain reaction which - depending on how deep down the rods are inserted into the core - can be accelerated slowed down or even stopped thus changing the capacity of the reactor Indeed if necessary the reactor can be immediately stopped when they are fully inserted
36 Vessel ndash The large steel recipient containing the core the control rods and the heat-transfer fluid
4 SYSTEMS
- The conversion to electrical energy takes place indirectly as in conventional thermal power plants The heat is produced by fission in a nuclear reactor (a light water reactor) Directly or indirectly water vapor (steam) is produced The pressurized steam is then usually fed to a multi-stage steam turbine Steam turbines in Western nuclear power plants are among the largest steam turbines ever After the steam turbine has expanded and partially condensed the steam the remaining vapor is condensed in a condenser The condenser is a heat exchanger which is connected to a secondary side such as a river or a cooling tower The water is then pumped back into the nuclear reactor and the cycle begins again The water-steam cycle corresponds to the Rankine cycle
41 NUCLEAR REACTORS
A nuclear reactor is a device to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction The most common use of nuclear reactors is for the generation of electric energy and for the propulsion of ships
The nuclear reactor is the heart of the plant In its central part the reactor cores heat is generated by controlled nuclear fission With this heat a coolant is heated as it is pumped through the reactor and thereby removes the energy from the reactor Heat from nuclear fission is used to raise steam which runs through turbines which in turn powers either ships propellers or electrical generators
411 Mechanism of Nuclear Reactor
- An induced nuclear fission event A neutron is absorbed by the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom which in turn splits into fast-moving lighter elements (fission products) and free neutrons Though both reactors and nuclear weapons rely on nuclear chain-reactions the rate of reactions in a reactor occurs much more slowly than in a bomb
412 Fission
- When a large fissile atomic nucleus such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239 absorbs a neutron it may undergo nuclear fission The heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei (the fission products) releasing kinetic energy gamma radiation and free neutrons A portion of these neutrons may later be absorbed by other fissile atoms and trigger further fission events which release more neutrons and so on This is known as a nuclear chain reaction
413 Heat Generation
- The kinetic energy of fission products is converted to thermal energy when these nuclei collide with nearby atoms
The reactor absorbs some of the gamma rays produced during fission and converts their energy into heat
Heat is produced by the radioactive decay of fission products and materials that have been activated by neutron absorption This decay heat-source will remain for some time even after the reactor is shut down
A kilogram of uranium-235 (U-235) converted via nuclear processes releases approximately three million times more energy than a kilogram of coal burned conventionally (72 times 1013 joules per kilogram of uranium-235 versus 24 times 107 joules per kilogram of coal)
414 Cooling
- A nuclear reactor coolant mdash usually water but sometimes a gas or a liquid metal (like liquid sodium) or molten salt mdash is circulated past the reactor core to absorb the heat that it generates The heat is carried away from the reactor and is then used to generate steam Most reactor systems employ a cooling system that is physically separated from the water that will be boiled to produce pressurized steam for the turbines like the pressurized water reactor But in some reactors the water for the steam turbines is boiled directly by the reactor core for example the boiling water reactor
415 Reactivity Control
- The power output of the reactor is adjusted by controlling how many neutrons are able to create more fissions
Control rods that are made of a neutron poison are used to absorb neutrons Absorbing more neutrons in a control rod means that there are fewer neutrons available to cause fission so pushing the control rod deeper into the reactor will reduce its power output and extracting the control rod will increase it
416 Electrical Power Generation- The energy released in the fission process generates
heat some of which can be converted into usable energy A common method of harnessing this thermal energy is to use it to boil water to produce pressurized steam which will then drive a steam turbine that turns an alternator and generates electricity
42 STEAM TURBINE
The purpose of the steam turbine is to convert the heat contained in steam into mechanical energy The engine house with the steam turbine is usually structurally separated from the main reactor building It is so aligned to prevent debris from the destruction of a turbine in operation from flying towards the reactor
In the case of a pressurized water reactor the steam turbine is separated from the nuclear system To detect a leak in the steam generator and thus the passage of radioactive water at an early stage an activity meter is mounted to track the outlet steam of the steam generator In contrast boiling water reactors pass radioactive water through the steam turbine so the turbine is kept as part of the control area of the nuclear power plant
421 Blade and Stage Design- Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging
from small 075 kW units used as mechanical drives for pumps compressors and other shaft driven equipment to 1500000kW turbines used to generate electricity Steam turbines are widely used for marine applications for vessel propulsion systems In recent times gas turbines as developed for aerospace applications are being used more and more in the field of power generation once dominated by steam turbines
- Turbine blades are of two basic types blades and nozzles Blades move entirely due to the impact of steam on them and their profiles do not converge This results in a steam velocity drop and essentially no pressure drop as steam moves through the blades A turbine composed of blades alternating with fixed nozzles is called an impulse turbine Curtis turbine Rateau turbine or Brown-Curtis turbine Nozzles appear similar to blades but their profiles converge near the exit This results in a steam pressure drop and velocity increase as steam moves through the nozzles Nozzles move due to both the impact of steam on them and the reaction due to the high-velocity steam at the exit A turbine composed of moving nozzles alternating with fixed nozzles is called a reaction turbine or Parsons turbine
Schematic diagram outlining the difference between an impulse and a 50 reaction turbine
422 Steam supply and exhaust conditions
- Condensing turbines are most commonly found in electrical power plants These turbines exhaust steam from a boiler in a partially condensed state typically of a quality near 90 at a pressure well below atmospheric to a condenser
- Non-condensing or back pressure turbines are most widely used for process steam applications The exhaust pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam pressure These are commonly found at refineries district heating units pulp and paper plants and desalination facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam are needed
- Reheat turbines are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants In a reheat turbine steam flow exits from a high pressure section of the turbine and is returned to the boiler where additional superheat is added The steam then goes back into an intermediate pressure section of the turbine and continues its expansion
- Extracting type turbines are common in all applications In an extracting type turbine steam is released from various stages of the turbine and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler feed water heaters to improve overall cycle efficiency Extraction flows may be controlled with a valve or left uncontrolled
- Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an intermediate stage to produce additional power
A low-pressure steam turbine working below atmospheric pressure in a nuclear power plant
423 Casing or shaft arrangements- These arrangements include single casing tandem
compound and cross compound turbines Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds A cross compound turbine is typically used for many large applications
424 A Two ndash flow Turbine Rotors
- The moving steam imparts both a tangential and axial thrust on the turbine shaft but the axial thrust in a simple turbine is unopposed To maintain the correct rotor position and balancing this force must be counteracted by an opposing force Either thrust bearings can be used for the shaft bearings or the rotor can be designed so that the steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at both ends The blades in each half face opposite ways so that the axial forces negate each other but the tangential forces act together This design of rotor is called two-flow double-axial-flow or double-exhaust This arrangement is common in low-pressure casings of a compound turbine
A two-flow turbine rotor The steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at each end balancing the axial force
43 GENERATOR
- The generator converts kinetic energy supplied by the turbine into electrical energy Low ndash pole AC Synchronous generators of high rated power are used
431 Dynamo
- A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based including the electric motor the alternating-current alternator and the rotary converter Today the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation for efficiency reliability and cost reasons A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator Also converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic
432 Alternator
- Without a commutator a dynamo becomes an alternator which is a synchronous singly fed generator Alternators produce alternating current with a frequency that is based on the rotational speed of the rotor and the number of magnetic poles
- Automotive alternators produce a varying frequency that changes with engine speed which is then converted by a rectifier to DC By comparison alternators used to feed an electric power grid are generally operated at a speed very close to a specific frequency for the benefit of AC devices that regulate their speed and performance based on grid frequency Some devices such as incandescent lamps and ballast-operated fluorescent lamps do not require a constant frequency but synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks do require a constant grid frequency
-Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small In the case of a brushless exciter no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding
433 Induction Generator- An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a
type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed giving negative slip A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator without any internal modifications Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants wind turbines or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure because they can recover energy with relatively simple controlsTo operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid or sometimes they are self-excited by using phase correcting capacitors
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
34 Heat-transfer fluid (or coolant) - This fluid (liquid or gas) cools the core and carries outside the heat that is produced there The most commonly used fluid is water but some types of reactors use different fluids (heavy water molten sodium carbon dioxide helium and other fluids)
35 Control rods ndash These are rods used in specific materials (silver indium cadmium or boron carbide) to control fission inside the core Since they absorb neutrons they are capable of controlling the chain reaction which - depending on how deep down the rods are inserted into the core - can be accelerated slowed down or even stopped thus changing the capacity of the reactor Indeed if necessary the reactor can be immediately stopped when they are fully inserted
36 Vessel ndash The large steel recipient containing the core the control rods and the heat-transfer fluid
4 SYSTEMS
- The conversion to electrical energy takes place indirectly as in conventional thermal power plants The heat is produced by fission in a nuclear reactor (a light water reactor) Directly or indirectly water vapor (steam) is produced The pressurized steam is then usually fed to a multi-stage steam turbine Steam turbines in Western nuclear power plants are among the largest steam turbines ever After the steam turbine has expanded and partially condensed the steam the remaining vapor is condensed in a condenser The condenser is a heat exchanger which is connected to a secondary side such as a river or a cooling tower The water is then pumped back into the nuclear reactor and the cycle begins again The water-steam cycle corresponds to the Rankine cycle
41 NUCLEAR REACTORS
A nuclear reactor is a device to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction The most common use of nuclear reactors is for the generation of electric energy and for the propulsion of ships
The nuclear reactor is the heart of the plant In its central part the reactor cores heat is generated by controlled nuclear fission With this heat a coolant is heated as it is pumped through the reactor and thereby removes the energy from the reactor Heat from nuclear fission is used to raise steam which runs through turbines which in turn powers either ships propellers or electrical generators
411 Mechanism of Nuclear Reactor
- An induced nuclear fission event A neutron is absorbed by the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom which in turn splits into fast-moving lighter elements (fission products) and free neutrons Though both reactors and nuclear weapons rely on nuclear chain-reactions the rate of reactions in a reactor occurs much more slowly than in a bomb
412 Fission
- When a large fissile atomic nucleus such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239 absorbs a neutron it may undergo nuclear fission The heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei (the fission products) releasing kinetic energy gamma radiation and free neutrons A portion of these neutrons may later be absorbed by other fissile atoms and trigger further fission events which release more neutrons and so on This is known as a nuclear chain reaction
413 Heat Generation
- The kinetic energy of fission products is converted to thermal energy when these nuclei collide with nearby atoms
The reactor absorbs some of the gamma rays produced during fission and converts their energy into heat
Heat is produced by the radioactive decay of fission products and materials that have been activated by neutron absorption This decay heat-source will remain for some time even after the reactor is shut down
A kilogram of uranium-235 (U-235) converted via nuclear processes releases approximately three million times more energy than a kilogram of coal burned conventionally (72 times 1013 joules per kilogram of uranium-235 versus 24 times 107 joules per kilogram of coal)
414 Cooling
- A nuclear reactor coolant mdash usually water but sometimes a gas or a liquid metal (like liquid sodium) or molten salt mdash is circulated past the reactor core to absorb the heat that it generates The heat is carried away from the reactor and is then used to generate steam Most reactor systems employ a cooling system that is physically separated from the water that will be boiled to produce pressurized steam for the turbines like the pressurized water reactor But in some reactors the water for the steam turbines is boiled directly by the reactor core for example the boiling water reactor
415 Reactivity Control
- The power output of the reactor is adjusted by controlling how many neutrons are able to create more fissions
Control rods that are made of a neutron poison are used to absorb neutrons Absorbing more neutrons in a control rod means that there are fewer neutrons available to cause fission so pushing the control rod deeper into the reactor will reduce its power output and extracting the control rod will increase it
416 Electrical Power Generation- The energy released in the fission process generates
heat some of which can be converted into usable energy A common method of harnessing this thermal energy is to use it to boil water to produce pressurized steam which will then drive a steam turbine that turns an alternator and generates electricity
42 STEAM TURBINE
The purpose of the steam turbine is to convert the heat contained in steam into mechanical energy The engine house with the steam turbine is usually structurally separated from the main reactor building It is so aligned to prevent debris from the destruction of a turbine in operation from flying towards the reactor
In the case of a pressurized water reactor the steam turbine is separated from the nuclear system To detect a leak in the steam generator and thus the passage of radioactive water at an early stage an activity meter is mounted to track the outlet steam of the steam generator In contrast boiling water reactors pass radioactive water through the steam turbine so the turbine is kept as part of the control area of the nuclear power plant
421 Blade and Stage Design- Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging
from small 075 kW units used as mechanical drives for pumps compressors and other shaft driven equipment to 1500000kW turbines used to generate electricity Steam turbines are widely used for marine applications for vessel propulsion systems In recent times gas turbines as developed for aerospace applications are being used more and more in the field of power generation once dominated by steam turbines
- Turbine blades are of two basic types blades and nozzles Blades move entirely due to the impact of steam on them and their profiles do not converge This results in a steam velocity drop and essentially no pressure drop as steam moves through the blades A turbine composed of blades alternating with fixed nozzles is called an impulse turbine Curtis turbine Rateau turbine or Brown-Curtis turbine Nozzles appear similar to blades but their profiles converge near the exit This results in a steam pressure drop and velocity increase as steam moves through the nozzles Nozzles move due to both the impact of steam on them and the reaction due to the high-velocity steam at the exit A turbine composed of moving nozzles alternating with fixed nozzles is called a reaction turbine or Parsons turbine
