number of unitschemhaven.org/che102/ep/ch27_4x6_print.pdf · 2012. 3. 17. · milk, yogurt, cell...
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![Page 1: Number of Unitschemhaven.org/che102/EP/Ch27_4x6_Print.pdf · 2012. 3. 17. · milk, yogurt, cell membranes D‐Fructose ketohexos e furanose honey, sweetest sugar D‐Ribose aldopento](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060916/60a95e89b55dbd3fcd6a8eb1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Number of Carbohydrate Units
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Monosaccharides = single unitDisaccharides = two unitsOligiosaccharide = 3‐10 unitsPolysaccharide = 11+ units
Bonus:• Can you name the most common Mono (4), Di(3), and Poly(4)‐saccharides
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Number of Carbons
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3C = Triose4C = Tetrose5C = Pentose6C = Hexose7C = Heptose
Most common are 5 and 6 Carbon Carbohydrate
Bonus:• Can you name the most common pentose?• Can you name the most common hexoses?
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Functional Group
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Aldose = aldehyde Ketose = ketone
Bonus:• Can you name a common example of each?
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D or L Isomer
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• The orientation of the OH group furthest from the most oxidized end of a carbohydrate.
• The bottom OH on a properly drawn Fischer Projection
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Size of Ring
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Furanose = 5 member ring ‐ Ald/Ket + OH 4 carbons a way
Pyranose = 6 member ring ‐ Ald/Ket + OH 5 carbons away
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Anomers
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Definition:• Diastereomers that differ in the configuration/orientation around the
OH group on the carbon capable of mutarotation(hemiacetal or hemiketal carbon)
• BUDA (Beta Up, Down Alpha)
Beta ‐ Up
Down ‐ Alpha
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Epimers
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Definition:Two monosaccharide's that differ in the configuration around a single carbon.
OH
O
H OH
H OH
H OH
H OH
OH
O
OH HH OHH OHH OH
OH
O
H OHOH HH OHH OH
OH
O
H OHH OHOH HH OH
OH
O
H OH
H OH
H OH
OH H
D‐allose D‐altrose D‐glucose D‐gulose L‐talose
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Drawing Pyranose Rings
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#1/5 CarbonsReact
L‐side OHare up
R‐side OHare down
• Number the chain to decrease mistakes• Left OH’s Up• Right OH’s Down• #6 ‐ CH2OH group up for D‐isomers
Hemiacetal reaction
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Drawing Furanose Rings
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#2/5 CarbonsReact
L‐side OHare up
R‐side OHare down
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Drawing Disaccharides
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• Formed by a dehydration reaction• Draw a disaccharide given two monosaccharide's and the linkage• Name disaccharides• First ring (yl ending), Second normal
“Sucrose”α‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1,2)‐β‐D‐fructofuranose
“Lactose”β ‐D‐galactopyranosyl‐(1,4)‐α‐D‐glucopyranose
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Hemiacetals, Acetals,Hemiketals, and Ketals
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O
OH
HH
H
OH
OH
H OH
HOH
Hemiacetals and Hemiketals• Capable of mutarotation• React easily• Reducing sugars
Acetals and Ketals• Not Capable of mutarotation• Not Reactive (hydrolysis)• Not Reducing sugars
O
H
HHH
OH
H
OH OH
OH
OH
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Monosaccharide’s
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4 Most Common Monosaccharide'sStructuralIsom
ers
D‐Glucose aldohexose pyranose bloodsugar, cellular
respiration
D‐Galactose aldohexose pyranose milk, yogurt, cell
membranes
D‐Fructose ketohexose furanose honey, sweetest sugar
D‐Ribose aldopentose furanose DNA
OH
O
H OH
OH H
OH H
H OH
OH
OH H
H OH
H OH
O
OH
OH
O
H OH
OH H
H OH
H OH
OH
O
H OH
H OH
H OH
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Disaccharides
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3 Most Common Disaccharides
Maltose α‐D‐Glucose + α‐D‐Glucose α‐1,4beer, starch breakdown product
Lactose β‐D‐Galactose + α‐D‐Glucose β‐1,4 milk sugar
Sucrose α‐D‐Glucose + β‐D‐Fructose α‐β‐1,2 table sugar
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Polysaccharides
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4 Most Common Polysaccharide'sStarch
Amylose α‐1,4 helix plant energy storage
Amylopectin α‐1,4 (main)α‐1,6 (side) treelike plant energy storage
Glycogen similar to amylopectin treelike animal energy storage
Cellulose β‐1,4 linear/sheets
plant structural storage
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Starch
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Amylose:• 25‐1300 α‐D‐Glucose units• α‐1,4‐glycosidic bonds• Forms coils/helical/telephone structure• Energy storage for plants
Amylopectin:• 25‐1300 α‐D‐Glucose units• α‐1,4‐glycosidic bonds, branched every 25
glucose with a α‐1,6‐glycosidic bond• Forms tree like structure• Energy storage for plants
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Glycogen
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Glycogen:• 25‐1300 α‐D‐Glucose units• α‐1,4‐glycosidic bonds, branched every 12‐18
glucose with a α‐1,6‐glycosidic bond• Forms tree like structure• Similar to amylopectin, but more branched• Energy storage for animals
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Cellulose
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Cellulose:• 25‐1300 β‐D‐Glucose units• β‐1,4‐glycosidic bonds• Forms linear chains, strong H‐bonds leads
to the formation of sheets• Resistant to hydrolysis, indigestible by humans• Most abundant organic substance in nature• Chief structural component of plants and wood
or
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Mutarotation
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• Process by which anomer’s are interconverted• Equilibrium between cyclic and chain form.• Occurs because hemiacetal carbon can open/close
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Oxidation Reactions
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Mild OxidationAld CA
Strong OxidationAld CAAlc CA
‐“onic” acid
‐“aric” acid
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Reduction Reaction
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ReductionAld Alc ‐“itol” acid
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Kiliani‐Fischer Reaction
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CyanohydrinRxn
Aldehyde CyanohydrinReduction
Rxn
Carboxylic Acid Aldehyde
HydrolysisRxn
Carbon ChainGains a Carbon
3C 4C
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Redox Tests
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Redox Tests for Carbohydrates:• Benedicts/Fehling/ Barfoeds – Cu+2 Cu2O (s) “Blue Brick Red ppt
• Tollens – Reduce Ag+ Ag (s) “Silver Mirror”• Sugar is Oxidized, Metals are Reduced
mono/digeneral tests
Functional Groups:• Free Aldehydes• α‐hydroxyketones• Hemiacetal
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Dehydration/Hydrolysis
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Carbohydrate molecules are joined by Dehydration Reactions (‐H2O)Di/Oligio/Polysaccharides are broken apart by Hydrolysis Reactions (+H2O)
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Dehydration/Hydrolysis
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Carbohydrate molecules are joined by Dehydration Reactions (‐H2O)Di/Oligio/Polysaccharides are broken apart by Hydrolysis Reactions (+H2O)
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Miscellaneous Applications
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Sweeteners
Antigens / Blood Types