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UNIT-2 BUSINESS COMMUNICATION REQUIREMENT OF EFFECTIVE ORAL COMMUNICATION Oral Communication is the ability to talk with others to give and exchange information & ideas, such as: ask questions, give directions, coordinate work tasks, explain & persuade. How we use this skill greeting people and taking messages reassuring, comforting or persuading seeking information & resolving conflicts facilitating or leading a group Make a good set of notes you can follow at a glance, and PRACTICE your presentation. Dress for the occasion and tidy yourself up. Do something about hair that tends to fall into your face. Avoid wearing a hat or cap because it can obscure your face. Arrange the environment to suit your presentation and get rid of distractions—erase needless information from the boards, turn off equipment you're not going to use, close or open windows, blinds, and doors to aid audience visibility, hearing, and comfort. Turn on enough light so people can adequately see you, your eyes, and your facial expressions. Check the operation of audiovisual equipment before your presentation. Have a backup plan in case it fails. Make sure your notes and other materials are in proper order before you begin. Get rid of any gum or food you might have in your mouth. Don't hold a pen or paper clip or anything else that you might twiddle and distract your listeners. Stand or sit up straight with your weight balanced. Avoid slumping, twisting, or leaning on the lectern, table, or computer console. Don't stand in the light from the projector. Make eye contact before you start to speak, as you normally do in beginning a conversation. Don't start with "um" or "okay."

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Page 1: Nupur Notes

UNIT-2 BUSINESS COMMUNICATION

REQUIREMENT OF EFFECTIVE ORAL COMMUNICATION

Oral Communication is the ability to talk with others to give and exchange information & ideas, such as: ask questions, give directions, coordinate work tasks, explain & persuade.

How we use this skill greeting people and taking messages

reassuring, comforting or persuading

seeking information & resolving conflicts

facilitating or leading a group Make a good set of notes you can follow at a glance, and

PRACTICE your presentation. Dress for the occasion and tidy yourself up. Do something about

hair that tends to fall into your face. Avoid wearing a hat or cap because it can obscure your face.

Arrange the environment to suit your presentation and get rid of distractions—erase needless information from the boards, turn off equipment you're not going to use, close or open windows, blinds, and doors to aid audience visibility, hearing, and comfort. Turn on enough light so people can adequately see you, your eyes, and your facial expressions.

Check the operation of audiovisual equipment before your presentation. Have a backup plan in case it fails.

Make sure your notes and other materials are in proper order before you begin.

Get rid of any gum or food you might have in your mouth. Don't hold a pen or paper clip or anything else that you might twiddle and distract your listeners.

Stand or sit up straight with your weight balanced. Avoid slumping, twisting, or leaning on the lectern, table, or computer console. Don't stand in the light from the projector.

Make eye contact before you start to speak, as you normally do in beginning a conversation.

Don't start with "um" or "okay." Talk to your listeners as if you are having a conversation with

them.

o Make plenty of genuine eye-to-eye contact with members of the audience.

o Avoid merely reading your presentation.o Focus on sharing your ideas. Communicate.

Use your voice expressively and meaningfully.

Page 2: Nupur Notes

o Minimize the uhs, ums, likes, and y'knows.o Enunciate words clearly. Don't mumble or garble them.o Speak with appropriate loudness and speed. Consider audience, place,

and topic.o Use variations in speed, inflections, and force to enhance your meaning and hold audience attention. Avoid monotony.

Use your body expressively and meaningfully.o Look interested in your topic. Show your enthusiasm, sincerity,

commitment.o Minimize distracting mannerisms and aimlessly shifting weight or

moving about.o Use gesture and movement naturally to describe things, underscore transitions, and emphasize points.

REQUIREMENT OF EFFECTIVE AUDIO-VISUAL COMMUNICATION

At some point in your academic or professional life, you’ll have to stand in front of people and give a talk about a subject, and quite often, you’ll be asked to prepare visual materials to accompany your talk. You might prepare handouts, but odds are, you’ll be asked to prepare materials that you can project on a video screen.