Schematic diagram outlining the difference between an impulse and a 50 reaction turbine
422 Steam supply and exhaust conditions
- Condensing turbines are most commonly found in electrical power plants These turbines exhaust steam from a boiler in a partially condensed state typically of a quality near 90 at a pressure well below atmospheric to a condenser
- Non-condensing or back pressure turbines are most widely used for process steam applications The exhaust pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam pressure These are commonly found at refineries district heating units pulp and paper plants and desalination facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam are needed
- Reheat turbines are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants In a reheat turbine steam flow exits from a high pressure section of the turbine and is returned to the boiler where additional superheat is added The steam then goes back into an intermediate pressure section of the turbine and continues its expansion
- Extracting type turbines are common in all applications In an extracting type turbine steam is released from various stages of the turbine and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler feed water heaters to improve overall cycle efficiency Extraction flows may be controlled with a valve or left uncontrolled
- Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an intermediate stage to produce additional power
A low-pressure steam turbine working below atmospheric pressure in a nuclear power plant
423 Casing or shaft arrangements- These arrangements include single casing tandem
compound and cross compound turbines Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds A cross compound turbine is typically used for many large applications
424 A Two ndash flow Turbine Rotors
- The moving steam imparts both a tangential and axial thrust on the turbine shaft but the axial thrust in a simple turbine is unopposed To maintain the correct rotor position and balancing this force must be counteracted by an opposing force Either thrust bearings can be used for the shaft bearings or the rotor can be designed so that the steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at both ends The blades in each half face opposite ways so that the axial forces negate each other but the tangential forces act together This design of rotor is called two-flow double-axial-flow or double-exhaust This arrangement is common in low-pressure casings of a compound turbine
A two-flow turbine rotor The steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at each end balancing the axial force
43 GENERATOR
- The generator converts kinetic energy supplied by the turbine into electrical energy Low ndash pole AC Synchronous generators of high rated power are used
431 Dynamo
- A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based including the electric motor the alternating-current alternator and the rotary converter Today the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation for efficiency reliability and cost reasons A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator Also converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic
432 Alternator
- Without a commutator a dynamo becomes an alternator which is a synchronous singly fed generator Alternators produce alternating current with a frequency that is based on the rotational speed of the rotor and the number of magnetic poles
- Automotive alternators produce a varying frequency that changes with engine speed which is then converted by a rectifier to DC By comparison alternators used to feed an electric power grid are generally operated at a speed very close to a specific frequency for the benefit of AC devices that regulate their speed and performance based on grid frequency Some devices such as incandescent lamps and ballast-operated fluorescent lamps do not require a constant frequency but synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks do require a constant grid frequency
-Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small In the case of a brushless exciter no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding
433 Induction Generator- An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a
type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed giving negative slip A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator without any internal modifications Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants wind turbines or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure because they can recover energy with relatively simple controlsTo operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid or sometimes they are self-excited by using phase correcting capacitors
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
35 Control rods ndash These are rods used in specific materials (silver indium cadmium or boron carbide) to control fission inside the core Since they absorb neutrons they are capable of controlling the chain reaction which - depending on how deep down the rods are inserted into the core - can be accelerated slowed down or even stopped thus changing the capacity of the reactor Indeed if necessary the reactor can be immediately stopped when they are fully inserted
36 Vessel ndash The large steel recipient containing the core the control rods and the heat-transfer fluid
4 SYSTEMS
- The conversion to electrical energy takes place indirectly as in conventional thermal power plants The heat is produced by fission in a nuclear reactor (a light water reactor) Directly or indirectly water vapor (steam) is produced The pressurized steam is then usually fed to a multi-stage steam turbine Steam turbines in Western nuclear power plants are among the largest steam turbines ever After the steam turbine has expanded and partially condensed the steam the remaining vapor is condensed in a condenser The condenser is a heat exchanger which is connected to a secondary side such as a river or a cooling tower The water is then pumped back into the nuclear reactor and the cycle begins again The water-steam cycle corresponds to the Rankine cycle
41 NUCLEAR REACTORS
A nuclear reactor is a device to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction The most common use of nuclear reactors is for the generation of electric energy and for the propulsion of ships
The nuclear reactor is the heart of the plant In its central part the reactor cores heat is generated by controlled nuclear fission With this heat a coolant is heated as it is pumped through the reactor and thereby removes the energy from the reactor Heat from nuclear fission is used to raise steam which runs through turbines which in turn powers either ships propellers or electrical generators
411 Mechanism of Nuclear Reactor
- An induced nuclear fission event A neutron is absorbed by the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom which in turn splits into fast-moving lighter elements (fission products) and free neutrons Though both reactors and nuclear weapons rely on nuclear chain-reactions the rate of reactions in a reactor occurs much more slowly than in a bomb
412 Fission
- When a large fissile atomic nucleus such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239 absorbs a neutron it may undergo nuclear fission The heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei (the fission products) releasing kinetic energy gamma radiation and free neutrons A portion of these neutrons may later be absorbed by other fissile atoms and trigger further fission events which release more neutrons and so on This is known as a nuclear chain reaction
413 Heat Generation
- The kinetic energy of fission products is converted to thermal energy when these nuclei collide with nearby atoms
The reactor absorbs some of the gamma rays produced during fission and converts their energy into heat
Heat is produced by the radioactive decay of fission products and materials that have been activated by neutron absorption This decay heat-source will remain for some time even after the reactor is shut down
A kilogram of uranium-235 (U-235) converted via nuclear processes releases approximately three million times more energy than a kilogram of coal burned conventionally (72 times 1013 joules per kilogram of uranium-235 versus 24 times 107 joules per kilogram of coal)
414 Cooling
- A nuclear reactor coolant mdash usually water but sometimes a gas or a liquid metal (like liquid sodium) or molten salt mdash is circulated past the reactor core to absorb the heat that it generates The heat is carried away from the reactor and is then used to generate steam Most reactor systems employ a cooling system that is physically separated from the water that will be boiled to produce pressurized steam for the turbines like the pressurized water reactor But in some reactors the water for the steam turbines is boiled directly by the reactor core for example the boiling water reactor
415 Reactivity Control
- The power output of the reactor is adjusted by controlling how many neutrons are able to create more fissions
Control rods that are made of a neutron poison are used to absorb neutrons Absorbing more neutrons in a control rod means that there are fewer neutrons available to cause fission so pushing the control rod deeper into the reactor will reduce its power output and extracting the control rod will increase it
416 Electrical Power Generation- The energy released in the fission process generates
heat some of which can be converted into usable energy A common method of harnessing this thermal energy is to use it to boil water to produce pressurized steam which will then drive a steam turbine that turns an alternator and generates electricity
42 STEAM TURBINE
The purpose of the steam turbine is to convert the heat contained in steam into mechanical energy The engine house with the steam turbine is usually structurally separated from the main reactor building It is so aligned to prevent debris from the destruction of a turbine in operation from flying towards the reactor
In the case of a pressurized water reactor the steam turbine is separated from the nuclear system To detect a leak in the steam generator and thus the passage of radioactive water at an early stage an activity meter is mounted to track the outlet steam of the steam generator In contrast boiling water reactors pass radioactive water through the steam turbine so the turbine is kept as part of the control area of the nuclear power plant
421 Blade and Stage Design- Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging
from small 075 kW units used as mechanical drives for pumps compressors and other shaft driven equipment to 1500000kW turbines used to generate electricity Steam turbines are widely used for marine applications for vessel propulsion systems In recent times gas turbines as developed for aerospace applications are being used more and more in the field of power generation once dominated by steam turbines
- Turbine blades are of two basic types blades and nozzles Blades move entirely due to the impact of steam on them and their profiles do not converge This results in a steam velocity drop and essentially no pressure drop as steam moves through the blades A turbine composed of blades alternating with fixed nozzles is called an impulse turbine Curtis turbine Rateau turbine or Brown-Curtis turbine Nozzles appear similar to blades but their profiles converge near the exit This results in a steam pressure drop and velocity increase as steam moves through the nozzles Nozzles move due to both the impact of steam on them and the reaction due to the high-velocity steam at the exit A turbine composed of moving nozzles alternating with fixed nozzles is called a reaction turbine or Parsons turbine
Schematic diagram outlining the difference between an impulse and a 50 reaction turbine
422 Steam supply and exhaust conditions
- Condensing turbines are most commonly found in electrical power plants These turbines exhaust steam from a boiler in a partially condensed state typically of a quality near 90 at a pressure well below atmospheric to a condenser
- Non-condensing or back pressure turbines are most widely used for process steam applications The exhaust pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam pressure These are commonly found at refineries district heating units pulp and paper plants and desalination facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam are needed
- Reheat turbines are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants In a reheat turbine steam flow exits from a high pressure section of the turbine and is returned to the boiler where additional superheat is added The steam then goes back into an intermediate pressure section of the turbine and continues its expansion
- Extracting type turbines are common in all applications In an extracting type turbine steam is released from various stages of the turbine and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler feed water heaters to improve overall cycle efficiency Extraction flows may be controlled with a valve or left uncontrolled
- Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an intermediate stage to produce additional power
A low-pressure steam turbine working below atmospheric pressure in a nuclear power plant
423 Casing or shaft arrangements- These arrangements include single casing tandem
compound and cross compound turbines Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds A cross compound turbine is typically used for many large applications
424 A Two ndash flow Turbine Rotors
- The moving steam imparts both a tangential and axial thrust on the turbine shaft but the axial thrust in a simple turbine is unopposed To maintain the correct rotor position and balancing this force must be counteracted by an opposing force Either thrust bearings can be used for the shaft bearings or the rotor can be designed so that the steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at both ends The blades in each half face opposite ways so that the axial forces negate each other but the tangential forces act together This design of rotor is called two-flow double-axial-flow or double-exhaust This arrangement is common in low-pressure casings of a compound turbine
A two-flow turbine rotor The steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at each end balancing the axial force
43 GENERATOR
- The generator converts kinetic energy supplied by the turbine into electrical energy Low ndash pole AC Synchronous generators of high rated power are used
431 Dynamo
- A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based including the electric motor the alternating-current alternator and the rotary converter Today the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation for efficiency reliability and cost reasons A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator Also converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic
432 Alternator
- Without a commutator a dynamo becomes an alternator which is a synchronous singly fed generator Alternators produce alternating current with a frequency that is based on the rotational speed of the rotor and the number of magnetic poles
- Automotive alternators produce a varying frequency that changes with engine speed which is then converted by a rectifier to DC By comparison alternators used to feed an electric power grid are generally operated at a speed very close to a specific frequency for the benefit of AC devices that regulate their speed and performance based on grid frequency Some devices such as incandescent lamps and ballast-operated fluorescent lamps do not require a constant frequency but synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks do require a constant grid frequency
-Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small In the case of a brushless exciter no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding
433 Induction Generator- An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a
type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed giving negative slip A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator without any internal modifications Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants wind turbines or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure because they can recover energy with relatively simple controlsTo operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid or sometimes they are self-excited by using phase correcting capacitors
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
36 Vessel ndash The large steel recipient containing the core the control rods and the heat-transfer fluid
4 SYSTEMS
- The conversion to electrical energy takes place indirectly as in conventional thermal power plants The heat is produced by fission in a nuclear reactor (a light water reactor) Directly or indirectly water vapor (steam) is produced The pressurized steam is then usually fed to a multi-stage steam turbine Steam turbines in Western nuclear power plants are among the largest steam turbines ever After the steam turbine has expanded and partially condensed the steam the remaining vapor is condensed in a condenser The condenser is a heat exchanger which is connected to a secondary side such as a river or a cooling tower The water is then pumped back into the nuclear reactor and the cycle begins again The water-steam cycle corresponds to the Rankine cycle
41 NUCLEAR REACTORS
A nuclear reactor is a device to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction The most common use of nuclear reactors is for the generation of electric energy and for the propulsion of ships
The nuclear reactor is the heart of the plant In its central part the reactor cores heat is generated by controlled nuclear fission With this heat a coolant is heated as it is pumped through the reactor and thereby removes the energy from the reactor Heat from nuclear fission is used to raise steam which runs through turbines which in turn powers either ships propellers or electrical generators
411 Mechanism of Nuclear Reactor
