ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI FISICA NUCLEARE

REPORT OF THE INFN WORKING GROUPS (GLV)

ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND INTERDISCIPLINARY

IMPACT

OF THE 2005 INFN SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY

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INTRODUCTORY REMARKS A. Bertin

Following the 2002 exercise and the 2001-2003 Triennial Research Evaluation (VTR) one, this is the third report on the socio-economic and interdisciplinary (SE&I) impact of the INFN scientific activity issued by the Working Group on the Evaluation (GLV I-V, see Table I-1), with the advice of the Chairpersons of the INFN National Scientific Committees and in close connection with the INFN Executive Board and Board of Directors.

Table I-1.- INFN research lines and corresponding 2005 evaluation groups Research Line GLV

Subnuclear Physics M. Diemoz (Convener), F. Bossi, M. Biasini Astroparticle Physics A. Marini (Convener), F. Arneodo, S. Braccini Nuclear Physics A. Bertin (Convener), R. Alba, G. Viesti Theoretical Physics O. Nicrosini (Convener), L. Canton, D. Zappalà Technological & Interdisciplin. V. Rosso (Convener), L. Catani, N. Randazzo

The present report consists of two parts and one Appendix. The first part concerns the analysis of the above-mentioned SE&I impact of INFN research during 2005. This is done by looking (Section 1) at cultural effects like student/graduate training and dissemination of scientific culture, both recognized objectives of the INFN mission. On the other hand, it is known that, within the primary goal of performing basic research, INFN dedicates significant resources to the development of frontier technologies, which have deep interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary implications. As a result, the Institute openly promotes a considerable number of significant initiatives in fields of social and civil interest, like information technology, medicine, environment, civil security and cultural heritage. Some 2005 Highlights related to these issues are described in Section 2 . This work, which gets the essential know-how from the main research one, induces a transfer of technologies from INFN to other fields, which by itself represents an important economic revenue, being equivalent to the capital investments needed to obtain equal results in terms of technology development in an interdisciplinary-oriented research frame. Therefore, in the SE&I impact report, a particular attention is currently dedicated to understand the yield of INFN research on national economy. As for the quoted VTR exercise, this was worked out (i) by analyzing a database containing information on enterprises having supplied products to INFN, with particular reference to the High Tech case (Section 3), (ii) by applying (as suggested and carried out by G. Salina) an Input/Output economical model in order to get a closer insight on the economical spin-off of the INFN activity (Section 4), and (iii) by analyzing the financial return to Italy with reference to the CERN case (Section 5). The second part presents the first result of a novel attempt for a quantitative evaluation of basic research, which was envisaged by the GLV after the self

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evaluation performed for the 2001-2003 VTR, and discussed at the 2005 INFN-CVI Meeting. Within the relevant framework, the yearly INFN scientific production is compared to the average one in all disciplines both on the national and on the international landscape, with reference to the ISI database and to macro-economical indicators. The exercise was carried out keeping into account the remarks expressed by the CVI in the 2005 Meeting. This part represents an innovative way of discussing the national and international comparison of the Institute’s scientific productivity, which is worthwhile being fully discussed in view of future evaluation exercises. The Tables reported in the Appendix are currently meant to answer some of the CIVR comments to the INFN 2002 SE&I Impact report, and the generalized request from this Body of yearly quantitative data on the scientific production of the Institute. From another standpoint, they include in practice all the complementary information which should be added to the second part of this report to draw up a complete evaluation exercise on the scientific productivity, including for the first time a set of quantitative indicators which are relevant to the SE&I impact of the INFN research.

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PART I. SE&I IMPACT OF INFN RESEARCH DURING 2005 1.- Students and Graduate Training, Dissemination of Scientific Culture 1.1. Students training The INFN mission includes training undergraduate students preparing their Laurea or Dottorato (PhD) degrees, by involving them directly in the research work. Law-induced changes in the organization of University education recently introduced an intermediate (triennial) Laurea degree, which may be followed by the Specialist Laurea (two more years), after which the graduate may become a PhD student. In the transition period to which 2005 belongs, Traditional and Specialist Laurea certificates are both issued. The total number of (Triennial +Specialist +Traditional) certificates in Physics obtained in 2005 by students via INFN research was 623; the corresponding number of PhDs was 201. The share of certificates in Physics issued from INFN research with respect to the total number of Physics graduates in Italy is given in Table 1, with reference to 2004 [the most recent year for which the Ministry of University and Research (MIUR) database is by now complete], and to the period 2001-2003, as reported to the CVI for the relevant triennial research evaluation exercise (VTR).

Table 1.-Number of 2004 Physics Graduates discussing their Thesis on INFN research (from INFN database) vs. Total (from MIUR database)

Degree ⇒ 1st level 2nd level DottoratoResearch Line ⇓ Triennial Specialist Traditional Tot. PhD.

Subnucl. Physics 22 20 36 78 30 Astrop. Physics 15 5 45 65 36 Nuclear Physics 16 2 37 55 8

Theoretical Physics 195 83 Technol. & Interdis. 24 15 77 116 17

Total (77) (42) (195) 509 164 2001-2003 VTR 1095 364

Total Number of Physics Laureates from MIUR database Reference year Triennial Specialist Traditional Tot. PhD.

2004 628 57 1040 1725 313 (*) 2001-2003 639 14 3946 4599

(*) 404 for the whole Physical Sciences area, including Engineering, Material Science & Medical Disciplines.

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Referring to these data, the following comments hold: (a)First and second-level degrees: as an effect of the institution of the Triennial Laurea, which is an intermediate step with respect to the Specialist degree in Physics, the absolute total number of certificates in Physics issued in 2005 from INFN research (623) is significantly larger than the annual average (365) recorded in the triennial period 2001-2003. On the average, this means that each INFN Sezione or NL (National Laboratory) issued in 2005 about 25 degrees in Physics. The share of INFN-issued Laurea certificates with respect to the total number of degrees in Physics in 2004 (as obtained from MIUR data, see Table 1) is close to 30% (509/1725). (b) PhD: The total number N2005

PhD of PhD certificates issued from INFN research in 2005 (201), in its turn, is significantly larger than the average (121) recorded in 2001-2003. (c) The higher rate (201 vs. 164 in 2004) of PhD diplomas issued from INFN research in 2005 follows the general increase of the PhD certificates in Physics (154 in 2001, 292 in 2002, 301 in 2003, 313 in 2004, including Astrophysics, Astronomy and Applied Physics, MIUR data). A significant figure is the fact that the INFN N2004

PhD (164) is larger than 50% of those (313) issued in the same year for the whole Area of Physical sciences (when expurgated for 91 certificates relative to engineering and medical disciplines). 1.2 Professional follow-up The position of a sample of young physicists initially associated to INFN with a post-laurea appointment (PhD students, Post-docs, and other temporary positions, whose contracts expired in the course of 2005) was also investigated by an enquiry developed locally at the INFN sites. The results are presented in Table 2.

Table 2.- Post-degree positions (Total number N and %) of the post-Laurea

associates to INFN Sections/NL who left INFN during 2005 Research

Home a)

Abroad b)

Industry, Informat.

c)

Publ./ Adm.

d)

Priv. e)

HSch.f)

Other g)

Und. h)

Tot

N 88 68 8 6 16 9 28 43 266 % 33.1 25.6 3.0 2.3 6.0 3.4 10.5 16.1 100

2001-2003 VTR data N 107 83 62 10 4 6 - 42 314 % 34.1 26.4 19.7 3.2 1.3 1.9 - 13.4 100

a),b) Research in Italy/Abroad (University appointments included). c) Employment c/o Industrial or Information Technology Companies. d) Jobs addressing public at large or administration (bank, insurance, hospital). e) Employment c/o private firms. f) High School teaching g) Other h) Not reconstructed.