The classic version of these projected materials is the overhead transparency, a thin sheet of clear plastic that you can run through a laser printer or write on with special markers; this medium is slowly disappearing, but it’s still around. Sometimes, you might be able to prepare paper documents and project them to a screen via a document camera, but doc cams aren’t entirely common, and they can only present static images. Instead, you’ll usually be asked to create a dynamic presentation using software such as PowerPoint, Prezi, or Keynote. Many other programs exist, including what Google has to offer, but these are the three most common presentation programs.

Each program has its own special abilities and strengths, but they all share common basic principles that you can manipulate to create memorable, effective, and interesting presentations. Here, you’ll learn basic principles to

select an effective presentation format

choose readable typefaces

place visual elements onscreen

choose colors

select appropriate backgrounds

choose visual and audio effects

Page 3: Nupur Notes

deliver a memorable, effective presentation

REQUIREMENT OF EFFECTIVE VISUAL COMMUNICATION

 

 10 Tips For Designing Effective Visual Communication

 Without good design, even the best, most compelling story is lost. Follow these design best practices to ensure that your visual communication is both beautiful and effective.1.   COLOR Use no more than five colors in a single layout. Color should be used

sparingly to highlight important information.2.  TYPOGRAPHY All fonts should be legible and appropriate for the

communication style.3. LAYOUT Present content in a way that guides readers through in a logical

hierarchy. Aligning the elements in a layout with each other will help maintain consistency.

4. CALLOUTS Use callouts sparingly to highlight only key information.5. SPACE Keep significant negative space. When too much information is in a

layout, messaging becomes cluttered and incoherent.6. ILLUSTRATION Illustration should match tone and subject matter. Only include

if it enhances the content.7. ICONOGRAPHY Icons should be simple, easy to understand and universal;

they’re meant to enhance comprehension, never distract.8. DATA Don’t overwhelm the reader with multiple graphs of single data points

when one combined will suffice.9. PROPORTION The eye can be deceiving; make sure items are appropriately

sized in data visualizations so as not to skew data.10.SIMPLICITY Avoid unnecessary design, including 3D charts, ornamental

illustration or extraneous elements.

REQUIREMENT OF EFFECTIVE NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

 

1.  Pay Attention to Nonverbal Signals

People can communicate information in numerous ways, so pay attention to things like eye contact, gestures, posture, body movements, and tone of voice. All of these signals can convey important information that isn't put into words.

Page 4: Nupur Notes

By paying closer attention to other people's unspoken behaviors, you will improve your own ability to communicate nonverbally.

2.  Look for Incongruent Behaviors

If someone's words do not match their nonverbal behaviors, you should pay careful attention. For example, someone might tell you they are happy while frowning and staring at the ground.

Research has shown that when words fail to match up with nonverbal signals, people tend to ignore what has been said and focus instead on unspoken expressions of moods, thoughts, and emotions.

3.  Concentrate on Your Tone of Voice When Speaking

Your tone of voice can convey a wealth of information, ranging from enthusiasm to disinterest to anger. Start noticing how your tone of voice affects how others respond to you and try using tone of voice to emphasize ideas that you want to communicate. For example, if you want to show genuine interest in something, express your enthusiasm by using an animated tone of voice.

4.  Use Good Eye Contact

When people fail to look others in the eye, it can seem as if they are evading or trying to hide something. On the other hand, too much eye contact can seem confrontational or intimidating.While eye contact is an important part of communication, it's important to remember that good eye contact does not mean staring fixedly into someone's eyes. How can you tell how much eye contact is correct? Some communication experts recommend intervals of eye contact lasting four to five seconds5.  Ask Questions About Nonverbal Signals

If you are confused about another person's nonverbal signals, don't be afraid to ask questions. A good idea is to repeat back your interpretation of what has been said and ask for clarification. An example of this might be, "So what you are saying is that..."6.  Use Signals to Make Communication More Effective and Meaningful

Remember that verbal and nonverbal communication work together to convey a message. You can improve your spoken communication by using body languagethat reinforces and supports what you are saying. This can be especially useful when making presentations or when speaking to a large group of people.7.  Look at Signals as a Group

A single gesture can mean any number of things, or maybe even nothing at all. The key to accurately reading nonverbal behavior is to look for groups of signals that reinforce a common point. If you place too much emphasis on just one signal out of many, you might come to an inaccurate conclusion about what a person is trying to communicate.

