number of marketed drugs
DESCRIPTION
Number of marketed drugs. Source: The Norwegian Medicines Control Authority. Number of marketed drugs manufactured in Norway and abroad. The top 20 pharmaceutical companies on the Norwegian market, 1998 Sales, veterinary products excluded. The top 25 drugs in Norway, by value, 1998. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Number of marketed drugs
Year No. of drugs on the market No. of drugs No. of drugs New chemical Chemical entitiesapproved withdrawn entities accumulated
1970 2.038 113 1461980 1.986 62 921988 2.108 118 91 181989 2.180 124 52 231990 2.209 109 80 191991 2.223 97 83 101992 2.244 113 92 221993 2.303 121 62 161994 2.355 128 78 301995 2.418 141 78 151996 2.492 172 93 311997 2.630 253 170 46 980
Source: The Norwegian Medicines Control Authority
Number of marketed drugs manufactured in Norway and abroad
1992
Manufac-tured
abroad79 %
Manufac-tured in Norway21 %
1997
Manufac-tured abroad85 %
Manufac-tured in Norway15 %
The top 20 pharmaceutical companies on the Norwegian market, 1998
Sales, veterinary products excluded
Total sales 1998, pharmacy purchase price mill NOK
1 MSD (Norge) A/S 6042 Glaxo Wellcome AS 5003 Astra Norge AS 4564 Pharmacia & Upjohn AS 4075 Nycomed AS 3486 Pfizer A/S 3137 Novo Nordisk Pharma AS 3058 Paranova A/S 2329 Novartis Norge A/S 198
10 Zeneca AS 18211 Weifa AS 17812 Alpharma AS 17413 Janssen-Cilag AS 14714 Bristol-Myers Squibb Norway ltd 13815 Eli Lilly Norge A.S 12716 Rhone-Poulenc Rorer AS 11817 H. Lundbeck A/S 10918 Roche Norge A/S 10719 Searle Scandinavia, div. of monsanto norway a/s 9920 Organon A/S 84
Company
The top 25 drugs in Norway, by value, 1998
The top 25 drugs represent 2,175 mill NOK, corresponding to approximately 35% of the total sales on pharmacy purchase levelSource: FARMASTAT
Product Main indication Total sales 1998, Defined daily doses pharmacy purchase price (DDD) per 1.000
mill NOK inhabitants per day.1 Zocor Høyt kolesterol / High cholesterol 287 23,52 Losec Magesår / Gastric Ulcer 179 7,93 Norvasc Høyt blodtrykk / High blood pressure 134 18,84 Pulmicort Astma / Asthma 120 12,25 Renitec Høyt blodtrykk / High blood pressure 107 19,36 Imigran Migrene / Migraine 101 0,87 Flutide Astma / Asthma 97 7,18 Seroxat Depresjon / Depression 97 8,29 Cipramil Depresjon / Depression 89 7,6
10 Serevent Astma / Asthma 80 6,511 Lipitor Høyt kolesterol/ High cholesterol 79 8,012 Insulin Insulatard Sukkersyke / Diabetes 76 6,613 Selo-Zok Høyt blodtrykk / High blood pressure 73 9,914 Sandimmun Neoral Nedsatt immunforsvar / Immune suppression 72 0,515 Carduran Høyt blodtrykk / High blood pressure 69 8,216 Ventoline Astma / Asthma 65 10,917 Paracet Smerter / Pain 61 14,218 Zyrtec Allergi / Allergy 61 15,019 Cozaar Høyt blodtrykk / High blood pressure 55 5,820 Zestril Høyt blodtrykk / High blood pressure 52 9,821 Zyprexa Schizofreni / Schizophrenia 50 0,822 Zoladex Kreft / Cancer 45 0,723 Zoloft Depresjon / Depression 44 3,724 Paralgin forte Smerter / Pain 42 9,425 Lanzo Magesår / Gastric ulcer 41 2,0
The top 10 drugs in Norway, by units, 1998.