With reference to this Table, one would comment that (coherently with the 2001-2003 trend) about 60% of the INFN-trained researchers belonging to the examined sample, after leaving the Institute, remain within the research world, in Italy in major proportion, although at a significant rate abroad. The remaining lot distributes less prominently within industry and information technology, while one might notice an increase towards private jobs and High School teaching, the employment in Public Institutions/Administrations recording in its turn an appreciable decrease. If

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statistically significant, these numbers may well be bound to the status of national economy and to the present stagnating situation of public careers. 1.3 Graduate students training A considerable effort is currently developed by INFN in organizing national schools for graduate and PhD students (providing financial support, teachers and administrative staff), in order to carry out the necessary training for a professional research job. Among the many schools organized with different periodicities in various INFN sites (as reported in Table 3), the yearly National Seminar of Nuclear and Subnuclear Physics in Otranto, an established initiative now at its eighteenth issue, was successfully sided in 2005 by the more specific School of Nuclear Physics “R. Anni”, at the second issue in 2006. Aside of the yearly National Seminar of Theoretical Physics (held in Milan in 2005) and of the Frascati Spring School “Bruno Touschek”, one should record the significant attendance (187) at the 4th International School on Neutrino Factories and Superbeams, also held in Frascati. Still on the international frontier, a special issue was constituted by the International School of Sub-Nuclear Physics at the Ettore Majorana Centre for Scientific Culture, in Erice (Sicily), which was also organized with the INFN support.

Table 3.- Schools organized with INFN contribution in 2005 School Topics (*) N Sites Attendants

Subnuclear & Nuclear Physics

5 Bari, Lecce, LNF, Torino

212

Particle Detectors, Medical Applications, Accelerators

5 Cagliari, LNF, LNL,Torino

431

Astroparticle & Gravit. Physics

3 LNS, LNGS,Torino

222

Theoretical Physics 1 Milano 29 Total 14 894

(*) First row: Bari: National Seminar of Nuclear and Subnuclear Physics, Otranto Lecce: Italo-Hellenic School of Physics, Otranto Lecce: School of Nuclear Physics “R. Anni”, Otranto LNF: Frascati Spring School of Physics “Bruno Touschek” Torino: European Graduate School on Complex Systems of Hadrons and Nuclei Second row: Cagliari: Second Seminar on Software in Nuclear, Subnuclear and Applied Physics (Alghero). LNF: 4th International School on Neutrino Factories and Superbeams LNF: VIII National School on Synchrotron Light LNL: XIX advanced Course of Medical Radioprotection Torino: XV Giornate di Studio on Particle Detectors Third row: LNS: III European Summer School on Experimental Nuclear Astrophysics LNGS: 10th Gran Sasso Summer institute “Particle Physics and Astrophysics Beyond TeV Scale” Torino: ISAPP 2005 Fourth row: Milano: XIV National Seminar of Theoretical Physics.

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With a similar significant support and dedicated attention to training programs, INFN prosecuted in 2005 in organizing Master courses for graduate students, some of which held in its National Laboratories, others in co-operation with Universities, as it is shown in Table 4, with a total selected attendance of 33 students.

Table 4.- Masters for graduate students at INFN National Labs or Universities co-organized by INFN in 2005 Master Topic Site

Microelectronics Design (First level, 2005/2006) Padova Nuclear Techniques for Industry, Environment and Cultural Heritage (Second level, 2005/2006)

LNF (Roma1&2)

Surface treatment for Industry (Second Level, 2005/2006) LNL Complexity and its interdisciplinary applications (Second Level) Pavia

1.4 Dissemination of scientific culture In view of and during 2005 (UN-proclaimed World Year of Physics), INFN strengthened its activity of diffusing scientific and technological culture towards young people and public at large. One significant interdisciplinary event for the aim of fostering transactions between the INFN culture and the society is represented by the International School on Physics and Industry, held every second year under the INFN Presidency direction at the Ettore Majorana Centre for Scientific Culture in Erice. The initiative, which has the aim of encouraging discussion among physics, industry and politics representatives about the transfer of knowledge between basic research and productive world, was dedicated in its latest issue (2004) to the interactions between Physics and Medicine. A choice of other relevant initiatives developed during 2005 at the National Labs is presented in Table 5, where a comparison is given to the number of yearly visitors in abroad major particle physics Laboratories. On the average, it is seen that more than 20000 visitors/year (including students, high school teachers and public at large) interacted in 2005 with the INFN National Labs, which is a similar figure to the average one recorded in the 2001-2003 period (about 72000 in three years) and to the yearly number of guided-tour visitors at CERN. Moreover, a number of initiatives of this type were developed at different INFN sites [such as e.g. the guided tours at the Naples City of Science, theatre performances centered on Physics subjects in Bologna, Rome, Turin, the Virgo Open day in Pisa, and many others] which as a whole increase the above-mentioned attendance up to an estimated lot of some thousands people on the yearly base. One would not disregard the Physics on bus initiative, based on scientific advertisements within buses or at bus stops, carried out in a number of INFN sites (Bari, Trieste, Frascati, Rome, Lecce, Pavia and Perugia).

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Table 5.- Dissemination of Scientific Culture at INFN National Labs (2005) LNF N. Schools /Events Attendants

Masterclasses 2005/winter stages 9 72 Guided tours 77 4498 Week of Science/Open day 16 1007 Physics Meetings for High School Teachers 119 266 Summer Stages 26 82 Physics Lectures 12 133 Training courses 8 932

LNGS Visits to the Laboratory (15000*)

500 Open Laboratories 1 1400 Training courses for teachers 2 150 *2004 value, before starting safety improvement program

LNL Week-end of Physics 15 3540 Guided tours 18 1225 Stages for students 10 21 Scientif. Exhibition “Sperimentando” 63 4390

LNS LNS stage 12 18 Week of scientific culture 24 1850 Physics Olympic Games 25 102 Radioactivity: one face of Nature 11 420 Physics on wheels 18 1200

Grand Total 466 21806 Visitor guided Tours in abroad High-Energy Physics Laboratories (2005)

CERN (CH) 20000 FERMILAB (USA) 17600

TJNAF (USA) 70 7000 DESY (D) 8348 KEK (JP) 6666

An additional, significant role was played by the exhibitions organized by INFN (see Table 6), among which the renowned Physics on Wheels, Microscopes of Physics (see Fig. 1), and Radioactivity, one face of Nature are itinerating ones, with an eye on involving the visitor up to an active role in approaching nuclear and sub-nuclear physics; others, like those held at the LNGS, in Perugia, Cagliari and Turin follow a more historical approach. A particular interest is represented by Nuclear is not the devil, an INFN, Italian Physical Society, Italian Physics Teachers’ Society and Ministero dell’ Ambiente joint project, which involves high-school students in measuring natural radioactivity. A complementary perspective is represented by the INFN participation to the Physics Masterclass, the international initiative for one week’s lessons on modern Physics held a the Padua, Catania, Roma3, Turin and Pisa Universities and at the Frascati INFN Laboratories.

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Table 6.- Some exhibitions for public at large organized by INFN in 2005 Exhibition Topic Exhibition site

Physics on Wheels Rimini, Firenze, Turin, Naples, Milan, Catania and Bologna

Microscopes of Physics Catania, Genoa, Naples, Turin, Pisa, Milan, Trieste, Rome and Frascati

Radioactivity, one face of Nature Ferrara, San Giovanni Valdarno, Catania and Genoa

The Italian contribution to Physics from Galileo on

Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso

Atoms and Butterflies (Franco Rasetti’s life)

Perugia

Nuclear Physics research in Sardinia Cagliari CERN story and Turin Physicists Turin

. A goal fulfilled in 2005 has been the first issue of the new INFN magazine, Asimmetrie, addressed to non specialists with specific attention to schools, and updating the experience of the previous bulletin INFN News: from Quarks to Galaxies. A final point to be mentioned is the birth and activity of a Multimedia group (Bologna INFN-CNAF) having the aim of diffusing and recording on the WEB scientific events having a specific or general (public) interest. Aside of setting up an archive of film recording (ranging e.g. from the events referring to the 2001 celebrations of the INFN fiftieth anniversary to the La Biodola High Intensity Frontier Workshop, in 2005), the group is now in the position of net-casting in real time seminars, courses or events. The Multimedia link of the INFN homepage is particularly rich.