Page 5: Nupur Notes

8.  Consider Context

When you are communicating with others, always consider the situation and the context in which the communication occurs. Some situations require more formal behaviors that might be interpreted very differently in any other setting.

Consider whether or not nonverbal behaviors are appropriate for the context. If you are trying to improve your own nonverbal communication, concentrate on ways to make your signals match the level of formality necessitated by the situation.9.  Be Aware That Signals Can be Misread

According to some, a firm handshake indicates a strong personality while a weak handshake is taken as a lack of fortitude. This example illustrates an important point about the possibility of misreading nonverbal signals. A limp handshake might actually indicate something else entirely, such as arthritis.

Always remember to look for groups of behavior. A person's overall demeanor is far more telling than a single gesture viewed in isolation.10.  Practice, Practice, Practice

Some people just seem to have a knack for using nonverbal communicationeffectively and correctly interpreting signals from others. These people are often described as being able to "read people."In reality, you can build this skill by paying careful attention to nonverbal behavior and practicing different types of nonverbal communication with others. By noticing nonverbal behavior and practicing your own skills, you can dramatically improve your communication abilities.

UNIT-1 ESSENTIALS OF GOOD ENGLISH

Suffixes are placed after words to modify their meanings; like prefixes, they are groups of letters that rarely serve a purpose unless attached to a word. Here is a list of some of them to give you an idea of how to identify suffixes.