- An induced nuclear fission event A neutron is absorbed by the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom which in turn splits into fast-moving lighter elements (fission products) and free neutrons Though both reactors and nuclear weapons rely on nuclear chain-reactions the rate of reactions in a reactor occurs much more slowly than in a bomb
412 Fission
- When a large fissile atomic nucleus such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239 absorbs a neutron it may undergo nuclear fission The heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei (the fission products) releasing kinetic energy gamma radiation and free neutrons A portion of these neutrons may later be absorbed by other fissile atoms and trigger further fission events which release more neutrons and so on This is known as a nuclear chain reaction
413 Heat Generation
- The kinetic energy of fission products is converted to thermal energy when these nuclei collide with nearby atoms
The reactor absorbs some of the gamma rays produced during fission and converts their energy into heat
Heat is produced by the radioactive decay of fission products and materials that have been activated by neutron absorption This decay heat-source will remain for some time even after the reactor is shut down
A kilogram of uranium-235 (U-235) converted via nuclear processes releases approximately three million times more energy than a kilogram of coal burned conventionally (72 times 1013 joules per kilogram of uranium-235 versus 24 times 107 joules per kilogram of coal)
414 Cooling
- A nuclear reactor coolant mdash usually water but sometimes a gas or a liquid metal (like liquid sodium) or molten salt mdash is circulated past the reactor core to absorb the heat that it generates The heat is carried away from the reactor and is then used to generate steam Most reactor systems employ a cooling system that is physically separated from the water that will be boiled to produce pressurized steam for the turbines like the pressurized water reactor But in some reactors the water for the steam turbines is boiled directly by the reactor core for example the boiling water reactor
415 Reactivity Control
- The power output of the reactor is adjusted by controlling how many neutrons are able to create more fissions
Control rods that are made of a neutron poison are used to absorb neutrons Absorbing more neutrons in a control rod means that there are fewer neutrons available to cause fission so pushing the control rod deeper into the reactor will reduce its power output and extracting the control rod will increase it
416 Electrical Power Generation- The energy released in the fission process generates
heat some of which can be converted into usable energy A common method of harnessing this thermal energy is to use it to boil water to produce pressurized steam which will then drive a steam turbine that turns an alternator and generates electricity
42 STEAM TURBINE
The purpose of the steam turbine is to convert the heat contained in steam into mechanical energy The engine house with the steam turbine is usually structurally separated from the main reactor building It is so aligned to prevent debris from the destruction of a turbine in operation from flying towards the reactor
In the case of a pressurized water reactor the steam turbine is separated from the nuclear system To detect a leak in the steam generator and thus the passage of radioactive water at an early stage an activity meter is mounted to track the outlet steam of the steam generator In contrast boiling water reactors pass radioactive water through the steam turbine so the turbine is kept as part of the control area of the nuclear power plant
421 Blade and Stage Design- Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging
from small 075 kW units used as mechanical drives for pumps compressors and other shaft driven equipment to 1500000kW turbines used to generate electricity Steam turbines are widely used for marine applications for vessel propulsion systems In recent times gas turbines as developed for aerospace applications are being used more and more in the field of power generation once dominated by steam turbines
- Turbine blades are of two basic types blades and nozzles Blades move entirely due to the impact of steam on them and their profiles do not converge This results in a steam velocity drop and essentially no pressure drop as steam moves through the blades A turbine composed of blades alternating with fixed nozzles is called an impulse turbine Curtis turbine Rateau turbine or Brown-Curtis turbine Nozzles appear similar to blades but their profiles converge near the exit This results in a steam pressure drop and velocity increase as steam moves through the nozzles Nozzles move due to both the impact of steam on them and the reaction due to the high-velocity steam at the exit A turbine composed of moving nozzles alternating with fixed nozzles is called a reaction turbine or Parsons turbine
Schematic diagram outlining the difference between an impulse and a 50 reaction turbine
422 Steam supply and exhaust conditions
- Condensing turbines are most commonly found in electrical power plants These turbines exhaust steam from a boiler in a partially condensed state typically of a quality near 90 at a pressure well below atmospheric to a condenser
- Non-condensing or back pressure turbines are most widely used for process steam applications The exhaust pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam pressure These are commonly found at refineries district heating units pulp and paper plants and desalination facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam are needed
- Reheat turbines are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants In a reheat turbine steam flow exits from a high pressure section of the turbine and is returned to the boiler where additional superheat is added The steam then goes back into an intermediate pressure section of the turbine and continues its expansion
- Extracting type turbines are common in all applications In an extracting type turbine steam is released from various stages of the turbine and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler feed water heaters to improve overall cycle efficiency Extraction flows may be controlled with a valve or left uncontrolled
- Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an intermediate stage to produce additional power
A low-pressure steam turbine working below atmospheric pressure in a nuclear power plant
423 Casing or shaft arrangements- These arrangements include single casing tandem
compound and cross compound turbines Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds A cross compound turbine is typically used for many large applications
424 A Two ndash flow Turbine Rotors
- The moving steam imparts both a tangential and axial thrust on the turbine shaft but the axial thrust in a simple turbine is unopposed To maintain the correct rotor position and balancing this force must be counteracted by an opposing force Either thrust bearings can be used for the shaft bearings or the rotor can be designed so that the steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at both ends The blades in each half face opposite ways so that the axial forces negate each other but the tangential forces act together This design of rotor is called two-flow double-axial-flow or double-exhaust This arrangement is common in low-pressure casings of a compound turbine
A two-flow turbine rotor The steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at each end balancing the axial force
43 GENERATOR
- The generator converts kinetic energy supplied by the turbine into electrical energy Low ndash pole AC Synchronous generators of high rated power are used
431 Dynamo
- A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based including the electric motor the alternating-current alternator and the rotary converter Today the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation for efficiency reliability and cost reasons A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator Also converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic
432 Alternator
- Without a commutator a dynamo becomes an alternator which is a synchronous singly fed generator Alternators produce alternating current with a frequency that is based on the rotational speed of the rotor and the number of magnetic poles
- Automotive alternators produce a varying frequency that changes with engine speed which is then converted by a rectifier to DC By comparison alternators used to feed an electric power grid are generally operated at a speed very close to a specific frequency for the benefit of AC devices that regulate their speed and performance based on grid frequency Some devices such as incandescent lamps and ballast-operated fluorescent lamps do not require a constant frequency but synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks do require a constant grid frequency
-Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small In the case of a brushless exciter no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding
433 Induction Generator- An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a
type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed giving negative slip A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator without any internal modifications Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants wind turbines or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure because they can recover energy with relatively simple controlsTo operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid or sometimes they are self-excited by using phase correcting capacitors
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
4 SYSTEMS
- The conversion to electrical energy takes place indirectly as in conventional thermal power plants The heat is produced by fission in a nuclear reactor (a light water reactor) Directly or indirectly water vapor (steam) is produced The pressurized steam is then usually fed to a multi-stage steam turbine Steam turbines in Western nuclear power plants are among the largest steam turbines ever After the steam turbine has expanded and partially condensed the steam the remaining vapor is condensed in a condenser The condenser is a heat exchanger which is connected to a secondary side such as a river or a cooling tower The water is then pumped back into the nuclear reactor and the cycle begins again The water-steam cycle corresponds to the Rankine cycle
41 NUCLEAR REACTORS
A nuclear reactor is a device to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction The most common use of nuclear reactors is for the generation of electric energy and for the propulsion of ships
The nuclear reactor is the heart of the plant In its central part the reactor cores heat is generated by controlled nuclear fission With this heat a coolant is heated as it is pumped through the reactor and thereby removes the energy from the reactor Heat from nuclear fission is used to raise steam which runs through turbines which in turn powers either ships propellers or electrical generators
411 Mechanism of Nuclear Reactor
- An induced nuclear fission event A neutron is absorbed by the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom which in turn splits into fast-moving lighter elements (fission products) and free neutrons Though both reactors and nuclear weapons rely on nuclear chain-reactions the rate of reactions in a reactor occurs much more slowly than in a bomb
412 Fission
- When a large fissile atomic nucleus such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239 absorbs a neutron it may undergo nuclear fission The heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei (the fission products) releasing kinetic energy gamma radiation and free neutrons A portion of these neutrons may later be absorbed by other fissile atoms and trigger further fission events which release more neutrons and so on This is known as a nuclear chain reaction
413 Heat Generation
- The kinetic energy of fission products is converted to thermal energy when these nuclei collide with nearby atoms
The reactor absorbs some of the gamma rays produced during fission and converts their energy into heat
Heat is produced by the radioactive decay of fission products and materials that have been activated by neutron absorption This decay heat-source will remain for some time even after the reactor is shut down
A kilogram of uranium-235 (U-235) converted via nuclear processes releases approximately three million times more energy than a kilogram of coal burned conventionally (72 times 1013 joules per kilogram of uranium-235 versus 24 times 107 joules per kilogram of coal)
414 Cooling
- A nuclear reactor coolant mdash usually water but sometimes a gas or a liquid metal (like liquid sodium) or molten salt mdash is circulated past the reactor core to absorb the heat that it generates The heat is carried away from the reactor and is then used to generate steam Most reactor systems employ a cooling system that is physically separated from the water that will be boiled to produce pressurized steam for the turbines like the pressurized water reactor But in some reactors the water for the steam turbines is boiled directly by the reactor core for example the boiling water reactor
415 Reactivity Control
- The power output of the reactor is adjusted by controlling how many neutrons are able to create more fissions
Control rods that are made of a neutron poison are used to absorb neutrons Absorbing more neutrons in a control rod means that there are fewer neutrons available to cause fission so pushing the control rod deeper into the reactor will reduce its power output and extracting the control rod will increase it
416 Electrical Power Generation- The energy released in the fission process generates
heat some of which can be converted into usable energy A common method of harnessing this thermal energy is to use it to boil water to produce pressurized steam which will then drive a steam turbine that turns an alternator and generates electricity
42 STEAM TURBINE
The purpose of the steam turbine is to convert the heat contained in steam into mechanical energy The engine house with the steam turbine is usually structurally separated from the main reactor building It is so aligned to prevent debris from the destruction of a turbine in operation from flying towards the reactor
In the case of a pressurized water reactor the steam turbine is separated from the nuclear system To detect a leak in the steam generator and thus the passage of radioactive water at an early stage an activity meter is mounted to track the outlet steam of the steam generator In contrast boiling water reactors pass radioactive water through the steam turbine so the turbine is kept as part of the control area of the nuclear power plant
421 Blade and Stage Design- Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging
from small 075 kW units used as mechanical drives for pumps compressors and other shaft driven equipment to 1500000kW turbines used to generate electricity Steam turbines are widely used for marine applications for vessel propulsion systems In recent times gas turbines as developed for aerospace applications are being used more and more in the field of power generation once dominated by steam turbines
- Turbine blades are of two basic types blades and nozzles Blades move entirely due to the impact of steam on them and their profiles do not converge This results in a steam velocity drop and essentially no pressure drop as steam moves through the blades A turbine composed of blades alternating with fixed nozzles is called an impulse turbine Curtis turbine Rateau turbine or Brown-Curtis turbine Nozzles appear similar to blades but their profiles converge near the exit This results in a steam pressure drop and velocity increase as steam moves through the nozzles Nozzles move due to both the impact of steam on them and the reaction due to the high-velocity steam at the exit A turbine composed of moving nozzles alternating with fixed nozzles is called a reaction turbine or Parsons turbine
Schematic diagram outlining the difference between an impulse and a 50 reaction turbine
422 Steam supply and exhaust conditions
- Condensing turbines are most commonly found in electrical power plants These turbines exhaust steam from a boiler in a partially condensed state typically of a quality near 90 at a pressure well below atmospheric to a condenser
- Non-condensing or back pressure turbines are most widely used for process steam applications The exhaust pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam pressure These are commonly found at refineries district heating units pulp and paper plants and desalination facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam are needed
- Reheat turbines are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants In a reheat turbine steam flow exits from a high pressure section of the turbine and is returned to the boiler where additional superheat is added The steam then goes back into an intermediate pressure section of the turbine and continues its expansion
- Extracting type turbines are common in all applications In an extracting type turbine steam is released from various stages of the turbine and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler feed water heaters to improve overall cycle efficiency Extraction flows may be controlled with a valve or left uncontrolled
- Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an intermediate stage to produce additional power
A low-pressure steam turbine working below atmospheric pressure in a nuclear power plant
423 Casing or shaft arrangements- These arrangements include single casing tandem
compound and cross compound turbines Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds A cross compound turbine is typically used for many large applications
424 A Two ndash flow Turbine Rotors
- The moving steam imparts both a tangential and axial thrust on the turbine shaft but the axial thrust in a simple turbine is unopposed To maintain the correct rotor position and balancing this force must be counteracted by an opposing force Either thrust bearings can be used for the shaft bearings or the rotor can be designed so that the steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at both ends The blades in each half face opposite ways so that the axial forces negate each other but the tangential forces act together This design of rotor is called two-flow double-axial-flow or double-exhaust This arrangement is common in low-pressure casings of a compound turbine