Fig. 1: Young talent intrigued by the “Microscopes of Physics” exhibition.

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2.-Highlights A constitutional requirement for the INFN basic research is the development of infrastructure and new state-of-the-art technology. This leads to an interdisciplinary transfer of knowledge and know-how between the different lines of research within the Institute itself, as well as towards other scientific and academic sectors and towards the industrial world, with apparent socio-economic consequences, the first of which being the foundation of high level education Institutes. In the course of 2005, INFN authored 218 scientific publications (about 10 % of the total) on interdisciplinary applications. With reference to 2005, the highlights resulting from this type of research are reported in the following. 2.1 A new Institute for Theoretical Physics The Galileo Galilei Institute for Theoretical Physics (GGI), funded by INFN and sponsored by INFN and University of Florence, is located on the historic hill of Arcetri, near the house where Galileo spent periods of his life and died in 1642, in a building owned by the University of Florence. The GGI organizes and hosts small-size advanced workshops in theoretical particle physics in its broadest sense. Areas of interest are: theory of quantum fields and strings; phenomenology of the standard model and beyond; astro/cosmo-particle physics; statistical field theory and complex systems. Workshops on theoretical nuclear physics are organized in collaboration with ECT* (Trento). Each workshop is devoted to a specific topic at the forefront of current research. During its typical duration of 2-3 months, GGI hosts about 20 participants to be selected among those most active in the field within the international community. The purpose of each workshop is to foster discussions, confrontation of ideas, and collaborations among participants. The workshops aim at producing results with a significant impact on the corresponding research field. It is expected that the Institute will have also an important role in training young researchers. The GGI scientific organization and management has been defined by an international “Launching Committee”. GGI activities are defined by: Advisory Committee (selects the proposals), Scientific Committee (prepares a first selection of the proposals), Local Committee (provides the local support).

Fig. 2: The GGI logo.

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2.2 A new technology for radiation detector INFN developed a third generation of custom ASIC CMOS analog chip to be used as pixelized charge collecting electrode of a Micropattern Gas Detector. The chip (shown in Fig. 3) has a large active area (15x15mm2), high channel density (470 pixels/mm2) and customizable self-triggering capability. This device represents a big step forward in the development of Gas Pixel Detectors both in terms of size and performance. The CMOS pixel array has the top metal layer patterned in a matrix of 105600 hexagonal pixels at 50µm pitch. Each pixel is directly connected to the underneath full electronics chain which has been realized in the remaining five metal and single poly-silicon layers of a standard 0.18 µm CMOS VLSI technology. The chip integrates more than 16.5 million transistors and it can be subdivided in 16 identical clusters of 6600 pixels (22 rows of 300 pixels) or alternatively in 8 clusters of 13200 pixels (44 rows of 300 pixels) each one with an independent differential analog output buffer. The chip includes a signal pre-processing function for the automatic localization of the event coordinates. In this way the readout time and the data volume is significantly reduced by limiting the signal output only to those pixels belonging to the region of interest. The very small pixel area and the use of a deep sub-micron CMOS technology has brought the noise level down to 50 electrons ENC. The chip has been coupled to a fine pitch Gas Electron Multiplier (50 µm on a triangular pattern) to realize a Gas Pixel Detector for applications in Astronomical X-Ray Polarimetry. An excellent sensitivity to polarized and unpolarized X-ray radiation has been obtained in the photon energy range of interest for polarimetric studies of galactic and extragalactic sources.

Fig. 3: The three chip generations in comparison. The last version with 105.600 pixels is shown bonded to its ceramic package (304 pins). 2.3 Supercomputing for research The apeNEXT project has been completed at the end of 2005 with the starting of apeNEXT installations (see Fig. 4). At the moment INFN has installed 13 Units integrating a total power of 10 Tflops, all located in a single site (La Sapienza, Rome).

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apeNEXT machines are used by over 30 INFN theorists for researches including phenomenology of the standard model and beyond; flavour physics; QCD and confinement; QCD at high density and finite temperature; algorithms. apeNEXT is also used in areas beyond high energy physics such as statistical field theory and complex systems, quantitative biology and turbulence. The scientific output of the APE project can be quantified to be about 50% of the whole European productivity in the field of high energy physics using high performance computing, as one deduces from the contributions to the Lattice annual conferences. The APE project is an excellent example of both scientific international collaboration and technological transfer. Indeed the apeNEXT project was carried out by INFN in collaboration with scientists of Desy (Zeuten) and Orsay and with a medium Italian firm of the Eurotech Group expert in high-performance computing solutions. The APE architecture has influenced the development of industrial products. This collaboration of scientific, technical and engineering character has created in Europe a unique group of experts in high performing computing which will continue to elaborate innovative projects in the area. Also the Ape-net project has been completed in 2005. The project produced a fast PC network based on the experience developed in the APE project in general. At present, the installation of Ape-net on two PC clusters running at Tor Vergata (Rome) and ETC* (Trento) is going to be completed. Also Ape-net is an excellent example of technological transfer with the Eurotech Group.

Fig. 4: An apeNEXT full board with 16 processors, operating at a peak speed of about 20 GFlops. 2.4 From nuclear physics to medical applications In recent years, radiotherapists take advantage of innovative technologies that allow large deposition of radiation-induced energy on the tumour, while sparing surrounding healthy tissue. Radiotherapy with heavy charged particles (hadrons) such as protons and carbon ions is very effective, because the energy is deposited in the last few millimetres before the particles come to a stop and the lateral deviation is small. Photons also can be used with the aid of computer-controlled movable collimators that change the shape of the radiation delivered during the treatment. This is the Intensity Modulated RadioTherapy (IMRT) and has played a revolutionary role in the last

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decade in the field of cancer treatment. It has pushed further the edge of conformal treatments, obtaining the goal of very good local control and small side effects. An INFN Torino group, active since a decade in the development of such detectors, has developed a dosimeter optimised for IMRT. The first version of the detector was built for hadrontherapy. It was a set of twelve ionisation chambers interleaved with slabs of tissue-equivalent plastics; this Magic Cube, inspired by the high energy physics calorimeters, can be placed on the radiation field and mimics the patient such a way that the Medical Physicist can rapidly verify that the dose shape which will be delivered to the patient is clinically correct. In 2001, it was understood that such technique could be useful also for IMRT. After careful evaluation of the various dosimetry industries active in the world, an R&D agreement was signed with Scanditronix-Wellhofer, a Swedish-German company belonging to the Belgian Ion Beam Application group (IBA). The three companies are world leader in photon dosimetry with silicon diodes (Scanditronix), ionisation chambers (Wellhofer) and protontherapy (IBA). The architecture that has been used is an ionisation chamber with a pixel segmented anode. The readout electronics is a custom developed microelectronics chip, each housing 64 channels of recycling integrator. This PiXel ionisation Chamber (PXC, see Fig. 5) has been tested on several clinical beams in Torino. In 2005 Scanditronix-Wellhofer, in the framework of a license agreement signed with INFN, has commercialised the detector (Fig. 6) with the name of MatriXX. At present more than 150 MatriXX have been sold all over the world.