Suffix Meaning Examples

-able/-ible capable of portable, legible

-ac/-ic like/related to cardiac, Nordic

-acystate/quality of

beingprivacy, legitimacy

-acious/-icious full of gracious, malicious

-al related tological,

philosophical

Page 6: Nupur Notes

-ance/-encestate/quality of

beingmaintenance, permanence

-domstate/quality of

beingfreedom, kingdom

-eer/-er/-or person whomountaineer,

writer, counsellor

-escent becoming, to beadolescent, fluorescent

-esque like/reminiscent ofpicturesque, Kafkaesque

-fy to make magnify, electrify

-iferous containing, yieldingvociferous,

carboniferous

-ise make, become civilise, terrorise

-ish having qualities of hellish, fiendish

-ismdoctrine, belief,

practicefavouritism, communism

-ist person who chemist, florist

-itystate/quality of

beingingenuity, oddity

-less without brainless, endless

-mentstate/quality of being, result of action, process

enjoyment, embankment, abridgement

-ness state of beingthinness, loneliness

-oid like celluloid, ovoid

-ose full of adipose, verbose

-osis conditionhypnosis, psychosis

-ous full ofillustrious, nauseous

Page 7: Nupur Notes

-ship position heldfriendship,

membership

-sion/-tionstate/quality of

beingtorsion,

transition

-tudestate/quality of

beingfortitude, certitude

-y characterised by funny, greedy

LIST OF ANTONYMS

Above – Below

Absent – Present

Achieve – Fail

Add – Subtract

Afraid – Confident

After – Before

Amateur – Professional

Ancient – Modern

Argue – Agree

Arrive – Depart

Arrogant – Humble

Ascend – Descend

Attack – Defend

Awake – Asleep

Bad – Good

Beautiful – Ugly

Before - After

Better – Worse

Big – Little

Birth – Death

Black – White

Blunt – Sharp

Bold – Timid

Page 8: Nupur Notes

Brave – Cowardly

Brief – Long

Bright – Dull

Busy – Idle

Buy – Sell

Cautious – Careless

Cheap – Expensive

Clean – Dirty

Close – Open

Cold – Hot

Complex – Simple

Compliment – Insult

Cool – Warm

Crazy – Sane

Crooked – Straight

Cruel – Kind

Dark - Light

Day - Night

Deep – Shallow

Decrease – Increase

Demand - Supply

Destroy – Create

Divide – Unite

Down - Up

Drunk – Sober

East – West

Easy – Difficult

End – Begin

Even – Odd

Evening – Morning

Expand – Contract

Fail – Pass

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False – True

Fat – Skinny

Fiction – Fact

Float - Sink

Follow – Lead

Foolish - Wise

Forgive – Blame

Freeze - Boil

Full – Empty

Generous – Stingy

Gentle – Rough

Giant - Dwarf

Give – Receive

Gloomy – Cheerful

Grief – Joy

Guilty - Innocent

Happy – Sad

Hard – Soft

Heaven – Hell

Heavy – Light

High – Low

Hire - Fire

Huge – Tiny

Hungry - Full

Idle – Active

In – Out

Include - Exclude

Individual – Group

Innocent – Guilty

Inside – Outside

Joy – Sadness

Kind – Cruel

Page 10: Nupur Notes

Knowledge – Ignorance

Last – First

Laugh – Cry

Less – More

Lie – Truth

Like – Dislike

Likely – Unlikely

Liquid – Solid

Lonely – Crowded

Long – Short

Loose – Tight

Lost – Found

Love – Hate

Major – Minor

Man – Woman

Marvelous – Terrible

Mature – Immature

Maximum - Minimum

Mix – Separate

Moist – DryMore – Less

Most – Least

Move – Stay

Near – Far

Never – Always

New – Old

Noisey – Quiet

None – All

North – South

Nothing – Something

Now – Then

Obvious – Hidden

Odd – Even

Page 11: Nupur Notes

Often – Seldom

Old – Young

On – Off

Optimist - Pessimist

Ordinary – Extraordinary

Over – Under

Pain – Pleasure

Panic – Calm

Partial – Complete

Passive – Active

Peace - War

Permanent – Unstable

Play – Work

Plentiful – Sparse

Polite – Rude

Poor – Rich

Positive – Negative

Powerful – Weak

Praise – Criticism

Pride – Modesty

Private – Public

Problem – Solution

Profit – Loss

Quality – Inferiority

Quick – Slow

Raise – Lower

Random – Specific

Rare – Common

Raw – Cooked

Regret – Rejoice

Remember – Forget

Right – Wrong

Rigid – Flexible

Rise – Sink

Rough – Smooth

Rude – Polite

Page 12: Nupur Notes

Same – Different

Segregate – Integrate

Seldom – Often

Sell – Buy

Send – Receive

Shame – Honor

Short – Long

Show – Hide

Simple - Complicated

Single – Married

Sour – Sweet

Spend – Earn

Start – Stop

Started – Finished

Stay – Leave

Stiff – Flexible

Stop – Go

Strength – Weakness

Strong - Weak

Student – Teacher

Sturdy – Weak

Sunny - Cloudy

Superb – Inferior

Tame – Wild

Teach – Learn

Temporary – Permanent

Thin – Wide

Tidy – Messy

Timid – Bold

Together – Apart

Top - Bottom

Toward – Away

Tragic – Comic

Transparent - Opaque

Triumph – Defeat

True – False

Page 13: Nupur Notes

Union – Separation

Unique – Common

Upset – Stabilize

Urge – Deter

Vacant – Occupied

Vague – Definite

Vertical – Horizontal

Victory - Defeat

Villain – Hero

Visible - Invisible

Wax - Wane

Wealth – Poverty

Well - Sick

Wet – Dry

White – Black

Wild – Tame

Win – Lose

With – Without

Worthy – Worthless

Young - Old

Prefixes are placed before the words to modify their meanings; like suffixes, they are groups of letters that rarely serve a purpose unless attached to a word. Here is a list of commonly used prefixes to give you an idea of how to identify them.