A two-flow turbine rotor The steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at each end balancing the axial force
43 GENERATOR
- The generator converts kinetic energy supplied by the turbine into electrical energy Low ndash pole AC Synchronous generators of high rated power are used
431 Dynamo
- A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based including the electric motor the alternating-current alternator and the rotary converter Today the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation for efficiency reliability and cost reasons A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator Also converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic
432 Alternator
- Without a commutator a dynamo becomes an alternator which is a synchronous singly fed generator Alternators produce alternating current with a frequency that is based on the rotational speed of the rotor and the number of magnetic poles
- Automotive alternators produce a varying frequency that changes with engine speed which is then converted by a rectifier to DC By comparison alternators used to feed an electric power grid are generally operated at a speed very close to a specific frequency for the benefit of AC devices that regulate their speed and performance based on grid frequency Some devices such as incandescent lamps and ballast-operated fluorescent lamps do not require a constant frequency but synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks do require a constant grid frequency
-Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small In the case of a brushless exciter no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding
433 Induction Generator- An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a
type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed giving negative slip A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator without any internal modifications Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants wind turbines or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure because they can recover energy with relatively simple controlsTo operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid or sometimes they are self-excited by using phase correcting capacitors
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
41 NUCLEAR REACTORS
A nuclear reactor is a device to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction The most common use of nuclear reactors is for the generation of electric energy and for the propulsion of ships
The nuclear reactor is the heart of the plant In its central part the reactor cores heat is generated by controlled nuclear fission With this heat a coolant is heated as it is pumped through the reactor and thereby removes the energy from the reactor Heat from nuclear fission is used to raise steam which runs through turbines which in turn powers either ships propellers or electrical generators
411 Mechanism of Nuclear Reactor
- An induced nuclear fission event A neutron is absorbed by the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom which in turn splits into fast-moving lighter elements (fission products) and free neutrons Though both reactors and nuclear weapons rely on nuclear chain-reactions the rate of reactions in a reactor occurs much more slowly than in a bomb
412 Fission
- When a large fissile atomic nucleus such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239 absorbs a neutron it may undergo nuclear fission The heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei (the fission products) releasing kinetic energy gamma radiation and free neutrons A portion of these neutrons may later be absorbed by other fissile atoms and trigger further fission events which release more neutrons and so on This is known as a nuclear chain reaction
413 Heat Generation
- The kinetic energy of fission products is converted to thermal energy when these nuclei collide with nearby atoms
The reactor absorbs some of the gamma rays produced during fission and converts their energy into heat
Heat is produced by the radioactive decay of fission products and materials that have been activated by neutron absorption This decay heat-source will remain for some time even after the reactor is shut down
A kilogram of uranium-235 (U-235) converted via nuclear processes releases approximately three million times more energy than a kilogram of coal burned conventionally (72 times 1013 joules per kilogram of uranium-235 versus 24 times 107 joules per kilogram of coal)
414 Cooling
- A nuclear reactor coolant mdash usually water but sometimes a gas or a liquid metal (like liquid sodium) or molten salt mdash is circulated past the reactor core to absorb the heat that it generates The heat is carried away from the reactor and is then used to generate steam Most reactor systems employ a cooling system that is physically separated from the water that will be boiled to produce pressurized steam for the turbines like the pressurized water reactor But in some reactors the water for the steam turbines is boiled directly by the reactor core for example the boiling water reactor
415 Reactivity Control
- The power output of the reactor is adjusted by controlling how many neutrons are able to create more fissions
Control rods that are made of a neutron poison are used to absorb neutrons Absorbing more neutrons in a control rod means that there are fewer neutrons available to cause fission so pushing the control rod deeper into the reactor will reduce its power output and extracting the control rod will increase it
416 Electrical Power Generation- The energy released in the fission process generates
heat some of which can be converted into usable energy A common method of harnessing this thermal energy is to use it to boil water to produce pressurized steam which will then drive a steam turbine that turns an alternator and generates electricity
42 STEAM TURBINE
The purpose of the steam turbine is to convert the heat contained in steam into mechanical energy The engine house with the steam turbine is usually structurally separated from the main reactor building It is so aligned to prevent debris from the destruction of a turbine in operation from flying towards the reactor
In the case of a pressurized water reactor the steam turbine is separated from the nuclear system To detect a leak in the steam generator and thus the passage of radioactive water at an early stage an activity meter is mounted to track the outlet steam of the steam generator In contrast boiling water reactors pass radioactive water through the steam turbine so the turbine is kept as part of the control area of the nuclear power plant
421 Blade and Stage Design- Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging
from small 075 kW units used as mechanical drives for pumps compressors and other shaft driven equipment to 1500000kW turbines used to generate electricity Steam turbines are widely used for marine applications for vessel propulsion systems In recent times gas turbines as developed for aerospace applications are being used more and more in the field of power generation once dominated by steam turbines
- Turbine blades are of two basic types blades and nozzles Blades move entirely due to the impact of steam on them and their profiles do not converge This results in a steam velocity drop and essentially no pressure drop as steam moves through the blades A turbine composed of blades alternating with fixed nozzles is called an impulse turbine Curtis turbine Rateau turbine or Brown-Curtis turbine Nozzles appear similar to blades but their profiles converge near the exit This results in a steam pressure drop and velocity increase as steam moves through the nozzles Nozzles move due to both the impact of steam on them and the reaction due to the high-velocity steam at the exit A turbine composed of moving nozzles alternating with fixed nozzles is called a reaction turbine or Parsons turbine
Schematic diagram outlining the difference between an impulse and a 50 reaction turbine
422 Steam supply and exhaust conditions
- Condensing turbines are most commonly found in electrical power plants These turbines exhaust steam from a boiler in a partially condensed state typically of a quality near 90 at a pressure well below atmospheric to a condenser
- Non-condensing or back pressure turbines are most widely used for process steam applications The exhaust pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam pressure These are commonly found at refineries district heating units pulp and paper plants and desalination facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam are needed
- Reheat turbines are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants In a reheat turbine steam flow exits from a high pressure section of the turbine and is returned to the boiler where additional superheat is added The steam then goes back into an intermediate pressure section of the turbine and continues its expansion
- Extracting type turbines are common in all applications In an extracting type turbine steam is released from various stages of the turbine and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler feed water heaters to improve overall cycle efficiency Extraction flows may be controlled with a valve or left uncontrolled
- Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an intermediate stage to produce additional power
A low-pressure steam turbine working below atmospheric pressure in a nuclear power plant
423 Casing or shaft arrangements- These arrangements include single casing tandem
compound and cross compound turbines Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds A cross compound turbine is typically used for many large applications
424 A Two ndash flow Turbine Rotors
- The moving steam imparts both a tangential and axial thrust on the turbine shaft but the axial thrust in a simple turbine is unopposed To maintain the correct rotor position and balancing this force must be counteracted by an opposing force Either thrust bearings can be used for the shaft bearings or the rotor can be designed so that the steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at both ends The blades in each half face opposite ways so that the axial forces negate each other but the tangential forces act together This design of rotor is called two-flow double-axial-flow or double-exhaust This arrangement is common in low-pressure casings of a compound turbine
A two-flow turbine rotor The steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at each end balancing the axial force
43 GENERATOR
- The generator converts kinetic energy supplied by the turbine into electrical energy Low ndash pole AC Synchronous generators of high rated power are used
431 Dynamo
- A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based including the electric motor the alternating-current alternator and the rotary converter Today the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation for efficiency reliability and cost reasons A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator Also converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic
432 Alternator
- Without a commutator a dynamo becomes an alternator which is a synchronous singly fed generator Alternators produce alternating current with a frequency that is based on the rotational speed of the rotor and the number of magnetic poles
- Automotive alternators produce a varying frequency that changes with engine speed which is then converted by a rectifier to DC By comparison alternators used to feed an electric power grid are generally operated at a speed very close to a specific frequency for the benefit of AC devices that regulate their speed and performance based on grid frequency Some devices such as incandescent lamps and ballast-operated fluorescent lamps do not require a constant frequency but synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks do require a constant grid frequency
-Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small In the case of a brushless exciter no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding
433 Induction Generator- An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a
type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed giving negative slip A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator without any internal modifications Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants wind turbines or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure because they can recover energy with relatively simple controlsTo operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid or sometimes they are self-excited by using phase correcting capacitors
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
411 Mechanism of Nuclear Reactor
- An induced nuclear fission event A neutron is absorbed by the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom which in turn splits into fast-moving lighter elements (fission products) and free neutrons Though both reactors and nuclear weapons rely on nuclear chain-reactions the rate of reactions in a reactor occurs much more slowly than in a bomb
412 Fission
- When a large fissile atomic nucleus such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239 absorbs a neutron it may undergo nuclear fission The heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei (the fission products) releasing kinetic energy gamma radiation and free neutrons A portion of these neutrons may later be absorbed by other fissile atoms and trigger further fission events which release more neutrons and so on This is known as a nuclear chain reaction
413 Heat Generation
- The kinetic energy of fission products is converted to thermal energy when these nuclei collide with nearby atoms
The reactor absorbs some of the gamma rays produced during fission and converts their energy into heat
Heat is produced by the radioactive decay of fission products and materials that have been activated by neutron absorption This decay heat-source will remain for some time even after the reactor is shut down
A kilogram of uranium-235 (U-235) converted via nuclear processes releases approximately three million times more energy than a kilogram of coal burned conventionally (72 times 1013 joules per kilogram of uranium-235 versus 24 times 107 joules per kilogram of coal)
414 Cooling
- A nuclear reactor coolant mdash usually water but sometimes a gas or a liquid metal (like liquid sodium) or molten salt mdash is circulated past the reactor core to absorb the heat that it generates The heat is carried away from the reactor and is then used to generate steam Most reactor systems employ a cooling system that is physically separated from the water that will be boiled to produce pressurized steam for the turbines like the pressurized water reactor But in some reactors the water for the steam turbines is boiled directly by the reactor core for example the boiling water reactor
415 Reactivity Control
- The power output of the reactor is adjusted by controlling how many neutrons are able to create more fissions
Control rods that are made of a neutron poison are used to absorb neutrons Absorbing more neutrons in a control rod means that there are fewer neutrons available to cause fission so pushing the control rod deeper into the reactor will reduce its power output and extracting the control rod will increase it
416 Electrical Power Generation- The energy released in the fission process generates
heat some of which can be converted into usable energy A common method of harnessing this thermal energy is to use it to boil water to produce pressurized steam which will then drive a steam turbine that turns an alternator and generates electricity
42 STEAM TURBINE
The purpose of the steam turbine is to convert the heat contained in steam into mechanical energy The engine house with the steam turbine is usually structurally separated from the main reactor building It is so aligned to prevent debris from the destruction of a turbine in operation from flying towards the reactor
In the case of a pressurized water reactor the steam turbine is separated from the nuclear system To detect a leak in the steam generator and thus the passage of radioactive water at an early stage an activity meter is mounted to track the outlet steam of the steam generator In contrast boiling water reactors pass radioactive water through the steam turbine so the turbine is kept as part of the control area of the nuclear power plant
421 Blade and Stage Design- Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging
from small 075 kW units used as mechanical drives for pumps compressors and other shaft driven equipment to 1500000kW turbines used to generate electricity Steam turbines are widely used for marine applications for vessel propulsion systems In recent times gas turbines as developed for aerospace applications are being used more and more in the field of power generation once dominated by steam turbines
- Turbine blades are of two basic types blades and nozzles Blades move entirely due to the impact of steam on them and their profiles do not converge This results in a steam velocity drop and essentially no pressure drop as steam moves through the blades A turbine composed of blades alternating with fixed nozzles is called an impulse turbine Curtis turbine Rateau turbine or Brown-Curtis turbine Nozzles appear similar to blades but their profiles converge near the exit This results in a steam pressure drop and velocity increase as steam moves through the nozzles Nozzles move due to both the impact of steam on them and the reaction due to the high-velocity steam at the exit A turbine composed of moving nozzles alternating with fixed nozzles is called a reaction turbine or Parsons turbine
Schematic diagram outlining the difference between an impulse and a 50 reaction turbine
422 Steam supply and exhaust conditions
- Condensing turbines are most commonly found in electrical power plants These turbines exhaust steam from a boiler in a partially condensed state typically of a quality near 90 at a pressure well below atmospheric to a condenser
- Non-condensing or back pressure turbines are most widely used for process steam applications The exhaust pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam pressure These are commonly found at refineries district heating units pulp and paper plants and desalination facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam are needed