Fig. 5: PiXel Ionisation chamber prototype Fig. 6: Commercial version of MatriXX 2.5 From nuclear physics to cultural heritage The INFN LANDIS (Laboratorio di Analisi Non Distruttiva In Situ) is devoted to the applications of Nuclear Techniques to the Cultural Heritage field. The main scope is to develop new instruments, techniques and methods useful to solve problems posed by the art historians, archaeologists, museum conservators concerning the study, conservation and safeguard of Cultural Heritage masterpieces. The two main requirements are: the techniques must be non destructive; the instruments must be portable. To ensure the necessary link of LANDIS with the Cultural Heritage community, scientific collaborations with public Institutions have been established; more specifically an agreement has been signed by INFN/LNS and the CNR/IBAM (Istituto per i Beni Archeologici e Monumentali). On the basis of this agreement two IBAM researchers work full-time at the LANDIS laboratory. Various new portable instruments have been realized at the LANDIS: the BSC-XRF spectrometer (a new system which enables to control the x-ray beam energy and intensity stability); an upgrading of a commercial XRD allowing a factor of 10 gain in statistics; the PIXE-alpha system, unique tool which allows to perform in situ PIXE (Particle Induced X-Ray Emission) analysis. The above

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systems have been widely used in several sites. Among the most relevant, Ravenna (Bibl. Classense), Rome (Istituto Centrale per la Patologia del Libro- ICPL), Florence (Museo del Bargello), Heraklion (Archaeol. Museum), Atene (Benaki Museum), Creta (Festos and Prinias), Pylos (Nestor Palace) can be cited. The PIXE-alpha system, realised in collaboration with the CEA/Saclay, is based on the use of a 210Po radioactive source, whose half-life is 138 days, as charge particles emitter. With this system the light elements are well excited, but it has a low sensitivity for medium atomic number elements. Figure 7(A) shows the PIXE-alpha system in operation on the analysis of a “Pontificale” at the ICPL Institute. The PIXE-alpha system has been patented (license INFN/CEA number 9807435). The experience gained on the use of the PIXE-alpha system allowed to design and realise a new portable system XPIXE-alpha (licence INFN/CEA number BD1581/3rdMay2005) in which alpha particles and x-rays are used simultaneously as exciting beams [Fig. 7(B)]. The radioactive source is 244Cm, which has a half-life of 18.1 years. The new system permits to excite very well both light and medium atomic number elements. Particular care has been devoted to the choice of the materials surrounding the source: for example, the window has been realised in collaboration with the Galileo Avionica company as a sandwich made of Diamond Like Carbon-Kapton-Diamond like Carbon coating. We note that for its characteristics, this latter system can be also used for monitoring the atmospheric particulate matter.

18v

0

100

200

300

400

500

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Energy (keV)

Coun

ts

Si

Al

S+Pb(M)

Ca

KPNa

Cl

0

100

200

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Energy (KeV)

Coun

ts

Si

Al

Mg

Na

P

S+Pb

ClAr

KCa

FeCr

Zn

Pb (L)+As (k)

As (L)

Ga (?)

T7 (file: T7 bis)

XPIXE-PONT44 - c1PIXE-

Fig. 7: (A) The PIXE-alpha system (210Po) measuring, at ICPL, a gold preparation in a Pontificale from Salerno (code n. 492); the x-ray spectrum evidences the efficient excitation of light elements. (B) the head of the XPIXE-alpha (244Cm) evidencing the new DLC-Kapton-DLC window; the spectrum refers to an atmospheric particulate. Light and medium/heavy elements are well excited. A new laboratory, the LAB-alfa, has been realised at the LNS to manipulate and realise the alpha emitter sources. 2.6 Interdisciplinary underground laboratory The LNGS houses one of the largest research facilities underground specialized in low-level gamma spectroscopy. It is equipped with twelve high purity Germanium detectors (HPGe, see Fig. 8), three of them having the lowest background worldwide ever measured with such a type of

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detector. The deep undergound location greatly enhances the performance of such detectors, which are perfectly suited for a vast range of interdisciplinary applications. Part of the hardware and a researcher temporary position have been funded in the framework of the European Integrated Infrastructure Initiative for Astroparticle (ILIAS). Some examples of the activities performed in the last years are: a) measurements of geological interest on various samples (red palaeosols, marine sediments, volcanic mud, sea water, petrolific samples) in collaboration with the University of L'Aquila, the Physics Department of University of Roma-3 and with the Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV); c) neutron activation measurements for validation of computer codes for fusion technology in collaboration with the Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Environment (ENEA); d) measurements of a freshly fallen meteorite (meteorite Villalbeto de la Peña, Spain, January 4th, 2004), in collaboration with various Institutes (e.g. the University of Barcelona); e) measurements of interest for radioprotection in collaboration with CELLAR (Collaboration of European Low-Level Underground Laboratories) on samples coming from Japan: (1) from Tokai Mura, to estimate the neutron fluxes liberated in a criticality accident in a reprocessing plant for nuclear fuel; (2) from Hiroshima, for the assessment of the neutron fluxes at different distances from the ground zero of the atomic bomb; f) measurements for the experiments of LNGS: for materials selection and of activated materials for the evaluation of some nuclear reactions cross sections of astrophysical interest; g) continuous Radon monitoring in the LNGS underground halls; h) test measurements with a liquid scintillation counter for high sensitivity spectrometry of pure β and α emitters. i) Alpha spectroscopy with small silicon detectors.

Fig. 8: View of some of the HPGe Detectors in the Low Background Laboratory of the LNGS. 2.7 Interdisciplinary underwater laboratory. Submarine scientific installations are of great interest for a vast range of interdisciplinary studies including physics, geology and biology. The deep sea laboratory presently installed near the port of Catania consists of an electro-optical submarine cable, connecting the underwater installation at 2000 m depth to the shore, and a shore station located inside the Catania port area. The electro-optical cable, that provides a fiber optic high-speed data transfer line and a power feeding connection for the underwater installations, is composed by a 23 km main electro-optical cable, split at the end in two branches, each one 5 km long. This installation will be completed in 2006 with the installation of a deep sea hub (“junction box”), that will allow distribution of the power

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feeding, control signals and high speed data transfer to several experiments of different research fields. INFN will use the infrastructure to implement prototypes of structures designed for high-energy neutrino detection (“NEMO Phase 1” project). The Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) has already installed and connected (January 2005), using one of the cable branches, the “SN-1” seismic and environmental observatory (see Fig. 9). This station constitutes the first active node of the European Sea Floor Observatory Network (ESONET). The aim of ESONET is to establish the basis for a marine component of GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) comprising a network of long-term, sea floor, multi-disciplinary observatories at key locations around the European coastline providing continuous vigilance in relation to geophysical, bio-geochemical, oceanographic and biological phenomena. An acoustic detection station, realized by INFN, has also been installed and connected in January 2005 and is taking data ever since. A relevant by-product of this station, which has been designed with the aim of measuring the acoustic background noise in view of possible future developments of acoustic detection of high energy cosmic particles, is the possibility to monitor acoustic signals emitted by marine mammals (see Fig. 10). This feature is being exploited in collaboration with the Centro Interdisciplinare di Bioacustica e Ricerche Ambientali (CIBRA) of the University of Pavia and has already provided interesting results on the number of cetaceans present in the region. In addition, the UCL London (UK), after some pilot experiments, is designing a platform to study long-term deformation of rock samples that will also be installed and connected to the laboratory. The realization of complex network in deep sea environment represents a primary innovation also for industrial applications. Interaction with industry is foreseen in the areas of deep sea operations, production of mechanical structures for the realization of complex networks in underwater deep sea. A collaboration with Tecnomare S.p.A. is already under way under the framework of the PEGASO project, partially funded by the Regione Sicilia.

Fig. 10: Frequency vs time spectrograms of biological acoustic signals identified with the NEMO acoustic detection station.

Fig. 9: Underwater connection of the SN-1 seismic station to the electro-optical cable. (ROVoperate

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3. High Tech The INFN cooperation with industries has always represented an important ingredient to fulfill its institutional tasks. In this process, INFN can take advantage of qualified partners, allowing a strong competitiveness of the Institute in the international Collaborations, in order to build the complex instrumentation needed by the experiments. Forms of industry collaboration vary from undertaking direct contracts for developing and producing components to joint collaborative research. More precisely, the relationship between INFN and companies is characterized by the nature of the supplied product and by the sharing of responsibilities between INFN researchers and the company itself. We currently identify two typologies of interaction related only to the nature of the product:

• Acquisition of a good or a service available in the catalogue of the company, chosen on a best-offer basis.