ProductNumber of units
sold (x 1000
Several products on this list are painkillers. Albyl-E is in addition to being a painkiller also used as an anticoagulant in low doses.Otrivin, Rhinox and zymelin are nasal decongestants, in cold. Source: FARMASTAT
1 Paracet 6.2402 Ibux 1.7623 Otrivin 1.5524 Paralgin forte 1.0105 Rhinox 9156 Pinex 8667 Albyl-E 7938 Panodil 7689 Pamol 740
10 Zymelin 569
Sales of drugs distributed on therapeutic groups (ATC), 1996 and 1997
ATC groups Sales 1996 Change 1996-1997 Sales 1997 Share 1997
C Cardiovascular system 1.565 12,90 % 1.766N Central nervous system 1.560 6,10 % 1.654R Respiratory system 1.094 7,40 % 1.175A Alimentary and metabolism 926 11,80 % 1.035J Systemic antiinfectives 504 8,00 % 545B Blood and bloodforming organs 406 8,10 % 438G Urogenitals and sex hormones 351 9,20 % 383M Musculo-skeletal system 295 20,90 % 356L Antineoplastics and immunosuppressives 287 21,20 % 348D Dermatologicals 260 3,80 % 270S Sensory organs 224 3,90 % 233H Systemic hormones excl. sex hormones 212 3,90 % 220V Various 141 8,70 % 153Q Veterinary products 116 6,00 % 123P Antiparasitic products 22 1,50 % 22
Total 7.961 9,60 % 8.722
Number of units of drugs sold distributed on non-prescription and prescription drugs, 1998
Distribution, total number of units
Non-presription45 %
Prescription55 %
65.5 million units of drugs were sold in 1998. 55% of these were prescription drugs and 45% were non-prescription drugs. 47% of all prescriptions handled in the pharmacies are reimbursable prescriptions (blue-prescriptions). There are in average more units prescribed per blue prescription in comparison with white prescriptions (non-reimbursable) - 55% of all units of prescription drugs sold are reimbursable.
Kilde/Source: Norges Apotekerforening, FARMASTAT, The Norwegian Association of Proprietor Pharmacists, FARMASTAT
Prescription drugs - percentage reimbursable, 1997
Distribution, units of prescription drugs
Reimbursable55%
Non-reimbursable45 %
65.5 million units of drugs were sold in 1998. 55% of these were prescription drugs and 45% were non-prescription drugs. 47% of all prescriptions handled in the pharmacies are reimbursable prescriptions (blue-prescriptions). There are in average more units prescribed per blue prescription in comparison with white prescriptions (non-reimbursable) - 55% of all units of prescription drugs sold are reimbursable.
Source: The Norwegian Association of Proprietor Pharmacists, FARMASTAT
Prescription drugs - percentage reimbursable, 1997
Distribution, number of prescriptions
Non-reimbursable prescriptions (white)
53%
Reimbursable prescriptions
(blue)47 %
65.5 million units of drugs were sold in 1998. 55% of these were prescription drugs and 45% were non-prescription drugs. 47% of all prescriptions handled in the pharmacies are reimbursable prescriptions (blue-prescriptions). There are in average more units prescribed per blue prescription in comparison with white prescriptions (non-reimbursable) - 55% of all units of prescription drugs sold are reimbursable.