Prefix Meaning Examples

-a On/in/out/fromAway, aboard,

arise, alight

-al all Alone, already

-be by Below, before

-by Be/on the side Bypass, byword

-for through forget, forgive

-fore before Forecast, foresee

-gain against Gainsay

Page 14: Nupur Notes

-in in Inside, income

-mis wrong Mislead, mistake

-over Above/beyondoverflow,

overcharge

-out out Outside, outcome

-to this Today, tonight

-unNot/to reverse an

actionUnkind, untie

-under belowUnderground,

undersell

-with Against/back Withdraw, withhold

-wel In good condition Welcome, welfare

LIST OF SYNONYMS

Abroad - Overseas

Accord - Agreement

Admit - Confess

Agree - Consent

Alike - Same

Allow - Permit

Amount - Quantity

Angry - Mad

Answer - Response

Ask - Inquire

Attire - Dress

Away - Absent

Awful - Terrible

Baby - Infant

Beautiful - Pretty

Becoming - Fitting

Beg - Implore

Begin - Commence

Page 15: Nupur Notes

Belly - Stomach

Big - Large

Bizarre - Weird

Blank - Empty

Brave - Bold

Broad - Wide

Bucket - Pail

Busy - Active

Calamity - Disaster

Candy - Sweets

Center - Middle

Change - Transform

Chiefly - Mainly

Choosy - Picky

Close - Shut

Collect - Gather

Complete - Total

Confine - Restrict

Confuse - Mixed Up

Considerate - Thoughtful

Contrary - Opposite

Correct - Right

Cunning - Clever

Dash - Sprint

Daybreak - Dawn

Dedicated - Committed

Deliberate - Planned

Delicate - Fragile

Destiny - Fate

Disclose - Reveal

Discount - Reduction

Disgrace - Shame

Eager - Keen

Elevate - Raise

Enormous - Huge

Enquire - Investigate

Page 16: Nupur Notes

Evaluate - Assess

Evil - Bad

Exactly - Precisely

Except - Apart From

Exit - Leave

Extra - Additional

Fair - Unbiased

False - Untrue

Famous - Renowned

Fantastic - Great

Fast - Quick

Finish - Complete

Formerly - Previously

Fortunate - Lucky

Fun -Entertaining

Function -Operate

Funny - Amusing

Garbage - Trash

Get - Receive

Glad - Happy

Glitter - Sparkle

Good - Fine

Grab - Seize

Grumble - Grouse

Hall - Corridor

Handsome - Good Looking

Happily - Fortunately

Hard - Difficult

Hazard - Danger

Help - Assist

Hint - Tip

Huge - Enormous

Hurt - Injure

Hurry - Rush

Ignore - Snub

Ill - Sick

Page 17: Nupur Notes

Imitate - Mimic

Immediate - Instantly

Impact - Affect

Impartial - Neutral

Important - Significant

Inconsiderate - Thoughtless

Infamous - Notorious

Infect - Contaminate

Informal - Casual

Innocent - Harmless

Inspect - Examine

Instructions - Directions

Insufficient - Inadequate

Intellectual - Mental

Intelligent - Smart

Intend - Mean

Inventory - Stock

Invoice - Bill

Jealous - Envious

Job - Work

Joy - Delight

Kid - Child

Kind - Benevolent

Learn - Memorize

Lethal - Deadly

Listen - Hear

Little - Small

Lots - Many

Loving - Fond

Loyal - Faithful

Lucid - Clear

Mad - Crazy

Make - Build

Maintain - Preserve

Maybe - Perhaps

Meeting - Assembly

Page 18: Nupur Notes

Mild -Gentle

Misery - Distress

Modern - Contemporary

Movie - Film

Native - Local

Necessary -Essential

Near - Close

New - Recent

Nice - Pleasant

Noon - Midday

Notify - Inform

Numerous - Many

Odd - Strange

Old - Mature

Ornament - Decoration

Outgoing - Friendly

Overlook - Miss

Oversee - Supervise

Part - Section

Particular - Specific

Perception - Insight

Perfect - Flawless

Possibility - Opportunity

Praise - Compliment

Provide - Supply

Quake - Tremble

Quite - Fairly

Raise - Lift

Real - Genuine

Receive - Get

Regret - Remorse

Reliable - Dependable

Remark - Comment

Renew - Resume

Respond - Reply

Rest - Relax

Page 19: Nupur Notes

Rich - Wealthy

Rock - Stone

Rude - Impolite

Sad - Unhappy

Safe - Secure

Scared - Afraid

See - Look

Select - Choose

Significant - Meaningful

Sincere - Honest

Sleepy -Drowsy

Slim - Sender

Steady - Firm

Stop - Cease

Suggest - Propose

Sure - Certain

Symbolize - Represent

Talk - Speak

Temper - Mood

Temporary - Transitory

Think - Ponder

Tiny - Small

Transform - Convert

Trustworthy -Reliable

Try - Attempt

Uncommon - Unusual

Uncooked - Raw

Under - Below

Unfortunate - Unlucky

Use - Utilize

Usually - Generally

Vague - Indistinct

Vanquish - Conquer

Vary - Differ

Vast - Huge

Want - Desire

Page 20: Nupur Notes

Weak - Feeble

Withstand - Resist

Yell – Shout