• Request for innovative equipment not found on the market.

In these two typologies we can further distinguish two additional classes, based either on the nature of the acquired product or on the nature of the production process that creates the product. In the first case we have:

• Acquisition of a good lacking of a highly technological content. This type of relationship will be defined Low-Tech supply.

• Acquisition of a good characterized by a high technological content. This type of relationship will be defined High-Tech supply.

In the second case we can distinguish further:

• Detailed specifications of the product are found within the technological expertise of the company, which is then responsible for both the design and production phases. The final product, although not found in the catalogue, is an innovative application of the know-how of the company. This relationship will be called High-Tech Custom supply.

• Product specifications are not within the technological expertise of the company and the R&D phase is carried out in collaboration with INFN researchers, while the production phase is completely under the company responsibility. This relationship will be called High-Tech R&D.

Information on the issues of INFN High-Tech expenditures in Italy is obtained from the Industry Data Base (IDB), which was created and maintained in order to give support to the statistical analysis. Each industry is characterized in the IDB by the typology of services and goods provided to INFN or by the typology of the financial relationship with INFN (Low -Tech Supplies, High -Tech Supplies, High -Tech Custom Supplies, Hi-Tech R&D) and by the total amount of orders received by INFN.

17

We show in the following table the results of the IDB analysis, performed for the two-year period 2004-2005, in terms of the percentage of the total amount of orders to Italian firms in the four typologies. Numbers in square brackets are related to the cumulative analysis performed for the VTR three-year period 2001-2003. The analyzed sample refers to 559 [533] Italian industries, which billed each more than 130 k€ to INFN in the period 1998-2005.

Table 7.-.2004-2005 percentage of the total amount of INFN orders to Italian firms Low-

Tech Supplies

High-Tech Supplies

(B)

High-Tech CUSTOM. Supplies

(C )

High-Tech R&D

(D)

Total High-Tech

(B+C+D)

Fraction of the total amount of orders in Italy

(%)

40 [39]

26 [28]

18 [19]

16 [14]

60 [61]

It can be seen from the last column that in the two-year period 2004-2005 60% of the total amount of the orders issued by INFN to Italian industries was in relation to High -Tech items, and from the fourth and fifth columns that in 57% of these High-Tech expenditures INFN collaborated with the industries. The analysis performed for the three-year period 2001-2003 and the two-year period 2004-2005 shows persistent INFN investments and Italian industry involvement for the realization of experimental equipments and innovative instrumentation. 4. A macro-economic model of INFN impact Seen from the point of view of the national economic indexes, it is obvious that the impact of INFN activities on the global Italian economy is rather small. However, an estimate of INFN economical impact on the national industry is interesting when evaluated in the light of the specific (and limited) realm of INFN activities: the question is whether the interaction between a Research Structure and the national economy has positive implications in terms of increment of production levels, and in which industries. To assess the impact of INFN on national economy, an estimate has been made using a specific technique of economical analysis, known as Input-Output Model (or Leontief’s Model): the aim is to understand the structural interdependency of the economical system. The analysis is built around the matrix of inter-sector fluxes: the national economy is imagined as a set of production units, one for each “sector” (92 in this analysis). Each of these units implements a twofold transaction: on one side as a consumer of services and goods coming from other units that are used in its own activity (Input), on the other as producer of goods and services for the others (Output). In a defined time span a complex flow of transactions takes place among the different units, determined by the requirements of the final utilization and by the technological characteristics of the economic system.

18

The inter-sector fluxes are expressed in monetary terms: to this aim it is possible to express the flow of goods not by quantities, but by value, multiplying quantities by unit prices. Out of it, a matrix is built where each row represents units as producers and each column represents the same unit as consumer. Input-output models have been extensively used in last decades to assess the overall economic impact in the economy of any change both in agents’ behaviour and in economic policies. Being based on circular relationships among different industries, seen both as buyers and sellers, they allow taking care of complex interactions in the economy that happen after the initial impact of any change. Using technical coefficients – that are re-estimated periodically to consider the effects of technological change - they are able to catch the relative magnitude of any change. However, being those coefficients taken as fixed in the short term, they cannot show the “technological effect” of a new transaction: they show therefore, a part - albeit a very important one - of the story: the quantitative effect of a new demand on the supply of all the industries. They ignore, by definition, its qualitative effect, i.e. the fact that a new transaction may induce changes in industries’ behaviour (the technical coefficients). In summary, they tell us the quantity of new production - industry by industry - which is induced by a new transaction; they are not able to say if such a new production is qualitatively different from the past. To allow for an easier and simple comparison, the 92 sectors have then been grouped in 4 categories, using the same classification as the one used for the High-Tech analysis. The outcome of the exercise for the two-year period 2004-2005 is an economic multiplier for each category: its meaning in monetary terms represents the return coefficient of the money spent in each of them. So, e.g. 1 € spent in High-Tech supplies produces a monetary flux of 1.6 € in the Italian system. As it can be seen in the following table, there is a trend for this coefficient, as a function of the category, where the Low-Tech has the minimal return (1.4) and the R&D work the highest one (2.8). In general, 1 € spent by INFN globally produces a flux of 1.8 € in the Italian economical system. For the purpose of comparison the table contains also the results of the same exercise performed for the three-year period 2001-2003, which are shown in square brackets.

Table 8.- 2004-2005 Return coefficient originated by INFN expenditures in Italy

Low-Tech Supplies

High-Tech Supplies

High-Tech CUSTOM. Supplies

High-Tech R&D

Global

Return coefficient

1.4 [1.4]

1.6 [1.7]

2.1 [2.0]

2.8 [2.7]

1.8 [1.8]

The results show that there is a good INFN impact on the Italian industrial system in the two-year period 2004-2005 (as was the case for the previous three-year period 2001-2003).

19

5. The INFN-CERN Connection: Industrial Involvement in R&D and its Return Particle physics research obtains its achievements through the development of innovative experimental apparatus. Each new generation of particle detectors requires a period dedicated to design original structures and work out new technologies. The way bringing from ideas to concrete objects deeply involves applied science and the industrial world. The final discovery might have a value of a pure progress in the human knowledge, but the scientific instruments developed to obtain the discovery often have important applications to real life in a wide range of sectors. As an example, particle accelerators are now widely used in cancer treatment and in the development and analysis of new materials. Of the 10,000 accelerators currently in use worldwide less than 1% are for particle physics. The development of superconducting magnets for particle accelerators led to the development of the magnets used in MRI systems and brain scanners. Instruments for Positron Electron Tomography (PET) derive directly from crystal electromagnetic calorimeters designed for precision photon energy measurements in particle physics experiments. These instruments also employ computational techniques used in pattern recognition developed for particle physics research. It is difficult to measure the return of investments in advanced research fields, and notably in particle physics, because the time span between discovery, as an engine for major innovations, and applications is not predictable. However, fundamental research definitely interacts with the production system and the cooperation of scientific world and industry has as outcome products and services that can be exploited commercially by business. Collaborative projects between companies and INFN groups for the development of new technologies are often essential to ensure that performance requirements can be met on a production scale. Companies benefit from the opportunity to bid for the resulting contract and also from the knowledge gained which may be applied in other products and applications. This fruitful collaboration has attained his apex in the last few years due to the enormous R&D work, of high technological content, for the Large Hadron Collider and its detectors, that has been carried out by INFN researchers with the contribution of Italian companies, and in particular with many SMI (acronym for small and mid size industries). There has been a large transfer of technological know-how to the companies, enhancing their possibility to access a wider spectrum of opportunities. Even in the case of interaction with industry in low-tech contracts, the companies often benefit from the INFN stringent requests on quality standards. In the framework of LHC construction, INFN started research projects in several areas of interests, in strong connections with industry:

• Large super conducting magnets for the experiments and the accelerator; • Superconducting cable for magnets; • Large area silicon detectors and high density chip bonding; • Cryogenic vessels; • High voltage systems and front-end electronics for particle detectors; • High precision mechanics and composite materials.