Source: The Norwegian Association of Proprietor Pharmacists, FARMASTAT
Private pharmacies’ composition of sales, 1997
Prescription drugs71,2 %
Non-pharmaceuticals13,5 %
Other goods3,4 %
Non-prescription drugs (OTC)11,9 %
Source: The Norwegian Association of Proprietor Pharmacists
Sales of drugs in Norway, fixed and variable prices, 1980 - 1998
Source: Norwegian Board of Health and Statistics Norway
Year Pharmacy drug sale Pharmacy drug sales Pharmacy drug sales Pharmacy drug pr. capita (1998 currency) sales pr. capita (1998 currency)
Mill. NOK NOK Mill. NOK NOK1980 1.515 370 3.773 9211985 2.701 649 4.368 1.0491990 4.967 1.169 5.934 1.3971991 5.484 1.283 6.335 1.4821992 5.838 1.358 6.590 1.5331993 6.418 1.484 7.082 1.6381994 6.729 1.547 7.323 1.6841995 7.577 1.734 8.049 1.8421996 8.169 1.860 8.569 1.9511997 8.865 2.007 9.065 2.0521998 9.590 2.155 9.590 2.155
Distribution of the total drug sales. (Pharmacy retail level)
Veterinary products1,5 %
OTC12,0 %
National Insurance 54,0 %
Non-reimbursable prescription drugs
11,5 %
Patient co-payment6,0 %
Hospitals15,0 %
31.1% of the total drug bill is covered by the consumers. The patients’ contribution is distributed on non-reimbursable drugs, non-prescription drugs, veterinary products and co-payment for reimbursable drugs. The diagram is made by using data from various sources and should only be used with that in mind
Source: LMI
Public health care and drug expenditure, 1988 - 1997
1)National Insurance and hospitals2) % of public health care expenditure
Source: Statistics Norway and The Norwegian Board of Health
Public drug expenditure 1) per capita
1988 639.591 42.351 6,6 2.573 6,1 6101989 682.347 43.105 6,3 2.806 6,5 6631990 722.071 45.675 6,3 3.191 7 7511991 762.774 50.352 6,6 3.582 7,1 8381992 784.296 52.550 6,7 3.953 7,5 9191993 823.339 54.036 6,6 4.277 7,9 9891994 869.742 56.145 6,5 4.585 8,2 1.0541995 925.866 60.390 6,5 5.053 8,5 1.1561996 1.017.794 65.850 6,5 5.454 8,3 1.2421997 1.084.788 71.985 6,6 6.109 8,5 1.383
Public health care expenditureGDP
NOKmill NOK % 2)% of GDPmill NOKmill NOKYear
Public drug expenditure 1)
National Insurance Administration drug expenditure, percent increase, 1989 - 1998
14,9
11,8
7,8
12,5
11,2
12,5
8,910,7
15,2
0
4
8
12
16
1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98
% C
han
ge
Source:National Insurance Administration
Drug expenditure in private and public sector, 1989 - 1997
Sales on pharmacy retail level
Source: The Norwegian Board of Health
År TotalYear
mill NOK mill NOK % mill NOK % mill NOK %
1989 4.350 821 18,9 1.985 45,6 1.544 35,51990 4.967 904 18,2 2.287 46 1.776 35,81991 5.484 955 17,4 2.627 47,9 1.902 34,71992 5.838 1.016 17,4 2.937 50,3 1.885 32,31993 6.418 1.079 16,8 3.198 49,8 2.141 33,41994 6.729 1.135 16,9 3.450 51,3 2.144 31,91995 7.577 1.169 15,4 3.884 51,3 2.524 33,31996 8.169 1.156 14,2 4.298 52,6 2.715 33,21997 8.865 1.330 15 4.779 53,9 2.756 31,1
Hospital National insurance Private share
Drug expenditure in private and public sector, 1989 - 1997
Sales on pharmacy retail level
45,6 4647,9
50,3 49,851,3 51,3 52,6 53,9
18,9 18,21514,215,416,916,817,417,4
34,731,1
33,233,331,9
33,432,335,5 35,8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Hospitals
National insurance,reimbursement of drugs
Private share
Source: The Norwegian Board of Health
Public drug expenditure* (1997-currency)
31073372
3636 37834000
42684549
4967
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Public drug expenditure excl.VAT
VAT
* National insurance and hospitalsThe figures are in 1997-currency (corrected by the consumer price index)VAT in Norway was 20% until 31.12.1992. It was increased to 22% on 01.01.1993 and to 23% on 01.01.1995.Source: The Norwegian Board of Health
Public drug expenditure, percent increase, excl. VAT, (1997-currency)
8,57,8
4
5,7
6,7 6,6
9,2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97
Per
cen
t
Public drug expenditure: National Insurance and hospital. The increase in expenditure is calculated in 1997-currency(corrected by the consumer price index)
Source: The Norwegian Board of Health
The share of innovative drugs of the total sales, 1993 - 1998
Sales in mill NOK, 1998-currency, on pharmacy purchase level
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Innovative drugsNon-innovative drugs
Source: LMI
Public health care expenditures, NOK per capita, 1997
17482
11386
4707
1389
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
Total Institutions Others Pharmaceuticales,devices, equipment etc.
