NC L HI

I. Tng quan v nguyn liu nha amNhaam, hay cn gi lL hi, Long tu, Lu hi.

Tn khoa hcAloe Vera Linne.

Thuc h bch huLiliaceae. 1.1. Ngun gc ca nha amCy Nha am c ngun gc t Bc Phi v Trung ng, t rt lu c loi ngi s dng lm thuc. Ti liu c nht l ca ngi Sumeri, vit bng ch hnh nm trn nhng phin t nung, tm thy thnh ph Nippur, c nin i 2200 nm trc Cng nguyn. H s dng ton b l l hi lm thuc ty x. n nm 1550 trc Cng nguyn, c ghi chp ca ngi Ai Cp c i trn giy sy. Ngi Ai Cp c dng l Nha am n thun hoc phi hp vi nhiu dc tho thnh 12 dng bo ch khc nhau, dng cha nhiu bnh bn trong v bn ngoi. Khong 400 nm trc Cng nguyn, l Nha am kh v nha Nha am c bn sang chu . Khong 50 nm trc Cng nguyn, Celsius, mt thy thuc Hy Lp s dng nha l hi trong y hc lm thuc ty. T y Nha am ngy cng c s dng rng ri trong y hc Hy Lp - La M v y hc phng Ty sau ny. Khong th k th 7-8, i Ty - ng, l hi c s dng Trung Quc. Quyn sch thuc sm nht ca Trung Quc (i ng) c chp v Nha am l sch Bn tho, (Tn tu bn tho ca L Tch). Ngi Trung Quc gi cy ny l L hi, c ngha l loi cy cho nha en. Cc thy thuc Trung Quc dng n cha cc bnh st cao, co git tr em cng nh dng lm thuc ty x. Vo th k 16-17, Nha am theo chn ngi Ty Ban Nha sang chu M. Cy tr nn ph bin ti o Carib, Trung v Nam M. T y vng t mi ny li tr thnh ni sn xut chnh xut khu Nha am sang chu u. Nm 1720 cy Nha am c Carl Von Linne m t v t tn Aloe Vera Linne, cng l tn khoa hc ca cy dng ti ngy nay. Nm 1820, Nha am chnh thc c cng nhn trong Dc in M vi tc dng ty x v bo v da.

Ti Vit Nam, cy Nha am mc hoang ven b bin cc tnh Ninh Thun, BnhThun. Hin nay Nha am c nhn ging mt cch khoa hc v trng nhiu ni trn ton quc cung cp cho cng nghip ch bin v p ng nhu cu tiu dng ca mingi. Nhiu cng ty ch bin thc phm v nc ung u t v khuyn khch cc h nng dn trng v pht trin vn cy Nha am trn bnh din rt ln p ng nguyn liu cho sn xut. 1.2. c im ca nha am

1.2.1. Cu to ca nha am Hnh: L nha amL dng cy c mp mu xanh lc nht, thn ngn ha g mang mt b l dy mng nc. L hnh ba cnh, mp dy, c rng ca th cng, di 30-50 cm, rng 5-10 cm, dy 1-2 cm.

L Nha amgm 2 phn: phn ngoi l lp v xanh, khi ct ngang chy ra nha mu vng c mi hc, kh chuyn thnh mu en; phn trong l phn tht mng nc dng gel.Cm hoac cn cao khong 1m, mc thnh chm thng xung, hoa to u, c cc mnh bao hoa dnh thnh hnh ng, mu vng lc nht.Qu nanghnh trng mu xanh, cha nhiu ht.

1.2.2. Thnh phn ho hc ca nha am- Nc l thnh phn chim mt t l rt cao trong nha am khong 98,5% - 99,5%, ch c khong 0,5% - 1,5% l cht kh.

- Ty theo ngun gc v chng loi, Nhaam c thnh phn ha hc khc nhau nhng cn bn th c nhng tnh cht sau:

Tinh du mu vng c si 266 2710C. Nhaam c mi hcc bit, khng quan trng v tc dng dc l. Nha 12 13% c tc dng ty. Hot cht ch yu l cht Aloin. Aloin khng phi l mt cht thun nht m l mt hn hp gm cc cht Antraglucozit c tinh th, vng c tc dng ty. Ngun gc ca Nhaam c nh hngn t l aloin trong l. Thng thng th t l aloin vo khong 10 20%. Nhaam VitNamxcnh lng aloin c t l vo khong 22 26%. Bn cnh aloin c tinh th cn c nhng cht khng c tinh th v aloe enmodin t do.