- Reheat turbines are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants In a reheat turbine steam flow exits from a high pressure section of the turbine and is returned to the boiler where additional superheat is added The steam then goes back into an intermediate pressure section of the turbine and continues its expansion
- Extracting type turbines are common in all applications In an extracting type turbine steam is released from various stages of the turbine and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler feed water heaters to improve overall cycle efficiency Extraction flows may be controlled with a valve or left uncontrolled
- Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an intermediate stage to produce additional power
A low-pressure steam turbine working below atmospheric pressure in a nuclear power plant
423 Casing or shaft arrangements- These arrangements include single casing tandem
compound and cross compound turbines Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds A cross compound turbine is typically used for many large applications
424 A Two ndash flow Turbine Rotors
- The moving steam imparts both a tangential and axial thrust on the turbine shaft but the axial thrust in a simple turbine is unopposed To maintain the correct rotor position and balancing this force must be counteracted by an opposing force Either thrust bearings can be used for the shaft bearings or the rotor can be designed so that the steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at both ends The blades in each half face opposite ways so that the axial forces negate each other but the tangential forces act together This design of rotor is called two-flow double-axial-flow or double-exhaust This arrangement is common in low-pressure casings of a compound turbine
A two-flow turbine rotor The steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at each end balancing the axial force
43 GENERATOR
- The generator converts kinetic energy supplied by the turbine into electrical energy Low ndash pole AC Synchronous generators of high rated power are used
431 Dynamo
- A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based including the electric motor the alternating-current alternator and the rotary converter Today the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation for efficiency reliability and cost reasons A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator Also converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic
432 Alternator
- Without a commutator a dynamo becomes an alternator which is a synchronous singly fed generator Alternators produce alternating current with a frequency that is based on the rotational speed of the rotor and the number of magnetic poles
- Automotive alternators produce a varying frequency that changes with engine speed which is then converted by a rectifier to DC By comparison alternators used to feed an electric power grid are generally operated at a speed very close to a specific frequency for the benefit of AC devices that regulate their speed and performance based on grid frequency Some devices such as incandescent lamps and ballast-operated fluorescent lamps do not require a constant frequency but synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks do require a constant grid frequency
-Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small In the case of a brushless exciter no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding
433 Induction Generator- An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a
type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed giving negative slip A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator without any internal modifications Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants wind turbines or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure because they can recover energy with relatively simple controlsTo operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid or sometimes they are self-excited by using phase correcting capacitors
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
413 Heat Generation
- The kinetic energy of fission products is converted to thermal energy when these nuclei collide with nearby atoms
The reactor absorbs some of the gamma rays produced during fission and converts their energy into heat
Heat is produced by the radioactive decay of fission products and materials that have been activated by neutron absorption This decay heat-source will remain for some time even after the reactor is shut down
A kilogram of uranium-235 (U-235) converted via nuclear processes releases approximately three million times more energy than a kilogram of coal burned conventionally (72 times 1013 joules per kilogram of uranium-235 versus 24 times 107 joules per kilogram of coal)
414 Cooling
- A nuclear reactor coolant mdash usually water but sometimes a gas or a liquid metal (like liquid sodium) or molten salt mdash is circulated past the reactor core to absorb the heat that it generates The heat is carried away from the reactor and is then used to generate steam Most reactor systems employ a cooling system that is physically separated from the water that will be boiled to produce pressurized steam for the turbines like the pressurized water reactor But in some reactors the water for the steam turbines is boiled directly by the reactor core for example the boiling water reactor
415 Reactivity Control
- The power output of the reactor is adjusted by controlling how many neutrons are able to create more fissions
Control rods that are made of a neutron poison are used to absorb neutrons Absorbing more neutrons in a control rod means that there are fewer neutrons available to cause fission so pushing the control rod deeper into the reactor will reduce its power output and extracting the control rod will increase it
416 Electrical Power Generation- The energy released in the fission process generates
heat some of which can be converted into usable energy A common method of harnessing this thermal energy is to use it to boil water to produce pressurized steam which will then drive a steam turbine that turns an alternator and generates electricity
42 STEAM TURBINE
The purpose of the steam turbine is to convert the heat contained in steam into mechanical energy The engine house with the steam turbine is usually structurally separated from the main reactor building It is so aligned to prevent debris from the destruction of a turbine in operation from flying towards the reactor
In the case of a pressurized water reactor the steam turbine is separated from the nuclear system To detect a leak in the steam generator and thus the passage of radioactive water at an early stage an activity meter is mounted to track the outlet steam of the steam generator In contrast boiling water reactors pass radioactive water through the steam turbine so the turbine is kept as part of the control area of the nuclear power plant
421 Blade and Stage Design- Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging
from small 075 kW units used as mechanical drives for pumps compressors and other shaft driven equipment to 1500000kW turbines used to generate electricity Steam turbines are widely used for marine applications for vessel propulsion systems In recent times gas turbines as developed for aerospace applications are being used more and more in the field of power generation once dominated by steam turbines
- Turbine blades are of two basic types blades and nozzles Blades move entirely due to the impact of steam on them and their profiles do not converge This results in a steam velocity drop and essentially no pressure drop as steam moves through the blades A turbine composed of blades alternating with fixed nozzles is called an impulse turbine Curtis turbine Rateau turbine or Brown-Curtis turbine Nozzles appear similar to blades but their profiles converge near the exit This results in a steam pressure drop and velocity increase as steam moves through the nozzles Nozzles move due to both the impact of steam on them and the reaction due to the high-velocity steam at the exit A turbine composed of moving nozzles alternating with fixed nozzles is called a reaction turbine or Parsons turbine
Schematic diagram outlining the difference between an impulse and a 50 reaction turbine
422 Steam supply and exhaust conditions
- Condensing turbines are most commonly found in electrical power plants These turbines exhaust steam from a boiler in a partially condensed state typically of a quality near 90 at a pressure well below atmospheric to a condenser
- Non-condensing or back pressure turbines are most widely used for process steam applications The exhaust pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam pressure These are commonly found at refineries district heating units pulp and paper plants and desalination facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam are needed
- Reheat turbines are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants In a reheat turbine steam flow exits from a high pressure section of the turbine and is returned to the boiler where additional superheat is added The steam then goes back into an intermediate pressure section of the turbine and continues its expansion
- Extracting type turbines are common in all applications In an extracting type turbine steam is released from various stages of the turbine and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler feed water heaters to improve overall cycle efficiency Extraction flows may be controlled with a valve or left uncontrolled
- Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an intermediate stage to produce additional power
A low-pressure steam turbine working below atmospheric pressure in a nuclear power plant
423 Casing or shaft arrangements- These arrangements include single casing tandem
compound and cross compound turbines Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds A cross compound turbine is typically used for many large applications
424 A Two ndash flow Turbine Rotors
- The moving steam imparts both a tangential and axial thrust on the turbine shaft but the axial thrust in a simple turbine is unopposed To maintain the correct rotor position and balancing this force must be counteracted by an opposing force Either thrust bearings can be used for the shaft bearings or the rotor can be designed so that the steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at both ends The blades in each half face opposite ways so that the axial forces negate each other but the tangential forces act together This design of rotor is called two-flow double-axial-flow or double-exhaust This arrangement is common in low-pressure casings of a compound turbine
A two-flow turbine rotor The steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at each end balancing the axial force
43 GENERATOR
- The generator converts kinetic energy supplied by the turbine into electrical energy Low ndash pole AC Synchronous generators of high rated power are used
431 Dynamo
- A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based including the electric motor the alternating-current alternator and the rotary converter Today the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation for efficiency reliability and cost reasons A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator Also converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic
432 Alternator
- Without a commutator a dynamo becomes an alternator which is a synchronous singly fed generator Alternators produce alternating current with a frequency that is based on the rotational speed of the rotor and the number of magnetic poles
- Automotive alternators produce a varying frequency that changes with engine speed which is then converted by a rectifier to DC By comparison alternators used to feed an electric power grid are generally operated at a speed very close to a specific frequency for the benefit of AC devices that regulate their speed and performance based on grid frequency Some devices such as incandescent lamps and ballast-operated fluorescent lamps do not require a constant frequency but synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks do require a constant grid frequency
-Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small In the case of a brushless exciter no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding
433 Induction Generator- An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a
type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed giving negative slip A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator without any internal modifications Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants wind turbines or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure because they can recover energy with relatively simple controlsTo operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid or sometimes they are self-excited by using phase correcting capacitors
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
414 Cooling
- A nuclear reactor coolant mdash usually water but sometimes a gas or a liquid metal (like liquid sodium) or molten salt mdash is circulated past the reactor core to absorb the heat that it generates The heat is carried away from the reactor and is then used to generate steam Most reactor systems employ a cooling system that is physically separated from the water that will be boiled to produce pressurized steam for the turbines like the pressurized water reactor But in some reactors the water for the steam turbines is boiled directly by the reactor core for example the boiling water reactor
415 Reactivity Control
- The power output of the reactor is adjusted by controlling how many neutrons are able to create more fissions
Control rods that are made of a neutron poison are used to absorb neutrons Absorbing more neutrons in a control rod means that there are fewer neutrons available to cause fission so pushing the control rod deeper into the reactor will reduce its power output and extracting the control rod will increase it
416 Electrical Power Generation- The energy released in the fission process generates
heat some of which can be converted into usable energy A common method of harnessing this thermal energy is to use it to boil water to produce pressurized steam which will then drive a steam turbine that turns an alternator and generates electricity
42 STEAM TURBINE
The purpose of the steam turbine is to convert the heat contained in steam into mechanical energy The engine house with the steam turbine is usually structurally separated from the main reactor building It is so aligned to prevent debris from the destruction of a turbine in operation from flying towards the reactor
In the case of a pressurized water reactor the steam turbine is separated from the nuclear system To detect a leak in the steam generator and thus the passage of radioactive water at an early stage an activity meter is mounted to track the outlet steam of the steam generator In contrast boiling water reactors pass radioactive water through the steam turbine so the turbine is kept as part of the control area of the nuclear power plant
421 Blade and Stage Design- Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging
from small 075 kW units used as mechanical drives for pumps compressors and other shaft driven equipment to 1500000kW turbines used to generate electricity Steam turbines are widely used for marine applications for vessel propulsion systems In recent times gas turbines as developed for aerospace applications are being used more and more in the field of power generation once dominated by steam turbines
- Turbine blades are of two basic types blades and nozzles Blades move entirely due to the impact of steam on them and their profiles do not converge This results in a steam velocity drop and essentially no pressure drop as steam moves through the blades A turbine composed of blades alternating with fixed nozzles is called an impulse turbine Curtis turbine Rateau turbine or Brown-Curtis turbine Nozzles appear similar to blades but their profiles converge near the exit This results in a steam pressure drop and velocity increase as steam moves through the nozzles Nozzles move due to both the impact of steam on them and the reaction due to the high-velocity steam at the exit A turbine composed of moving nozzles alternating with fixed nozzles is called a reaction turbine or Parsons turbine
Schematic diagram outlining the difference between an impulse and a 50 reaction turbine
422 Steam supply and exhaust conditions
- Condensing turbines are most commonly found in electrical power plants These turbines exhaust steam from a boiler in a partially condensed state typically of a quality near 90 at a pressure well below atmospheric to a condenser
- Non-condensing or back pressure turbines are most widely used for process steam applications The exhaust pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam pressure These are commonly found at refineries district heating units pulp and paper plants and desalination facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam are needed
- Reheat turbines are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants In a reheat turbine steam flow exits from a high pressure section of the turbine and is returned to the boiler where additional superheat is added The steam then goes back into an intermediate pressure section of the turbine and continues its expansion
- Extracting type turbines are common in all applications In an extracting type turbine steam is released from various stages of the turbine and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler feed water heaters to improve overall cycle efficiency Extraction flows may be controlled with a valve or left uncontrolled
- Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an intermediate stage to produce additional power
A low-pressure steam turbine working below atmospheric pressure in a nuclear power plant
423 Casing or shaft arrangements- These arrangements include single casing tandem
compound and cross compound turbines Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds A cross compound turbine is typically used for many large applications
424 A Two ndash flow Turbine Rotors