Source: Statistics Norway
Consumer expenditure on pharmaceuticals compared to other expenses NOK per capita, 1997
624
1940
3701
4868
5145
13166
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
Pharmaceuticals
Postage and telephone
Refreshments andtobacco
Electricity and heating
Clothing
Food
Source: Statistics Norway and Norwegian Board of Health
Norway’s import and export of pharmaceutical products, 1988 - 1997
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Mil
l N
OK
ImportEksport
Source: Statistics Norway, based on OECD Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) division 54
Import distributed on countries of origin, 1997
USA3,8 % Others
11,0 %
Sweden20,0 %
Netherlands17,2 %
Germany11,4 %
Denmark10,6 %
UK8,6 %
Switzerland7,1 %
Belgium5,7 %
France4,6 %
Total import 1997: 4.363 mill NOKSource:Statistics Norway, based on OECD Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) division 54
Export distributed on export countries, 1997
USA8,2 %
Finland5,2 %
Japan4,0 %
UK4,0 %
Italy3,8 %
Others31,5 %
Sweden17,2 %
Austria9,0 %
Denmark8,5 %
Ireland8,6 %
Total export 1997: 1.537 mill NOKSource:Statistics Norway, based on OECD Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) division 54
The Pharmaceutical Industry’s investments in research and development (R & D) in Norway,
NOK million, 1995 - 1997
592,5
571,4
602
555560565570575580
585590595600605
1995 1996 1997
Mil
l N
OK
Source: LMI
The Pharmaceutical Industry’s investments in research and development (R & D) in percent of drug sales in Norway
(pharmacy purchase price), 1995 - 1997
Source: LMI
12,5
11,210,8
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1995 1996 1997
%
Parallel imported drug sales in Norway, 1995 - 1998 (pharmacy purchase price in NOK million)
Source: FARMASTAT
9,1
69,8
191,6
421,3
0
100
200
300
400
500
1995 1996 1997 1998
Mil
l N
OK
Percentage of drug sales 0,2 1,4 3,4 6,9
Structural effects in sales, (pharmacy purchase price), 1989-1998
8,9
13,4
9,9
7,5
12,1
10,3
2 2,3
5,2
2,7
-1,2
-2,4
-0,9-1
3,7 3,8
5
0,8
4,1
7,9
6,7 6,65,5
6,1 6,45,3 5,3
9,5
8,2
10,6
12,7
0,7 0,1
-0,1
1,6
5,9
2,4
5,3
7,55,8
-3
0
3
6
9
12
15
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Total increase in sales
Change in prices
Change in volume
Change due to new drugs
Total sales increased by 10.3% in 1998 (pharmacy purchase price). The increase is caused by a price reduction of -0.9%, an increase in number of doses (change in quantity) of 5.9% and change due to new drugs of 5.3%.
Source: Norwegian Medicinal Depot
Prices on drugs - divided on the distributors, 1996
VAT18,7 %
Manufacturer58,7 %
Wholesaler4,5 %
Pharmacy18,1 %
Prescription and non-prescription drugs.