PunctuationPunctuation marks are important in both written and spoken English. In written English, the correct usage of these symbols helps to express the intended meaning of the sentence. In spoken English, punctuation marks denote the pauses and intonations to be used when reading aloud.

Incorrect punctuation can change the meaning of a sentence.

For instance, compare the following two sentences:

Let’s eat Mom.

Let’s eat, Mom.

Do you see how the usage of a comma changes the entire meaning in both the sentences? The disappearance of comma in the first sentence indicates that the speaker is asking to eat their Mom, which does not make sense. Whereas, the comma after let’s eat in the second sentence helps to convey the meaning that the speaker is suggesting to their Mom to go and start eating, which sounds more sensible and also saves a life.

Symbols of Punctuation

Some of the commonly used punctuation marks are:

Full Stop- (.) Usually used at the end of a sentence.

Question Mark- (?) Usually used at the end of an interrogative sentence to form a question.

Comma- (,) Usually used to denote a pause in a sentence.

Exclamation Mark- (!) Used to denote shock, surprise, anger or a raised voice.

Colon – (:) Used to indicate what is to follow next

Semi Colon (;) Used to link two independent clauses not joined by a conjunction or used to separate two independent clauses in place of comma

Apostrophe- (') Used to show possession or for contraction of word.

ABBREVIATIONS

   AAI – Airport Authority of India•    ABCDEFGHIJ – American Born Confused Desi Emigrated From Gujarat, House In Jersey•    AGP – Asom Gana Parishad, regional party in Assam•    AI – Air India, a PSU•    AIADMK – All-India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam•    AIR – All India Radio, state owned radio stations

Page 21: Nupur Notes

•    AP – Andhra Pradesh; Arunachal Pradesh•    ASLV – Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle•    BCCI – Board of Cricket Control in India•    BG – Broad Gauge (trains or tracks (5ft. 6in. – the broadest in the world)•    BJP – Bharatiya Janata Party, national political party, rightwing, pro-Hindu•    BSP – Bahujan Samaj Party, political party, promotes lower caste interests•    CBI – Central Bureau of Investigation (like American FBI)•    CBSE – Central Board of Secondary Education•    Chi.  Chiranjeevi, the title/salutation for a bridegroom•    CII – Confederation fo Indian Industry•    CM – Chief Minister  (like American Governor•    CPI – Communist Party of India (historically aligned to Russian party)•    CPI (M) – Communist Party of India (Marxist), historically aligned to Chinese party•    CPI (ML) – Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)•    CPWD – Central Public Works Department; PWD of the GOI•    DA – Dearness Allowance, paid to compensate for inflation•    DD – Doordarshan, state-owned television channel•    DMK – Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam•    DoT – Department of Telecommunications•    DRDO – Defence Research and Development Organisation•    EMU – Electric Multiple Unit•    FC – Forward Caste•    FM – Finance Minister•    GoI – Government of India•    GSLV – Geostationary Launch Vehicle•    HC – High Court (the highest provincial court, but lower than the federal Supreme Court)•    HP – Himachal Pradesh•    IAF – Indian Air Force•    IGNOU – Indira Gandhi National Open University•    IIM – Indian Institute of Management•    IIT – Indian Institute of Technology•    IMD – India Meteorological Department•    INSAT – Indian National Satellite•    IPKF – Indian Peace Keeping Force, postioned in a foreign country such as Sri Lanka•    IRS – Indian Remote Sensing Satellite•    ISI – Formerly Indian Standards Institute, renamed Bureau of Indian Standards,•    ISRO – Indian Space Research Organisation•    LoC – Line of Control (between Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir and Indian-controlled state of Jammu & Kashmir, formerly called the Cease-Fire Line•    LS – Lok Sabha (lower house of Parliament)•    LTTE – Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam•    m-cap – (stock) market capitalisation•    MDMK – Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam•    MEA – Ministry of External Affairs•    MG – Meter Gauge (trains or tracks), being phased out•    MP – Madhya Pradesh