20

A benchmark indicator of the capacity of INFN experimental research to qualify efficiently the Italian companies, is the quote of contracts assigned to them for industrial supplies at the European Centre for Nuclear Research (CERN), compared to other European countries. Tables 9 and 10 report for year 2004 and 2005 respectively the total fractional amount of contracts for industrial supplies awarded to Italian companies and the breakdown in to different activity sectors together with the comparison with the other major contributing Member States. The total fractional contribution of these Member States to CERN budget is also reported. As can be seen, the industrial return (quantified as the ratio of the fractional total value of contracts awarded to a country and the fractional contribution of the same country to CERN budget) is very good even in fields where the technological content is high and traditionally Italian industry is considered behind the one of European partners. In particular Italy is well performing in Electrical and Civil Engineering and in Low Temperature and Vacuum technology sectors. In both year 2004 and 2005 the industrial return coefficient for supplies is well above the target ones (defined with respect to the overall return of Member States) set to 0.92 (2004) and 0.93 (2005). In these last two years also in absolute terms the industrial return is higher than the contribution of Italy to CERN.

Table 9.- Percentage contribution to CERN budget and fraction of contracts awarded to different nations for various industrial supplies at CERN (year 2004, source CERN).

IT FR DE GB ES Contribution to CERN budget 12.7 16.3 21.2 16.6 7.5

Civil Construction 27,1 13,9 15,3 1,0 14,8 Electrical Engineering 24,9 21,3 30,6 5,8 2,0 Electronics 10,0 18,6 15,5 7,5 0,3 Computing 0,7 4,3 7,9 31,5 0,1 Mechanics 13,9 10,4 21,3 1,9 5,4 Low temperature and vacuum 11,5 33,3 18,6 6,5 5,0 Detectors 43,4 1,5 2,6 0,3 0,0 Total (all contracts) 18.0 21.1 22.2 5.5 4.9 Ratio Contracts/Contributions (Return coef) 1.42 1.29 1.05 0.33 0.66

21

Table 10.- Percentage contribution to CERN budget and fraction of contracts awarded to different nations for various industrial supplies at CERN (year 2005, source CERN).

IT FR DE GB ES Contribution to CERN budget 12.4 15.9 20.1 17.8 7.7

Civil Construction 23,2 20,5 15,9 0,6 16,1 Electrical Engineering 25,0 20,5 28,9 7,0 1,7 Electronics 6,3 22,1 14,1 8,2 0,5 Computing 1,7 6,4 13,1 28,2 0,0 Mechanics 15,7 14,5 10,3 2,4 7,5 Low temperature and vacuum 14,3 38,1 15,1 4,1 4,1 Detectors 0,1 2,3 1,7 5,5 0,0 Total (all contracts) 17,5 24,6 19,5 5,4 4,7 Ratio Contracts/Contributions (Return coef) 1.40 1.55 0.97 0.30 0.61

The industrial return of the abovementioned CERN Member States in the last years is compared in Figure 11, where the 2004 and 2005 results are compared with the average performance obtained by these Member States in the years 2001-2003. The graph shows a very positive trend for Italy, attaining a level very close to the one of France, which is not only a Member State but one of the Host States as well, and hence has an important natural induction of local industrial transfer.

ITFRDE GBES TARGET

Year20052004<01-03>

00,20,40,60,8

11,21,41,61,8

CERN industrial supply returnReturn coefficient

Figure 11: Return Coefficient for CERN member states (target balanced coefficient is set

to 0.90)

22

PART II. NATIONAL & INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF THE INFN SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTIVITY (G. Viesti for the INFN GLV, June 2006)

A new way of monitoring the INFN scientific productivity on a year-by-year basis is presented. The INFN figure is compared to the baseline of the average scientific production in all disciplines, as derived from the ISI database. A detailed statistical analysis of European publications in the field of Nuclear, Particle and Astro-Particle Physics is also presented. A detailed study on the scientific impact of Nations was recently published by King (Nature 430 (2004) 311). In this work, scientific productivity indicators as citations, top cited papers and papers for the years 1997-2001, as obtained from the ISI database, are analysed. The international comparison among Nations is obtained by normalizing the ISI data to macro-economical indicators (as the Wealth Intensity, i.e. the Gross Domestic Product per inhabitant, with purchasing-power corrections) that reflect the economic strength of a given country. With the aim of monitoring on a year-by-year basis the INFN scientific productivity, the number of scientific papers having at least one INFN author has been extracted from the ISI database for the year 2005 and compared to the corresponding 2004 data. The use of this indicator allows monitoring in a quantitative way the INFN scientific production on a year-by-year basis. Qualitative controls on the scientific production have to be performed by looking at the number of citation or the number of top-cited papers but with the due delay with respect to the publication period. To set the baseline on the ISI data, the number of paper in All Disciplines (AD) authored by at least one scientist belonging to the different EU15 countries is presented in Table 11 for the years 2004 and 2005.

Table 11.- ISI papers (All Disciplines Data)

Year 2004 2005 2005/4 Country Belgium 14291 17598 1.23 Denmark 10359 12450 1.20 Germany 84262 105806 1.26

Greece 8263 10082 1.22 Spain 32397 39045 1.21

France 57775 69264 1.20 Ireland 6836 8410 1.23

Italy 44913 53466 1.19 Luxembourg 193 256 1.33 Netherlands 26501 33172 1.25

Austria 10259 12238 1.19 Portugal 5618 6648 1.18 Finland 9267 10335 1.11 Sweden 18428 22005 1.19

United Kingdom 113075 141434 1.25 EU15 442439 544675 1.23

23

It is seen from Table 11 that, on average, the ratio 2005/2004 is quite large (about 1.2). The increase of published papers depends in part on the enlargement of the ISI database with the inclusion of more bibliographic sources during 2005. The increase of the number of papers authored by Italians results to be slightly lower with respect to the EU average. The INFN corresponding data are reported in Table 12.

Table 12.-INFN papers in the ISI database Year 2004 2005 2005/2004Number of papers 2159 2466 1.14

The INFN ratio 2005/2004 is slightly lower when compared to the average Italian AD value. However, a close inspection of the 2005 publications reveals that the enlargement of the ISI database to new journals is very limited in the INFN case. This means that the reported increase on the number of papers authored by INFN scientists is a real one. To obtain a closer comparison between the INFN productivity and the average AD one in Italy as well as in other European countries, the ISI data have to be normalized to macro-economical indicators, as done by King. Such indicators have been taken by the 2005 EUROSTAT Yearbook. Following the analysis presented by King, useful indicators are:

1) The Gross Domestic Product (GPD) which is normally reported in PPS units (purchasing power standards) in order to eliminate differences in price levels between countries.

2) The fraction of the GDP that is used in R&D activities, which is called

GERD (Gross domestic expenditure on R&D). A fraction of GERD is used by Government owned Research Agencies and by High Education bodies (as Universities). This part of GERD is likely to be correlated with the number of papers published in the open literature and contained in the ISI database.

3) The number of researchers in a given country. Also in this case, researchers

in Government owned Research Agencies and in High Education bodies (as Universities) have to be considered. This number is expressed as Head Counts (HC) or in Full Time Equivalent (FTE) units. In EUROSTAT the conversion between HC and FTE is country dependent, reflecting the real time devoted to R&D activities by a given country. On average, conversion factors are 0.8 for Research Institutes and 0.5 for University.