Source: Norwegian Competition Authority
Price changes on drugs (pharmacy purchase price) and general inflation, annual percent increase,
1993-1998
1,4
2,4
1,3
2,62,3
1,5 1,6 1,6
3,5
4,6
-2,4
0,7
-0,1
0,1
-0,9
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98
Consumer price index
Food
Drugs
Source: Statistics Norway, Norwegian Medicinal Depot
Leading Corporate Groups, Global Performance, 1996
Company billion USD Market share, %
Total market 296,4 1001 Novartis 9,8 4,42 Glaxo Wellcome 9,8 4,43 Merck & Co 8,9 4,04 Hoechst Marion Roussel 7,4 3,35 Bristol Myers Squibb 7,1 3,26 Johnson & Johnson 6,9 3,17 American Home Products 6,9 3,18 Pfizer 6,9 3,19 SmithKline Beecham 6,0 2,7
10 Roche 6,0 2,7Top 10 75,7 34,0
Source: IMS International, Pharmaceutical World Review (Presented by MEFA in Facts, 1997)
Leading products world-wide, 1996
Source: Scrip Magazine, 1998 (Presented by LIF in Facts, 1998)
Product, Company Main indication mill USD1 Losec, Astra Magesår / Gastric Ulcer 4.3312 Zantac, Glaxo Wellcome Magesår / Gastric Ulcer 3.0163 Renitec, MSD Høyt blodtrykk / High blood pressure 2.8194 Zocor, MSD Høyt kolesterol / High cholesterol 2.8005 Epogen, Amgen Anemi / Anaemia 2.5176 Pravachol, Bristol myers-squibb Høyt kolesterol / High cholesterol 2.4937 Adalat, Bayer Høyt blodtrykk / High blood pressure 2.3938 Fontex, Eli Lilly Depresjon / Depression 2.356 9 Humulin, Eli Lilly Sukkersyke / Diabetes 2.176
10 Norvasc, Pfizer Høyt blodtrykk / High blood pressure 1.795
Price level on drugs in some European countries, 1998
Norway = 100
88,6
91,5
93,5
94
97,3
100
102,1
103,5
104,9
108,1
119,6
122,3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
France
Finland
Austria
Italy
Sweden
Norway
Denmark
Belgium
The Netherlands
Germany
UK
Switzerland
The price index is calculated from pharmacy purchase prices and Swedish volumes in 1997, and exchange rates per 2.1.98. The pharmacy purchase prices are from each country’s pharmacy price lists.Source.: Apoteket AB, Sweden. (The figures are calculated to Norway = 100)
Pharmaceutical consumption per capita in Europe, 1997
98
99
109
122
134
135
154
155
157
166
179
192
205
216
216
237
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
Grecce
Ireland
UK
The Netherlands
Spain
Norway
Denmark
Italy
Portugal
Austria
Finland
Germany
Sweden
Belgium
Switzerland
France
The figures are calculated on the basis of sources, using methods specific to each country. Strict comparisons between countries may therefore not be reliable.
Source: EFPIA
Health expenditure in OECD-countries, 1996Totale helseutgifter i % av BNP / Total health expenditure in % of GDP
10,59,7 9,7 9,6
8,6 8,5 8,3 8,2 8 7,9 7,8 7,7 7,4 7,4 7,3 7,3 7,2 7,2 7 7 6,9 6,86,3
5 4,6 4,2 4
14
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1994 -figures: TurkeyGDP: Gross Domestic ProductThe figure for Norway in the above diagram is different from the ones presented on page 15 due to different data sources.Source: OECD in figures, 1998
Public drug expenditure in percent of public healthcare expenses in some European countries, 1997
8,3
8,5
10,8
12
12,4
13,4
15
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Denmark
Norway
Italy
Germany
Sweden
The Netherlands
Switzerland
%
Source: EFPIA
Composition of consumer prices (%) of medicine in Europe (pharmacy retail price), 1996
87,5
76,7
68,6
65,4
64,4
59,3
59,4
62,3
56,4
57
56,6
56,7
56,3
49,9
48
62,6
7,5
3,2
7,6
7
6,7
8,1
4,5
12
8,5
10
8,5
4
8,8
5,8
4
10,3
5
20,1
19
25,5
25
28,8
17,4
20
33,1
33
29,2
19,3
21,9
24
29
27,1
4,8
2,1
3,9
3,8
18,7
5,7
2
5,7
20
13
20,3
19
0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 % 80 % 90 % 100 %
Ex factory price
Wholesaler's margin
Pharmacy,s margin
VAT
Source: EFPIA (presented by LIF in Facts, 1998)
1. The ”official” wholesaler’s margin is 12,5%, but of this 7,5 % is passed on to the Pharmacists as incentive bonus.
VAT; Zero on prescrption medicines and 17,5 % on OTC.