- The moving steam imparts both a tangential and axial thrust on the turbine shaft but the axial thrust in a simple turbine is unopposed To maintain the correct rotor position and balancing this force must be counteracted by an opposing force Either thrust bearings can be used for the shaft bearings or the rotor can be designed so that the steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at both ends The blades in each half face opposite ways so that the axial forces negate each other but the tangential forces act together This design of rotor is called two-flow double-axial-flow or double-exhaust This arrangement is common in low-pressure casings of a compound turbine
A two-flow turbine rotor The steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at each end balancing the axial force
43 GENERATOR
- The generator converts kinetic energy supplied by the turbine into electrical energy Low ndash pole AC Synchronous generators of high rated power are used
431 Dynamo
- A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based including the electric motor the alternating-current alternator and the rotary converter Today the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation for efficiency reliability and cost reasons A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator Also converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic
432 Alternator
- Without a commutator a dynamo becomes an alternator which is a synchronous singly fed generator Alternators produce alternating current with a frequency that is based on the rotational speed of the rotor and the number of magnetic poles
- Automotive alternators produce a varying frequency that changes with engine speed which is then converted by a rectifier to DC By comparison alternators used to feed an electric power grid are generally operated at a speed very close to a specific frequency for the benefit of AC devices that regulate their speed and performance based on grid frequency Some devices such as incandescent lamps and ballast-operated fluorescent lamps do not require a constant frequency but synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks do require a constant grid frequency
-Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small In the case of a brushless exciter no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding
433 Induction Generator- An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a
type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed giving negative slip A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator without any internal modifications Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants wind turbines or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure because they can recover energy with relatively simple controlsTo operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid or sometimes they are self-excited by using phase correcting capacitors
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
416 Electrical Power Generation- The energy released in the fission process generates
heat some of which can be converted into usable energy A common method of harnessing this thermal energy is to use it to boil water to produce pressurized steam which will then drive a steam turbine that turns an alternator and generates electricity
42 STEAM TURBINE
The purpose of the steam turbine is to convert the heat contained in steam into mechanical energy The engine house with the steam turbine is usually structurally separated from the main reactor building It is so aligned to prevent debris from the destruction of a turbine in operation from flying towards the reactor
In the case of a pressurized water reactor the steam turbine is separated from the nuclear system To detect a leak in the steam generator and thus the passage of radioactive water at an early stage an activity meter is mounted to track the outlet steam of the steam generator In contrast boiling water reactors pass radioactive water through the steam turbine so the turbine is kept as part of the control area of the nuclear power plant
421 Blade and Stage Design- Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging
from small 075 kW units used as mechanical drives for pumps compressors and other shaft driven equipment to 1500000kW turbines used to generate electricity Steam turbines are widely used for marine applications for vessel propulsion systems In recent times gas turbines as developed for aerospace applications are being used more and more in the field of power generation once dominated by steam turbines
- Turbine blades are of two basic types blades and nozzles Blades move entirely due to the impact of steam on them and their profiles do not converge This results in a steam velocity drop and essentially no pressure drop as steam moves through the blades A turbine composed of blades alternating with fixed nozzles is called an impulse turbine Curtis turbine Rateau turbine or Brown-Curtis turbine Nozzles appear similar to blades but their profiles converge near the exit This results in a steam pressure drop and velocity increase as steam moves through the nozzles Nozzles move due to both the impact of steam on them and the reaction due to the high-velocity steam at the exit A turbine composed of moving nozzles alternating with fixed nozzles is called a reaction turbine or Parsons turbine
Schematic diagram outlining the difference between an impulse and a 50 reaction turbine
422 Steam supply and exhaust conditions
- Condensing turbines are most commonly found in electrical power plants These turbines exhaust steam from a boiler in a partially condensed state typically of a quality near 90 at a pressure well below atmospheric to a condenser
- Non-condensing or back pressure turbines are most widely used for process steam applications The exhaust pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam pressure These are commonly found at refineries district heating units pulp and paper plants and desalination facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam are needed
- Reheat turbines are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants In a reheat turbine steam flow exits from a high pressure section of the turbine and is returned to the boiler where additional superheat is added The steam then goes back into an intermediate pressure section of the turbine and continues its expansion
- Extracting type turbines are common in all applications In an extracting type turbine steam is released from various stages of the turbine and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler feed water heaters to improve overall cycle efficiency Extraction flows may be controlled with a valve or left uncontrolled
- Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an intermediate stage to produce additional power
A low-pressure steam turbine working below atmospheric pressure in a nuclear power plant
423 Casing or shaft arrangements- These arrangements include single casing tandem
compound and cross compound turbines Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds A cross compound turbine is typically used for many large applications
424 A Two ndash flow Turbine Rotors
- The moving steam imparts both a tangential and axial thrust on the turbine shaft but the axial thrust in a simple turbine is unopposed To maintain the correct rotor position and balancing this force must be counteracted by an opposing force Either thrust bearings can be used for the shaft bearings or the rotor can be designed so that the steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at both ends The blades in each half face opposite ways so that the axial forces negate each other but the tangential forces act together This design of rotor is called two-flow double-axial-flow or double-exhaust This arrangement is common in low-pressure casings of a compound turbine
A two-flow turbine rotor The steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at each end balancing the axial force
43 GENERATOR
- The generator converts kinetic energy supplied by the turbine into electrical energy Low ndash pole AC Synchronous generators of high rated power are used
431 Dynamo
- A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based including the electric motor the alternating-current alternator and the rotary converter Today the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation for efficiency reliability and cost reasons A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator Also converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic
432 Alternator
- Without a commutator a dynamo becomes an alternator which is a synchronous singly fed generator Alternators produce alternating current with a frequency that is based on the rotational speed of the rotor and the number of magnetic poles
- Automotive alternators produce a varying frequency that changes with engine speed which is then converted by a rectifier to DC By comparison alternators used to feed an electric power grid are generally operated at a speed very close to a specific frequency for the benefit of AC devices that regulate their speed and performance based on grid frequency Some devices such as incandescent lamps and ballast-operated fluorescent lamps do not require a constant frequency but synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks do require a constant grid frequency
-Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small In the case of a brushless exciter no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding
433 Induction Generator- An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a
type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed giving negative slip A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator without any internal modifications Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants wind turbines or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure because they can recover energy with relatively simple controlsTo operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid or sometimes they are self-excited by using phase correcting capacitors
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
42 STEAM TURBINE
The purpose of the steam turbine is to convert the heat contained in steam into mechanical energy The engine house with the steam turbine is usually structurally separated from the main reactor building It is so aligned to prevent debris from the destruction of a turbine in operation from flying towards the reactor
In the case of a pressurized water reactor the steam turbine is separated from the nuclear system To detect a leak in the steam generator and thus the passage of radioactive water at an early stage an activity meter is mounted to track the outlet steam of the steam generator In contrast boiling water reactors pass radioactive water through the steam turbine so the turbine is kept as part of the control area of the nuclear power plant
421 Blade and Stage Design- Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging
from small 075 kW units used as mechanical drives for pumps compressors and other shaft driven equipment to 1500000kW turbines used to generate electricity Steam turbines are widely used for marine applications for vessel propulsion systems In recent times gas turbines as developed for aerospace applications are being used more and more in the field of power generation once dominated by steam turbines
- Turbine blades are of two basic types blades and nozzles Blades move entirely due to the impact of steam on them and their profiles do not converge This results in a steam velocity drop and essentially no pressure drop as steam moves through the blades A turbine composed of blades alternating with fixed nozzles is called an impulse turbine Curtis turbine Rateau turbine or Brown-Curtis turbine Nozzles appear similar to blades but their profiles converge near the exit This results in a steam pressure drop and velocity increase as steam moves through the nozzles Nozzles move due to both the impact of steam on them and the reaction due to the high-velocity steam at the exit A turbine composed of moving nozzles alternating with fixed nozzles is called a reaction turbine or Parsons turbine
Schematic diagram outlining the difference between an impulse and a 50 reaction turbine
422 Steam supply and exhaust conditions
- Condensing turbines are most commonly found in electrical power plants These turbines exhaust steam from a boiler in a partially condensed state typically of a quality near 90 at a pressure well below atmospheric to a condenser
- Non-condensing or back pressure turbines are most widely used for process steam applications The exhaust pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam pressure These are commonly found at refineries district heating units pulp and paper plants and desalination facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam are needed
- Reheat turbines are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants In a reheat turbine steam flow exits from a high pressure section of the turbine and is returned to the boiler where additional superheat is added The steam then goes back into an intermediate pressure section of the turbine and continues its expansion
- Extracting type turbines are common in all applications In an extracting type turbine steam is released from various stages of the turbine and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler feed water heaters to improve overall cycle efficiency Extraction flows may be controlled with a valve or left uncontrolled
- Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an intermediate stage to produce additional power
A low-pressure steam turbine working below atmospheric pressure in a nuclear power plant
423 Casing or shaft arrangements- These arrangements include single casing tandem
compound and cross compound turbines Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds A cross compound turbine is typically used for many large applications
424 A Two ndash flow Turbine Rotors
- The moving steam imparts both a tangential and axial thrust on the turbine shaft but the axial thrust in a simple turbine is unopposed To maintain the correct rotor position and balancing this force must be counteracted by an opposing force Either thrust bearings can be used for the shaft bearings or the rotor can be designed so that the steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at both ends The blades in each half face opposite ways so that the axial forces negate each other but the tangential forces act together This design of rotor is called two-flow double-axial-flow or double-exhaust This arrangement is common in low-pressure casings of a compound turbine
A two-flow turbine rotor The steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at each end balancing the axial force
43 GENERATOR
- The generator converts kinetic energy supplied by the turbine into electrical energy Low ndash pole AC Synchronous generators of high rated power are used
431 Dynamo
- A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based including the electric motor the alternating-current alternator and the rotary converter Today the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation for efficiency reliability and cost reasons A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator Also converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic
432 Alternator
- Without a commutator a dynamo becomes an alternator which is a synchronous singly fed generator Alternators produce alternating current with a frequency that is based on the rotational speed of the rotor and the number of magnetic poles
- Automotive alternators produce a varying frequency that changes with engine speed which is then converted by a rectifier to DC By comparison alternators used to feed an electric power grid are generally operated at a speed very close to a specific frequency for the benefit of AC devices that regulate their speed and performance based on grid frequency Some devices such as incandescent lamps and ballast-operated fluorescent lamps do not require a constant frequency but synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks do require a constant grid frequency
-Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small In the case of a brushless exciter no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding
433 Induction Generator- An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a
type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed giving negative slip A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator without any internal modifications Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants wind turbines or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure because they can recover energy with relatively simple controlsTo operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid or sometimes they are self-excited by using phase correcting capacitors
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
421 Blade and Stage Design- Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging
from small 075 kW units used as mechanical drives for pumps compressors and other shaft driven equipment to 1500000kW turbines used to generate electricity Steam turbines are widely used for marine applications for vessel propulsion systems In recent times gas turbines as developed for aerospace applications are being used more and more in the field of power generation once dominated by steam turbines
- Turbine blades are of two basic types blades and nozzles Blades move entirely due to the impact of steam on them and their profiles do not converge This results in a steam velocity drop and essentially no pressure drop as steam moves through the blades A turbine composed of blades alternating with fixed nozzles is called an impulse turbine Curtis turbine Rateau turbine or Brown-Curtis turbine Nozzles appear similar to blades but their profiles converge near the exit This results in a steam pressure drop and velocity increase as steam moves through the nozzles Nozzles move due to both the impact of steam on them and the reaction due to the high-velocity steam at the exit A turbine composed of moving nozzles alternating with fixed nozzles is called a reaction turbine or Parsons turbine
Schematic diagram outlining the difference between an impulse and a 50 reaction turbine
422 Steam supply and exhaust conditions
- Condensing turbines are most commonly found in electrical power plants These turbines exhaust steam from a boiler in a partially condensed state typically of a quality near 90 at a pressure well below atmospheric to a condenser