VitaminNhaam c rt nhiu vitamin vi hm lng cao, hu ht cc loi vitaminu c tr vitamin D.c bit hm lng vitamin A (B-caroten), C v Eu cao. Mt hm lng nh vitamin B1, B2, B3, B12. Aloe Vera l mt loic bit c cha rt nhiu vitamin thch hp cho ngi n chay.

LigninLignin c tc dng thu ht cc cht dinh dung Nhaam vo cc t chc t bo di da, kch thch h thng tun hon mu di da. Nh vy lm gim thiu tia s ph hy ca cc vt thng l lot v lm mn da. Nng cao s hp th cc cht ca da, km hm s lo ha ca t bo da, do lm tng thm m ca da.

EnzymeNhaam gm c cc enzyme lm tiu ha trong bao t, b gy cc phn t cht bo vng. Cc enzyme nh: oxidase, amylase, catalase, lipase.. ngC trong lp cht nhy ca cc t bo xung quanh lp Gel bn trong ca l. Nc bitn nh l mt mucopolysaccharide, cht lm tng cng h thng min dch v gip giic:Aloe vera cha 2 loi monosaccharide v poly saccharide,c bit quan trng l mchng di ca gluco-mannons. Cc cht nyc tiu ha ngay ch khng b b gy mch phn t nh cc loing khc v c mt trong mu vi dng thc banu. Nhngng trong s poly saccharide khngc hp th s bm vo cc t bo dc theo thnh rut v tr thnh lp o bo v vng chc ngn chn s hp th cc cht khong khng cn thit cho c th nn c kh nng chng li cn bnh vimng rut.

Khong cht (Minerals)C cc cht calcium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, magnesium, zine, copper, chromium, ... cc cht b thin nhin ny gip tng cng sinh lc, chng mt mi pht sinh t cc sinh hot thng nht. Cht chng oxy ha selenium, nhng chc nng chuyn bit ca nhng h enzim khc nhau trong nhng conng traoi cht khc nhauu cn phi c nhng cht khong v cc nguyn t vi lng cho d ch cn mt lng rt nh.

Anthraquinones complex.

Antraglucside: aloin A v B ( khong 30-40%)

Trong nha cy c 12 hp cht phenolie. Vi mt s lng tngi nh chng khng c biu hin hiu qu ty m chng h tr cho vic hp th t d dy rut v c tc dng lm gimau, tr vim da, ngn nga tia s xm nhp ca ccc t, vi khun. nhng loi nc ung dinh dng thng mi hin nay, ngi ta loi bra v n c th lm cho ngi tiu dngau bng nu nng hn c th gy ra hin tng tiu chy. Nhng vi mt lng rt nh th n li mangn hiu qu c ch trong gi tr y hc.

SapominsC tc dng thanh lc trong c th, chng c th khng li vi khun, virus, nm v nm men rt tt, chng chim t l 3% trong gel Aloe vera.

Acid boGm c 4 loi steroid thc vt: cholesterol, campesterol, B.sisosterol v lupeol. Chng l nhng tc nhn khng vim cc k quan trng v hiu qu.

Amino acidAmino acid l thnh phn xut hin trong nha am vi s lng kh ln: 18 amino acid. Trong , c 9 trong 10 amino acid cn thit i vi c th (tr Tryptophan).

Acid salicylicL mt hp cht tng t aspirin. N c tc dng chng vim v khng khun. Thnh phn acidAcid hin din trong nha am di hai dng l acid bo v acid to v chua.