24

A sample of EUROSTAT macro-economical data is presented in Table 13.

Table 13.- Sample of data from the EUROSTAT 2005 YEARBOOK Country GDP

Millions of PPS

PPS per inhabitant

GERD% GDP

Governmentspending % GERD

Gov. Spending in R&D (PPS per inhabitant)

Researchers (Gov+HE) Head Count (HC)

Researchers(Gov+HE) (FTE)

France 1590617 25500 2.16 39.0 214.8 128486 88944 Germany 2084000 25300 2.49 31.2 196.6 218166 107500 Italy 1417500 24200 1.14 55.0 151.7 73869 41750 Spain 992141 22900 1.07 40.1 98.3 124039 68767 UK 1631416 27100 1.79 31.3 151.8 -------- 58149 EU15 9805582 25300 1.95 34.7 171.2 802261 498296

For the sake of comparison, data relative to the INFN budget and research force have to be established following the EUROSTAT conventions, i.e. taking into account the specific structure of the Institute that include a large number (about 1700) Research Associates whose salaries are not in its official budget. Consequently, the INFN budget (280 M€) is corrected for cost due to the Research Associates assuming an equal population of Full, Associate Professors and University Researchers and accounting for 1000 units at 50% of the time (i.e. University staff participating only to INFN research activities) and 700 units at 25% of the time (i.e. University staff participating part time to INFN research activities or researchers from other Italian Research Institutes) . As to the research force, the 873 INFN researchers and technologists were accounted with 0.80 FTE weight. Moreover, as above reported, 1000 units of Research Associates were accounted with 0.50 FTE weight and additional 700 units with a 0.25 FTE weight. The INFN indicators are reported in Table 14.

Table 14.- INFN Indicators INFN effective budget 329 MPPS INFN Research Force 2573 (HC) 1373 (FTE)

Once the macro-economical indicators have been established, a fair comparison can be obtained by evaluating the number of papers authored by scientists from the different European countries during 2005 in All Disciplines, as contained in the ISI database, per million of GERD PPS or per unit of researchers (as HC or FTE). Equivalent data can be evaluated for the INFN scientific production. Such data are presented in Table 15.

25

Table 15.- Number of papers authored in 2005 by Scientists from different European Countries (source: ISI database)

Country N ALL DISCIPLINES/ Government

GERD (paper/106 PPS)

N ALL DISCIPLINES/ HC Researchers

(paper/HC)

N ALL DISCIPLINES/ FTE

Researchers (paper/FTE)

France 5.17 0.54 0.78 Germany 6.53 0.48 0.98

Italy 6.02 0.72 1.28 Spain 9.17 0.31 0.57 UK 15.47 ----- 2.43

EU15 7.17 0.68 1.09 INFN 7.49 0.96 1.80

The data reported in Table 15 demonstrate that the INFN indicators of the scientific productivity are substantially higher with respect to the average Italian scientific productivity ones in all disciplines , and compares well also to the EU15 average data. It is worth noticing that this comparison also shows that the INFN research in Nuclear, Particle and Astro-Particle Physics in Italy provides a quantitative scientific output in term of published papers with respect to the input budget that is cost effective even considering the large hardware investment that characterizes such research activities. This means that the societal benefit from INFN activities is twofold in terms of both scientific outputs (papers) and durable equipment investment (see also other sections of the GLV report). In a second part of this analysis, the papers published in 2005 by INFN authors were classified in 3 different groups. The first group contains 15 selected scientific journals, from the different research INFN activity areas, in which the large majority (80%) of the papers authored by Italian scientists have at least one INFN author. Such selection of scientific journals, called in the following NPAP (i.e. Nuclear, Particle and Astro-Particle) accounts for 1156 papers, representing 46% of the total number of INFN published papers in 2005 and about 60% of its total impact factor. The list of the selected NPAP journals are reported in Table 16. The NPAP frame and relevant issues from the ISI database are used in the following to compare the scientific production in different European countries in the research fields characterizing the INFN programs. The second and third group of journals will not be considered, instead, given their reduced relevance for the present analysis. The second group includes about 60 scientific journals in which papers in Nuclear, Particles and Astro-Particle Physics and related technologies are also published together with papers in other field of Physics. An example of this group of papers is Physical Review Letters in which 122 papers have been authored by INFN in 2005, to be compared to 354 articles with an Italian author in the same period. In this group of journals, INFN scientists have published about 950 papers during 2005. The third group includes about 100 journals in other research fields (Mathematics, Biology, Medicine, Material Science, Computer Science, Nano-tech, Chemistry…) in which about 360 papers, mainly of interdisciplinary nature, have been published

26

by INFN authors during 2005. This group represents in some way the spin-off from the INFN research activity, contributing to scientific culture at large.

Table 16.- The NPAP Scientific Journals Journal ISI 2004 IF 2005 INFN

Papers Physical Review C 3.125 82 Physical Review D 5.156 232 Nuclear Physics A 2.108 88 Nuclear Physics B 5.819 89 European Journal of Physics A 1.614 52 European Journal of Physics C 3.486 57 Physics Letters B 4.619 134 Journal of Physics G 1.533 41 Nuclear Instruments & Meth A 1.349 143 Journal of High Energy Physics 6.503 103 Classical Quantum Gravity 2.941 49 Astroparticle Physics 3.610 17 Int. Jou. Mod. Phys. A 1.054 44 Journal of Math Physics 1.430 18 Communications in Math. Phys. 1.741 7 1156

Table 17.- Number of Papers published in the NPAP selected Journals (2004-5) Country 2004 2005 2005/4 Belgium 288 308 1.07 Denmark 155 149 0.96 Germany 1747 2072 1.19 Greece 149 157 1.05 Spain 550 706 1.28 France 1085 1182 1.09 Ireland 51 75 1.47 Italy 1399 1440 1.03 INFN 1153 1156 -- Luxembourg 0 0 -- Netherlands 299 341 1.14 Austria 147 156 1.06 Portugal 167 189 1.13 Finland 140 176 1.26 Sweden 301 262 0.87 United Kingdom 1025 1265 1.23 EU15 4974 5710 1.15 Japan 1203 1205 --- USA 3232 4102 1. 27

27

Looking at the NPAP journal selection, it is possible to extract from the ISI database the number of papers published during 2005 and 2004 by the EU15 countries and, for the sake of comparison, by the US and Japan. Such data are reported in Table 17 and in Fig. 12.

2005 NPAP database Number of papers authored

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Belgium

Denmark

German

y

Greece

Spain

France

Irelan

dIta

lyIN

FN

Luxe

mbourg

Netherla

nds

Austria

Portug

al

Finlan

d

Sweden UK

Fig.12

2005 NPAP database Percentage of papers authored during 2005

relative to EU15

0

10

20

30

40

Belgium

Denmark

German

y

Greece

Spain

France

Irelan

dIta

lyIN

FN

Luxe

mbourg

Netherla

nds

Austria

Portug

al

Finlan

d

Sweden UK

Fig.13

28

2005 NPAP database Average IF of papers authored during 2005

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

Belgium

Denmark

German

y

Greece

Spain

France

Irelan

dIta

lyIN

FN

Luxe

mbourg

Netherla

nds

Austria

Portug

al

Finlan

d

Sweden UK

EU15

Fig.14 It is seen from Fig. 13 that the share of the INFN scientific production is about 20 % of the total EU15. This share compares well to the data relative to France and UK, whereas the share of Germany is larger. The value of the average Impact Factor, displayed in Fig. 14, demonstrates that the production of papers in the NPAP selected journal exhibits also a fine structure due to the different weight of the papers in specific fields for each country and correlates to the difference in Impact Factor characterizing different research fields, as reported in Table 17. The international comparison based on the NPAP selected journals reveals that the INFN performance compares well with the one of other European countries both in the share with respect to EU15 and to the average Impact Factor. The 20% share with respect the total EU15 of the INFN NPAP scientific production is larger than the share of Italy with respect to EU15 in the All Disciplines data (about 10%), revealing the strong role of the INFN research in our country.