- Non-condensing or back pressure turbines are most widely used for process steam applications The exhaust pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam pressure These are commonly found at refineries district heating units pulp and paper plants and desalination facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam are needed
- Reheat turbines are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants In a reheat turbine steam flow exits from a high pressure section of the turbine and is returned to the boiler where additional superheat is added The steam then goes back into an intermediate pressure section of the turbine and continues its expansion
- Extracting type turbines are common in all applications In an extracting type turbine steam is released from various stages of the turbine and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler feed water heaters to improve overall cycle efficiency Extraction flows may be controlled with a valve or left uncontrolled
- Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an intermediate stage to produce additional power
A low-pressure steam turbine working below atmospheric pressure in a nuclear power plant
423 Casing or shaft arrangements- These arrangements include single casing tandem
compound and cross compound turbines Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds A cross compound turbine is typically used for many large applications
424 A Two ndash flow Turbine Rotors
- The moving steam imparts both a tangential and axial thrust on the turbine shaft but the axial thrust in a simple turbine is unopposed To maintain the correct rotor position and balancing this force must be counteracted by an opposing force Either thrust bearings can be used for the shaft bearings or the rotor can be designed so that the steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at both ends The blades in each half face opposite ways so that the axial forces negate each other but the tangential forces act together This design of rotor is called two-flow double-axial-flow or double-exhaust This arrangement is common in low-pressure casings of a compound turbine
A two-flow turbine rotor The steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at each end balancing the axial force
43 GENERATOR
- The generator converts kinetic energy supplied by the turbine into electrical energy Low ndash pole AC Synchronous generators of high rated power are used
431 Dynamo
- A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based including the electric motor the alternating-current alternator and the rotary converter Today the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation for efficiency reliability and cost reasons A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator Also converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic
432 Alternator
- Without a commutator a dynamo becomes an alternator which is a synchronous singly fed generator Alternators produce alternating current with a frequency that is based on the rotational speed of the rotor and the number of magnetic poles
- Automotive alternators produce a varying frequency that changes with engine speed which is then converted by a rectifier to DC By comparison alternators used to feed an electric power grid are generally operated at a speed very close to a specific frequency for the benefit of AC devices that regulate their speed and performance based on grid frequency Some devices such as incandescent lamps and ballast-operated fluorescent lamps do not require a constant frequency but synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks do require a constant grid frequency
-Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small In the case of a brushless exciter no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding
433 Induction Generator- An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a
type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed giving negative slip A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator without any internal modifications Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants wind turbines or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure because they can recover energy with relatively simple controlsTo operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid or sometimes they are self-excited by using phase correcting capacitors
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
422 Steam supply and exhaust conditions
- Condensing turbines are most commonly found in electrical power plants These turbines exhaust steam from a boiler in a partially condensed state typically of a quality near 90 at a pressure well below atmospheric to a condenser
- Non-condensing or back pressure turbines are most widely used for process steam applications The exhaust pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam pressure These are commonly found at refineries district heating units pulp and paper plants and desalination facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam are needed
- Reheat turbines are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants In a reheat turbine steam flow exits from a high pressure section of the turbine and is returned to the boiler where additional superheat is added The steam then goes back into an intermediate pressure section of the turbine and continues its expansion
- Extracting type turbines are common in all applications In an extracting type turbine steam is released from various stages of the turbine and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler feed water heaters to improve overall cycle efficiency Extraction flows may be controlled with a valve or left uncontrolled
- Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an intermediate stage to produce additional power
A low-pressure steam turbine working below atmospheric pressure in a nuclear power plant
423 Casing or shaft arrangements- These arrangements include single casing tandem
compound and cross compound turbines Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds A cross compound turbine is typically used for many large applications
424 A Two ndash flow Turbine Rotors
- The moving steam imparts both a tangential and axial thrust on the turbine shaft but the axial thrust in a simple turbine is unopposed To maintain the correct rotor position and balancing this force must be counteracted by an opposing force Either thrust bearings can be used for the shaft bearings or the rotor can be designed so that the steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at both ends The blades in each half face opposite ways so that the axial forces negate each other but the tangential forces act together This design of rotor is called two-flow double-axial-flow or double-exhaust This arrangement is common in low-pressure casings of a compound turbine
A two-flow turbine rotor The steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at each end balancing the axial force
43 GENERATOR
- The generator converts kinetic energy supplied by the turbine into electrical energy Low ndash pole AC Synchronous generators of high rated power are used
431 Dynamo
- A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based including the electric motor the alternating-current alternator and the rotary converter Today the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation for efficiency reliability and cost reasons A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator Also converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic
432 Alternator
- Without a commutator a dynamo becomes an alternator which is a synchronous singly fed generator Alternators produce alternating current with a frequency that is based on the rotational speed of the rotor and the number of magnetic poles
- Automotive alternators produce a varying frequency that changes with engine speed which is then converted by a rectifier to DC By comparison alternators used to feed an electric power grid are generally operated at a speed very close to a specific frequency for the benefit of AC devices that regulate their speed and performance based on grid frequency Some devices such as incandescent lamps and ballast-operated fluorescent lamps do not require a constant frequency but synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks do require a constant grid frequency
-Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small In the case of a brushless exciter no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding
433 Induction Generator- An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a
type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed giving negative slip A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator without any internal modifications Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants wind turbines or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure because they can recover energy with relatively simple controlsTo operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid or sometimes they are self-excited by using phase correcting capacitors
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
423 Casing or shaft arrangements- These arrangements include single casing tandem
compound and cross compound turbines Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds A cross compound turbine is typically used for many large applications
424 A Two ndash flow Turbine Rotors
- The moving steam imparts both a tangential and axial thrust on the turbine shaft but the axial thrust in a simple turbine is unopposed To maintain the correct rotor position and balancing this force must be counteracted by an opposing force Either thrust bearings can be used for the shaft bearings or the rotor can be designed so that the steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at both ends The blades in each half face opposite ways so that the axial forces negate each other but the tangential forces act together This design of rotor is called two-flow double-axial-flow or double-exhaust This arrangement is common in low-pressure casings of a compound turbine
A two-flow turbine rotor The steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at each end balancing the axial force
43 GENERATOR
- The generator converts kinetic energy supplied by the turbine into electrical energy Low ndash pole AC Synchronous generators of high rated power are used
431 Dynamo
- A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based including the electric motor the alternating-current alternator and the rotary converter Today the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation for efficiency reliability and cost reasons A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator Also converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic
432 Alternator
- Without a commutator a dynamo becomes an alternator which is a synchronous singly fed generator Alternators produce alternating current with a frequency that is based on the rotational speed of the rotor and the number of magnetic poles
- Automotive alternators produce a varying frequency that changes with engine speed which is then converted by a rectifier to DC By comparison alternators used to feed an electric power grid are generally operated at a speed very close to a specific frequency for the benefit of AC devices that regulate their speed and performance based on grid frequency Some devices such as incandescent lamps and ballast-operated fluorescent lamps do not require a constant frequency but synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks do require a constant grid frequency
-Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small In the case of a brushless exciter no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding
433 Induction Generator- An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a
type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed giving negative slip A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator without any internal modifications Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants wind turbines or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure because they can recover energy with relatively simple controlsTo operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid or sometimes they are self-excited by using phase correcting capacitors
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
424 A Two ndash flow Turbine Rotors
- The moving steam imparts both a tangential and axial thrust on the turbine shaft but the axial thrust in a simple turbine is unopposed To maintain the correct rotor position and balancing this force must be counteracted by an opposing force Either thrust bearings can be used for the shaft bearings or the rotor can be designed so that the steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at both ends The blades in each half face opposite ways so that the axial forces negate each other but the tangential forces act together This design of rotor is called two-flow double-axial-flow or double-exhaust This arrangement is common in low-pressure casings of a compound turbine
A two-flow turbine rotor The steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at each end balancing the axial force
43 GENERATOR
- The generator converts kinetic energy supplied by the turbine into electrical energy Low ndash pole AC Synchronous generators of high rated power are used
431 Dynamo
- A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based including the electric motor the alternating-current alternator and the rotary converter Today the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation for efficiency reliability and cost reasons A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator Also converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic
432 Alternator
- Without a commutator a dynamo becomes an alternator which is a synchronous singly fed generator Alternators produce alternating current with a frequency that is based on the rotational speed of the rotor and the number of magnetic poles
- Automotive alternators produce a varying frequency that changes with engine speed which is then converted by a rectifier to DC By comparison alternators used to feed an electric power grid are generally operated at a speed very close to a specific frequency for the benefit of AC devices that regulate their speed and performance based on grid frequency Some devices such as incandescent lamps and ballast-operated fluorescent lamps do not require a constant frequency but synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks do require a constant grid frequency
-Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small In the case of a brushless exciter no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding
433 Induction Generator- An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a
type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed giving negative slip A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator without any internal modifications Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants wind turbines or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure because they can recover energy with relatively simple controlsTo operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid or sometimes they are self-excited by using phase correcting capacitors
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
43 GENERATOR
- The generator converts kinetic energy supplied by the turbine into electrical energy Low ndash pole AC Synchronous generators of high rated power are used
431 Dynamo
- A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based including the electric motor the alternating-current alternator and the rotary converter Today the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation for efficiency reliability and cost reasons A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator Also converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic
432 Alternator
- Without a commutator a dynamo becomes an alternator which is a synchronous singly fed generator Alternators produce alternating current with a frequency that is based on the rotational speed of the rotor and the number of magnetic poles
- Automotive alternators produce a varying frequency that changes with engine speed which is then converted by a rectifier to DC By comparison alternators used to feed an electric power grid are generally operated at a speed very close to a specific frequency for the benefit of AC devices that regulate their speed and performance based on grid frequency Some devices such as incandescent lamps and ballast-operated fluorescent lamps do not require a constant frequency but synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks do require a constant grid frequency
-Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small In the case of a brushless exciter no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding
433 Induction Generator- An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a
type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed giving negative slip A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator without any internal modifications Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants wind turbines or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure because they can recover energy with relatively simple controlsTo operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid or sometimes they are self-excited by using phase correcting capacitors
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
431 Dynamo
- A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based including the electric motor the alternating-current alternator and the rotary converter Today the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation for efficiency reliability and cost reasons A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator Also converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic
432 Alternator
- Without a commutator a dynamo becomes an alternator which is a synchronous singly fed generator Alternators produce alternating current with a frequency that is based on the rotational speed of the rotor and the number of magnetic poles