Page 22: Nupur Notes

•    NDA – National Democratic Alliance•    NIC : National Informatics Centre•    NRI – Non-Resident Indian•    NSC – National Savings Certificate•    OBC – Other Backward Classes•    ONGC – Oil and Natural Gas Commission•    PAN – Permanent Account Number (like US Taxpayer Identification Number)•    PF – Provident Fund (vaguely similar to US Social Security, payable as a lump-sum)•    PIGS –  Poor Indian Graduate Student•    PIL – Public Interest Litigation (brought before a High Court, by a friend of the court)•    PMK – Pattali Munnetra Kazhagam•    PQWL – Pooled Quota Wait List, Indian Railways Acronym•    PSLV – Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle•    PSU – Public Sector Unit (a company whose stock is owned largely by the government)•    PTI – Press Trust of India, a news agency•    PWD – Public Works Department (state civil engineering group handling roads, bridges)•    RAC – Reservation Against Cancellation, Indian Railways Acronym•    RAW – Research & Analysis Wing (similar to US CIA)•    REGRET/WL1 –  No More Booking Permitted, Indian Railways Acronym•    RLWL- Remote Location Wait List, Indian Railways Acronym•    RNRI : Returned Non Resident Indian, An NRI who has moved to his home country•    RS – Rajya Sabha, upper house of Indian Parliament•    RSS – Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh•    SAARC – South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (seven countries of South Asia)•    SAIL – Steel Authority of India, a public sector undertaking (PSU)•    SC – Supreme Court, the highest court in the country (higher than High Courts)•    SC/ST – Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes (Harijans or Dalits)•    SEBI – Securities Exchange Board of India•    Sensex – Sensitive Index (of the Bombay Stock Exchange), like Dow Jones average•    SP – Samajwadi Party; Samata Party•    ST – Scheduled Tribes•    TN – Tamil Nadu•    ULFA – United Liberation Front of Asom•    UP – Uttar Pradesh•    VHP – Vishwa Hindu Parishad, a fundamentalist Hindu party, right of BJP•    WB – West Bengal

 most important English ProverbsThis is a list of some of the most important and well-known English proverbs. Below

each one, there's a simple explanation.

Page 23: Nupur Notes

The meanings of some of these phrases have shifted over the years, so a proverb

might have originally had a different meaning than the one I explain.

1. "Two wrongs don't make a right."

When someone has done something bad to you, trying to get revenge will only make

things worse.

2. "The pen is mightier than the sword."

Trying to convince people with ideas and words is more effective than trying to force

people to do what you want.

3. "When in Rome, do as the Romans."

Act the way that the people around you are acting. This phrase might come in handy

when you're traveling abroad notice that people do things differently than you're

used to.

4. "The squeaky wheel gets the grease."

You can get better service if you complain about something. If you wait patiently, no

one's going to help you.

5. "When the going gets tough, the tough get going."

Page 24: Nupur Notes

Strong people don't give up when they come across challenges. They just work

harder.

6. "No man is an island."

You can't live completely independently. Everyone needs help from other people.

7. "Fortune favors the bold."

People who bravely go after what they want are more successful than people who

try to live safely.

8. "People who live in glass houses should not throw stones."

Don't criticize other people if you're not perfect yourself.

9. "Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst."

Bad things might happen, so be prepared.

10. "Better late than never."

It's best to do something on time. But if yo