2. VAT on OTC are 25 % and no VAT on prescription drugs.
3. VAT on OTC are 5 %
4. Prescription only medicine.
5. Prices are on oral medicine only
6. 1997- figures
7. Reimburable medicine.
8. Local manufactures only. Other taxes (13,0 %), besides VAT (7,4 %)
9. VAT and Pharmacy fee.
Composition of consumer prices (%) of medicine in Europe (pharmacy retail price), 1996 Page 2
VAT on drugs and other products and services in Europe, 1999
Country Standard VAT rate Prescription Non-prescriptionDenmark 25 25 25Norway 23 23 23Germany 16 16 16Italy 20 10 10Finland 22 8 8Greece 18 8 8Belgium 21 6 6Netherlands 17,5 6 6Portugal 17 5 5Spain 16 4 4France 1) 20,6 2,1 - 5,5 2,1 - 5,5Switzerland 7,5 2,3 2,3Ireland 2) 21 0 - 21,0 0 - 21,0Austria 3) 20 0 - 20,0 0 - 20,0Sweden 25 0 25UK 17,5 0 17,5
VAT rates on drugs
VAT RATES APPLIED TO MEDICINES PER FEBRUARY 1, 19991)FRANCE: Reimbursable medicines 2.1%. Non-reimbursable medicines 5.5%2) IRELAND: Oral medication 0%, other medication 21%3)AUSTRIA: 0% for medicines covered by health insuranceSource: EFPIA
The most common causes of death, 1995
23
17
11
5
44
Cau
ses
of d
etah
in
%
Cardiovascular diseases
Tumors
Other diseases
Respiratory diseases
Violent deaths
Source: Statistics Norway
Disablement pensions according to diagnosis, 1997
Accidents, poisioning and
violence 5 %
Nervous system and sensory organ
diseases 7 %
Mental diseases29 %
Circulatory diseases
8 %
Musculoskeletal system diseases
33 %
Other causes18 %
Total number of disablement pensions per December 1997: 246 541
Source: National Insurance Administration
Expenditures of the National Insurance (NOK billion), 1998
0,9
3,3
4,2
5,3
5,3
13,8
14,4
16,5
28,1
58,5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Other costs
Administration
Occupational rehabilitation
Drugs
Unemploment benefits
Healthcare
Social benefits
Sickness benefits
Disablement
Retirement
NOK billion
Source: National Insurance Administration
Expenditures of the National Insurance
National Insurance Administration’s expenditures in 1998: NOK 150 355 millions
Source: National Insurance Administration
Drug expenditures of the National Insurance
3,5 %
Other costs of the National Insurance
96,5 %
Operating costs at the largest hospital in Norway, (Ullevål hospital) in 1996 and 1997 (percent share)
63,3
28,4
3,3
69,4
27,4
3,2
0
25
50
75
Salaries and socialcosts
Other costs Drugs
Per
cen
t
19961997
Source: Ullevål Hospital
Prescription statistics, 1997. Reimbursable drugs, distribution of sales on
reimbursement groups
CNS disorders11 %
Cardiovascular diseases
33 %
Diabetes5 %
Asthma14 %
Others26 %
Oesophageal Reflux disease
5 %
Allergy6 %
Calculated on the basis of sales from a selection of pharmacies
Source:The Norwegian Association of Proprietor Pharmacists
Key figures for hospital admissions
Hospital beds
22 687
17 19015 617 15 140 15 314 15 181 15 028
1980 1990 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Nu
mb
er
Key figures for hospital admissions
Average hospitalization days
10,69,8
8,07,4
6,8 6,6 6,5 6,4
1980 1984 1988 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997
Day
s
Source: Statistics Norway
Key figures for hospital admissions
Discharges
604 269612 724
605 552610 611 610 611
627 032633 982
651 710662 881
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Nu
mb
er o
f p
atie
nts
Inhabitants per physician and per dentist, 1994 - 1998
850 836 823 801 782
232242272298 284
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Nu
mb
er
Inhabitants perphysician
Inhabitants perdentist
Source: The Norwegian Board of Helth and Statistics Norway
Inhabitants per pharmacy, 1994 - 1998
12495 12310 12068 11843 11569
0
5000
10000
15000
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Nu
mb
er
Source: The Norwegian Board of Health and Statistics Norway