- Automotive alternators produce a varying frequency that changes with engine speed which is then converted by a rectifier to DC By comparison alternators used to feed an electric power grid are generally operated at a speed very close to a specific frequency for the benefit of AC devices that regulate their speed and performance based on grid frequency Some devices such as incandescent lamps and ballast-operated fluorescent lamps do not require a constant frequency but synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks do require a constant grid frequency
-Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small In the case of a brushless exciter no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding
433 Induction Generator- An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a
type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed giving negative slip A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator without any internal modifications Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants wind turbines or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure because they can recover energy with relatively simple controlsTo operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid or sometimes they are self-excited by using phase correcting capacitors
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
432 Alternator
- Without a commutator a dynamo becomes an alternator which is a synchronous singly fed generator Alternators produce alternating current with a frequency that is based on the rotational speed of the rotor and the number of magnetic poles
- Automotive alternators produce a varying frequency that changes with engine speed which is then converted by a rectifier to DC By comparison alternators used to feed an electric power grid are generally operated at a speed very close to a specific frequency for the benefit of AC devices that regulate their speed and performance based on grid frequency Some devices such as incandescent lamps and ballast-operated fluorescent lamps do not require a constant frequency but synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks do require a constant grid frequency
-Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small In the case of a brushless exciter no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding
433 Induction Generator- An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a
type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed giving negative slip A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator without any internal modifications Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants wind turbines or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure because they can recover energy with relatively simple controlsTo operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid or sometimes they are self-excited by using phase correcting capacitors
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
433 Induction Generator- An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a
type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed giving negative slip A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator without any internal modifications Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants wind turbines or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure because they can recover energy with relatively simple controlsTo operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid or sometimes they are self-excited by using phase correcting capacitors
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
434 MHD Generator- A magneto hydrodynamic generator directly extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant The first practical design was the AVCO Mk 25 developed in 1965 The US government funded substantial development culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987 In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
435 Homopolar Generator
- A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) the electrical polarity depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field It is also known as a unipolar generator acyclic generator disk dynamo or Faraday disc The voltage is typically low on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current some more than a million amperes because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance
Faraday disk the first homopolar generator
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
436Excitation
- An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work If the field coils are not powered the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding When the generator first starts to turn the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started generating a small current in the armature This flows through the field coils creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output
Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators in order to restore customer power service
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator with a separate belt-driven exciter generator
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
437 Electrostatic Generator
- An electrostatic generator or electrostatic machine is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon without a theory to explain its behaviour and often confused with magnetism By the end of the 17th Century researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors using only electric forces and work by using moving plates drums or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode The charge is generated by one of two methods either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction
A Van de Graaff generator for class room demonstrations
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative Now as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate which is now in contact with the brush Y they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge larger than the positive charge in A1 alone on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1 As A1 moves on it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit It then passes on until on touching the brush X has a new charge this time negative driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors As the machine turns the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions until sparking occurs limiting the increase
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
438 Wimshurst Machine
- The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by British inventor James Wimshurst (1832ndash1903)
It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane two crossed bars with metallic brushes and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
439 Van De Graff Generator- A Van de Graaff generator is an
electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand It was invented by American physicist Robert J Van de Graaff in 1929 The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
44 COOLING SYSTEM- A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and
transports it to another area of the plant where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler and the pressurized steam from that boiler powers one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators
45 SAFETY VALVES
- In the event of an emergency two independent safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure In the case of the BWR the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
46 FEEDWATER PUMP- The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor vessel (for boiling water reactors)
47 EMERGEMCY POWER SUPPLY- The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power plant are built up
by several layers of redundancy such as diesel generators gas turbine generators and battery buffers The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the dieselgas turbine units to the power supply network If necessary the emergency power supply allows the safe shut down of the nuclear reactor Less important auxiliary systems such as for example heat tracing of pipelines are not supplied by these back ups The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps in order to cool the reactor and remove the decay heat after a shut down
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- A nuclear power plant is basically steam power that is fuelled by a radioactive element like uranium The fuel is placed in a reactor and the individual atoms are allowed to split apart The splitting process known as fission releases great amounts of energy This energy is used to heat water until it turns to steam
From here the mechanics of a steam power plant take over The steam pushes on turbines which force coils of wire to interact with a magnetic field This generates on electric current
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EFFECT
- Nuclear power plant is a controversial subject and multi ndash billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs But low direct fuel costs with the costs of fuel extraction processing use and sent fuel storage internalized costs
On the other hand construction or capital costs aside measures to mitigate global warning such as a carbon fax or emissions trading increasingly favour the economics and nuclear power
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
MELTDOWN
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants dont require a lot of space - they have to be built on the coast but do not need a large plot like a wind farm
It doesnt contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it therefore does not cause global warming
It does not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphereNuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of
energy - a lot of energy is produced from a small mass of fuel This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications)
It is reliable It does not depend on the weather We can control the output It is relatively easy to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as for fossil fuel stations
It produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
DISADVANTAGESbull Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive As it is radioactive it
has to be disposed of in such a way as it will not pollute the environmentbull Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and
takes a long time (In fact we have not ever decommissioned one)bull Nuclear accidents can spread radiation producing particles over
a wide area This radiation harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death Illness can appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic problems can occur too A possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown In a meltdown the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control which leads to a nuclear explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment See Chernobyl
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
BASIC TERMS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGYbull Chernobyl A nuclear power plant in Russia that suffered a meltdown in
1986 The accident released a significant amount of radioactive material into the air causing the deaths of several dozen people in the following months and resulting in an estimated 4000 cases of terminal cancer in people as far away as North America
bull Fuel Rods Hollow rods filled with uranium pellets which are lowered into vats of water prior to the introduction of the neutrons that cause fission Fuel rods are used in most nuclear power plants
bull Meltdown An accident in which the fuel in a nuclear reactor overheats and melts the containment structures in the plant
bull Nuclear Fission The process of splitting an atom by introducing a neutron into the atoms nucleus thus creating two lighter atoms and producing heat
bull Uranium A common element synthesized in stars which has been present in the earth since its formation and exists in rocks soil and water
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
CURRENT ISSUESProblems of Nuclear Reactors
Concerns about the safety of nuclear fission reactors include the possibility of radiation-releasing nuclear accidents the problems of radioactive waste disposal and the possibility of contributing to nuclear weapon proliferation
Although most technical analyses have rated nuclear electricity generation as comparable in safety to coal-powered generation the low public confidence in nuclear power has blocked further development of nuclear power in the United States No new nuclear power plants have been ordered since the Three Mile Island accident and some partially completed projects have been abandoned As of 1990 about 20 of electricity in the US was generated by nuclear plants compared to about 75 in France
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
Reactor AccidentsThe nuclear accident at Chernobyl was the worst
nuclear accident to date spewing about 100 million Curies of radioactive material into the environment By contrast the accident at Three Mile Island released only some 15 Curies Though its health effects were minimal Three Mile Island did perhaps irreparable damage to the level of public confidence in nuclear reactors for electric power production in the United States
Preceding these two high-profile accidents are a number of nuclear accidents with radiation release These include accidents at the Fermi I reactor near Detroit at the NRX reactor at Chalk River Canada at the Windscale reactor in England and the SL-1 Reactor at Idaho Falls
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The nuclear fission of uranium-235 produces large quantities of intermediate mass radioisotopes The mass distribution of these radioisotopes peaks at about mass numbers 95 and 137 and most of them are radioactive The most dangerous for environmental release are probably cesium and strontium because of their intermediate half-lives and propensity for reconcentration in the food chain
When spent fuel assemblies are removed from nuclear reactors they are transported to swimming pool storage facilities to dissipate the heat of decay of short-lived isotopes as well as for isolation from the environment The long term disposal of these wastes remains a major problem It was assumed that these wastes would be encased in glass and placed in geologic disposal sites in underground salt domes The site at Yucca Mountain was chosen as a first site but both technical and political problems have thus far blocked its implementation
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
Nuclear Weapons ProliferationOne concern about nuclear reactors is that the fuel
could be diverted for the production of nuclear weapons While the the uranium fuel is enriched to only 3-5 and could not easily be further separated to the gt90 U-235 needed to produce a bomb the spent fuel elements contain plutonium-239 The plutonium could be separated chemically and diverted to nuclear weapons production Security concerns about the plutonium has thus far blocked any reprocessing of fuel from nuclear power plants
A similar concern exists for fast breeder reactors where the breeding process produces plutonium-239 for future generations of reactors
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
CONCLUSIONNuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating
electricity using controlled nuclear fission or less commonly nuclear fusion Most nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules in water and then inducing fission in the molecules This process heats the water which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a turbine powering a generator creating energy Some nuclear plants use plutonium or thorium instead of uranium while others fuse hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms a process that also causes heat and subsequently energy However uranium fission is overwhelmingly the most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is more common than plutonium or thorium
Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants such as sulfur and particulates or greenhouse gases It is important to our lives because it can easily provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
REFERENCE
bull The word of physics Philippine edition Vern J Ostdiek Donald J Bord
bull wwwworld-nuclearorginfocurrent-and-future-Generationandfuture-generationoutline-historyofnuclear-energy
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikinuclear-power
bull httpenmWikipediaorgwikibatan-nuclear-power-plant
bull httpwwwduke-energycomabout-enegygenerating-electricitynuclear-howasp
bull YouTubeCanadianNuclear Safety Commission
bull httpzidbitscomtagnuclear-power
bull httpenWikipediaorgwikiNuclear-reactorhttpenWikipediaorgwikiElectricgenerator
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-
Member
Leader MONTEALTO JAYSON L
Secretary AGOJO DULCE
Other Member
MACARANAS CRIS L
GADIN JAY
ARGANA KELVIN
LUISTRO CHRISTIAN
LOJO GERALD
BSCS 2A(N)
MASANGKAY JEE-AN MAE
HERNANDEZ MARY JANE
BERINtildeA MARK ANTHONY
PEZA ROXANNE
LAGO LINDSAY LOU FELRAE L
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- HISTORY
- Slide 5
- Bataan nuclear power plant in the Philippines
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2)
- JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- US NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- KOREA NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- IRAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
- Slide 15
- HOW NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPEARATES AND WORK
- ONE ndash LINE ndash DIAGRAM
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- 1 Why do we need Nuclear Power plant
- Slide 22
- 2 facilities
- 21 Reactor Containment Building
- 22 turbine building
- 23 Auxiliary Building Complex
- 24 Fuel Handling Building
- 25 Intake Structure
- 3 Important component of a nuclear power plant
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- 4 Systems
- 41 nuclear reactors
- Slide 37
- Slide 38
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- 42 steam turbine
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- 43 generator
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- 44 Cooling system
- 46 feedwater pump
- 5 HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
- Environment economic effect
- meltdown
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- Basic Terms Concepts and Definitions Related to Nuclear Energ
- CURRENT ISSUES
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- CONCLUSION
- reference
- Slide 72
-