29

APPENDIX

Note: Aside of the comparison to the national/international productivity presented in the second part of this report, the novel attempt to set up a quantitative evaluation of basic research foresees to display a number of carefully chosen indicators, which were identified by the GLV as an intersection of the traditionally adopted CIVR indicators with those foreseen by the Italian Conference of University Rectors (CRUI). The values recorded for these indicators are included in the Tables which follow with reference to 2005.

Table A1(I).-2005 (2004) Scientific Productivity Indicators Research Manpower (HC)a

INFN Staff Univ. staff Researchers Technologists 100% INFN x % INFN

FTEb

620 253 1000 700 1373 Research line ⇒

Criterion ⇓ Indicator⇓ I

Subn II

Astrop III

Nucl IV

TheorV

Tec&Intd

Totalf

ISI Publ (P)c 262 (178)

204 (190)

282 (236)

1104 (1002)

283 (229)

2135 (1835)

Average IFd 4.11 (3.7)

2.03 (2.2)

2.50 (2.37)

3.60 (3.1)

1.63 (1.33)

3.11 (2.75)

Oral pres.e 228 (209)

211 (168)

189 (242)

606 (431)

275 (371)

1509 (1421)

%FTE Newf 0.62 (0.59)

0.73 (0.75)

0.51 (0.56)

0.70 (0.70)

1.00 g

Quality, Originality, Relevance & Innovation

% Res. Bdg Newf

0.75 (0.73)

0.86 (0.91)

0.63 (0.71)

0.70 (0.70)

1.00 g

a Head Counts, from INFN Home Page, of INFN + University research staff manpower. b Full-time equivalent count, weighted according to an EUROSTAT-like convention [0.8⊗(INFN researcher and technologist staff)+ 0.5⊗(University associates 100% engaged in INFN research)+ 0.25⊗(University associates x% engaged in INFN research)] + 0.0 ⊗ (PhD students+ Post-docs + Assegnisti)]. c Number of 2005 publications from ISI database. Such database includes 331 more scientific publications (for the total value of 2466) authored by at least one INFN affiliate, and issued from initiatives not directly connected to a single scientific line. d IF=Impact Factor. e Presentations at International Conferences held by INFN affiliates. f Fractions of FTE Manpower & Budget dedicated to new initiatives. g In practice, the Tec & Intd research line scores 100% innovation. Comments: (i)With respect to 2004, a general increase is verified in the absolute numbers of ISI publications and relevant Impact Factors, as well as for those of oral presentations by INFN speakers. (ii) In all research lines a majority fraction of the research budget is allocated to innovative developments.

30

Table A1(II).-2005 (2004) Scientific Productivity Indicators (follows)

Research line ⇒ Criter.⇓ Indicator⇓

I Subn

II Astrop

III Nucl

IV Theor

V Tec&Intd

% Publ.j 0.96 (096)

0.67 (0.83)

0.95 (0.95)

0.60 (0.45)

0.19 (not specif.)

% Manpow.k 0.90 (0.94)

0.86 (0.83)

0.94 (0.99)

0.60 (0.45)

0.63 (not specif.)

% Leadershipl 0.27 (0.27)

0.54 (0.50)

0.37 (0.45)

m n

(NI→Ab+NAb→I)/ Ntot

o 0.25 %Foreign Us. LNF LNGS LNL LNS Average

Internatio- nalization

0.37 (0.43)

0.62 (0.51)

0.32 (0.42)

0.38 (0.33)

0.42 (0.44)

j,k Fractions of publications performed & Research Manpower engaged, respectively, in International Collaborations l Fractions of leadership roles of INFN participants to International Collaborations; m Although operating in the context of international collaboration, researches of the theorist line are not structured with official leadership roles. n Short-term development activities, currently not coordinated by international Collaboration Protocols. o Ratio of (Researchers + Technologists) staff in mobility [from INFN towards abroad (NI→Ab) + from abroad to INFN (NAb→I)] vs. Ntot(Staff Researchers+Technologists).

Research Line⇒Criterion ⇓ Indicator⇓

I Subn

II Astrop

III Nucl

IV Theor

V Tec&Intd

ISI publications/FTEq 1.8 % INFN Authoring r 0.26

(0.41) 0.76

(0.73) 0.43 (0.53)

0.54 (0.58)

0.62 (0.70)

Productivity

% Milestones fulfillment r 0.81 (0.80)

0.77 (0.83)

0.76 (0.79)

0.81 (0.77)

q Average value of 2005 ISI INFN publications/FTE researcher. r Percent accomplishment of established Milestones. s Average fraction of INFN-affiliated Authors vs. total in 2005 ISI publications. Comments: (i)The general trend towards full internationalization of INFN research is confirmed. (ii)The INFN Leadership in International Collaborations and Authorship roles keep satisfactory levels. (iii) As a whole, more than 40% of the INFN NL users are from abroad (the largest attendance at LNGS is confirmed. (iv)The average Milestone fulfillment of INFN research is close to 80%.

31

Table A1 (III).- Scientific events organized by INFN in 2005 (2004):

International Conferences, Workshops, Schools of Physics Research Line Total

Subnuclear Physics 18 (8) Astroparticle physics 13(9) Nuclear Physics 15 (11) Theoretical Physics 46(50) Technological & Interdisciplinary Res. 28(28)

Total 120(106) Comments: a lively activity for all the research lines (still growing with respect to previous years).

Table A2.-Socio-economic & Interdisciplinary Impact Indicators Criterion Indicator Value

% Laurea degrees in Physics from thesis work on INFN projects (NL,INFN/NL,Phys)

30 % a

% PhD degrees in Physics from thesis work on INFN projects (NPhD,INFN/N PhD,Phys)

52% a

Education

% Temporary appointments (Ntemp/Ntot) 0.45 b

Number of visitors (public at large) of the INFN National Labs

21806 Dissemination of scientific culture (sampling on the LN)

Number of events at the INFN National Labs 466

% INFN Research budget spent for Experimental Equipment

40.2% c

% Apparatus Budget for High-Tech orders to Italian firms

60%

Return coefficient (from Leontief I/O model) 1.8 d

High-Tech investment & Economical Return

CERN Return Coefficient 1.4 e

Interdisciplinarity 2005 INFN publications on Interdisciplinary Applications

218

a 2004 values. b N (PhD Students, Fellows, Assegnisti) / Ntot (Researchers+Technologists + PhD Students, Fellows, Assegnisti) . c Budget allocations for Experimental Equipment / (Total CSNs research Budget); d Global value, two-year period 2004-2005; e (% Contracts to Italian firms)/(% Italian contribution to CERN). Comments: (i) Each INFN Sezione or NL issued in 2005 about 25 degrees in Physics and 9 PhD in Physics. (ii) The share of temporary appointments is close to 50%, which means in practice a one-to-one ratio of temporary and staff research manpower. (iii) About 10% of the INFN ISI publications in 2005 were dedicated to interdisciplinary subjects.

32

Table A3.-Indicators of Resources Attraction & Management Criterion Indicator Value

Number (NEU) of EU contracts running in 2005 36 Number of research projects (NPext) from different Agencies (ASI, CNR,PRIN) with INFN participation

76 Capacity of attracting resources

Fraction of INFN income from other Agencies (EU, ASI, CNR, PRIN...) with respect to yearly INFN ordinary research -budget (Fext/FINFN)

7,5 %

Fraction of research manpower with respect to total INFN manpower. a

0.84

Ordinary INFN budget per FTE res. (FINFN/ Ntot)a 85 k€

Resource Management

Fraction of INFN budget actually used during 2005 (Fused/ FINFN)

0.85

aNtot (Researchers+Technologists+Technicians)/ (Ntot(Researchers+Technologists+Technicians+ Administrative Staff)