Thnh phn acid bo gm: acid oleic, acid linoleic v acid linolenic, y l nhng aci bo cha bo ha c hot tnh sinh hc cao. Ngoi ra, cn c acid stearic, acid palmitic, acid lauric,

Acid to v chua c acid citric, acid malic,.. Hp cht phenol

Nha am cha khong 13,6% cc cht thuc nhm hydroxymethyantharquinon nh aloin A (barbaloin A), aloin B, isobarbaloin (C21H22O9). Trong nha nha am cha nhm ny khong 30%-40%.Nhm anthraquinon gm cc hp cht chnh nh: emodin, aloemodin (C15H10O6), acid chrysophanic, aloeresistanol.1.2.3. Cng dng ca nha am Lm p da

Nha am c tc dng lm da mn mn, se kt l chn lng, hn ch tit b nhn, khng khun nga vim da nn dng cha mn trng c rt tt. Chnh v vy m chit xut nha am ph hp vi mi loi da t da kh n da nhn, dng tr mn, phng nng hoc chng lo ho u tuyt vi c. H tr tiu hoMt h tiu ho kho mnh phi m bo nhim v hp th tt cc cht dinh dng t cc mn n m teen mm vo mi ngy. Thanh nhitNha am l liu thuc t nhin gii c cho c th. Nu lch hc v lm vic khin bn phi kt thn mt cch bt c d vi nhng hng qun bn thc n ngoi ng hay nhng tim fast food th bn nn b sung nc hoc ch nha am u xanh vo thc n hng tun ca bn. Tng cng sc khngUng nc nha am thng xuyn s gip bn duy tr mc cn nng kho mnh, ng thi cung cp cc vitamin v khong cht quan trng cho c th. Nha am khng h lm bn bo ln m li gip bn duy tr ngun nng lng cho c th hot ng. Trong ch n ung hng ngy ca chng ta, cc vitamin v khong cht khng c b sung y nn chng mnh c th cn nhc ung 1 ly nc nha am cung cp nhng vitamin cn thiu y.Bn cnh cc vitamin v khong cht, nha am cn cha rt nhiu cht chng oxy ho. Nhng cht ny khng nhng gip c th chng mnh tng cng sc khng m cn chng lo ho v h tr iu tr, cng nh ngn nga bnh ung th na.

1.3. Yu cu ngoi cnhNha am l ging cy thuc h xng rng nn a nhng vng t ct kh, nng v khng chu c ngp ng hay thi tit lnh.1.4. Nguyn liu ph

1.4.1. ng

Saccharose c bit n vi ci tn th trng l ng knh, c tinh ch ch yu t ma hoc cc loi thc vt c ngt khc nh c ci ng (ph bin Chu u), p ly nc. Sau qu trnh x l t tinh khit cao, nc ng s kt tinh thnh ht, thng thy nh ht ct nn hay c gi l ng ct.

Trn th trng, c 2 loi ng tinh luyn l RE (refined extra) v RS (refined standard). ng RE tt hn, trng hn, hm lng tp cht t hn so vi ng RS . Tuy nhin, rt kh phn bit ng RE bng mt thng.ng s dng trong thc phm l ng tinh luyn RE. ng tinh luyn l ng saccharrose c tinh ch v kt tinh c Pol trn 99,8% (trn 99,8% l ng saccharose).ng sacchrose c ch bin t ma. Ty theo ging ma, t ai v iu kin canh tc, hm lng ng trong cy ma c th t 8-16%. Khi sn xut ly c 78-90% lng ng trong cy ma, trong iu kin sn xut th cng thng c 55-65%.

Bang 1.1: Cht lng ng sacchroza theo( TCVN)1696-75Chi tiu

ng knh loi I (%)

ng knh loi II(%)

Hm lng sacchroza

99,65

99,45

m

0.012

0,12

Hm lng cht kh

0.15

0,17

Hm lng tro

0,1

0,12

Bang 1.2: Mt s chi tiu ca ng RE

Cc chi tiu

Cht lng ng tinh luyn RE

Pol(%)

99,80

m(%)

0,05

Hm lng tro(%)

0,03

Hm lng tp cht

0,03

Hm lng ng kh(%)

0,03

mu St (%)

1,20

1.4.2. NcBng 2.1 : Tiu chun nc dng trong ch bin hp:

Ch tiu cht lngTiu chun

1. Ch tiu vt l:

Mi v

trong( ng Dienert)

Mu sc( thang mu Coban)Khng

100ml

50

2. Ch tiu ha hc:

pH

cng ton phn ( c)

cng vnh vin

CaO

MgO

Fe2O3MnO

BO4-3SO4-2NH4+NO2-NO3-Pb

As

Cn

Zn

F

kim tng cng

Mui NaCl

Chlore t do sau lc ctSau lc thanNc ra chaiSt

c

Mu sc

Mi v

Tng cht ha tan

Tng s vi khun hiu kh

Coli form6 7,8