nursing process part three, 211 nur. learning outcomes 1.describe the phases of the nursing process....
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Nursing Process
Part Three, 211 NUR
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Learning Outcomes
1. Describe the phases of the nursing process.2. Identify major characteristics of the nursing
process.3. Identify the purpose of assessing.4. Identify the four major activities associated
with the assessing phase.
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Learning Outcomes (cont'd)
5. Differentiate objective and subjective data and primary and secondary data.
6. Identify three methods of data collection, and give examples of how each is useful.
7. Compare closed and open-ended questions, providing examples and listing advantages and disadvantages of each
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Nursing Process
Defined as: is a Systematic, rational method of planning to
providing nursing care.
Is “A series of steps or acts that lead to accomplishment of some goal or purpose”
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Goals of Nursing process
1. To identify Patient healthcare status, actual or potential health problems
2. To establish plans to meet the identified needs.
3. To deliver specific nursing interventions to address those needs.
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Benefits of Nursing process
1. Improves quality of care Pts. Receive.2. Promotes efficient use of time & resources.3. Serves as framework for nurses’ accountability.4. Enhances collaboration.5. Continuity of care and Prevention of duplication.
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Characteristics of the Nursing Process
1. Cyclic and dynamic rather than static.2. Client centered.3. Problem-solving and systems theory.4. Decision making.5. Interpersonal and collaborative. 6. Universal applicability.7. Critical thinking skills.
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MARTHA ROGERS, NURSE THEORIST
“When an apple is cut, others see seeds in the apple. We, as nurses, see apples in the seeds.”
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5 Steps in the Nursing Process
1. Assessment2. Nursing Diagnosis3. Planning4. Implementing5. Evaluating
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Figure 11-1 The nursing process in action.
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Figure 11-1 (continued) The nursing process in action.
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Figure 11-3 Assessing.
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1. Assessment
• Collecting data• Organizing data• Validating data• Documenting data
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Four types of assessment1. Initial nursing assessment2. Problem-focused assessment3. Emergency assessment4. Time-lapsed reassessment
1. Assessment
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Types of Assessments
• Initial or Comprehensive – Performed within a specified time period– Establishes complete database
• Problem-Focused– Ongoing process integrated with care– Determines status of a specific problem
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Types of Assessments (cont'd)
• Emergency– Performed during physiologic or psychologic crises– Identifies life-threatening problems
• Time-lapsed (on going)– Occurs several months after initial assessment – Compares current status to baseline
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Small group questions
1. Baby Jane a 2 month infant goes into the doctor for her initial immunization and well baby check-up. What type of assessment should the nurse perform?A. ComprehensiveB. Focused
C. Time-lapsed (on going)
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A. Collecting Data
• Gathering information about a client’s health status.
• It must be both systematic and continuous.• Should include past history and current
problem.• Can be subjective or objective.• From primary or secondary source.
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Subjective Data
• Symptoms or covert data• Can be described only by person affected• Includes sensations, feelings, values, beliefs,
attitudes, and perception of personal health status and life situations
• Obtained through Nursing health history.
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Objective Data
• Signs or overt data • Detectable by an observer• Can be measured or tested against an
accepted standard• Can be seen, heard, felt, or smelled• Obtained through observation or physical
examination
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Small Group Questions
4. Which of the following are objective data and which are subjective data.A. NauseaB. VomitingC. Unsteady gaitD. AnxietyE. Bruises on the right arms and faceF. Temperature 101 F
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Sources of Data
• Primary Source– The client
• Secondary Sources– All other sources of data
• Family members• Other health care providers• Medical records
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Methods of Data Collection
• Observing– Gathering data using the senses– Used to obtain following types of data:
• Skin color (vision)• Body or breath odors (smell)• Lung or heart sounds (hearing)• Skin temperature (touch)
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Methods of Data Collection
• Interviewing– Planned communication or a conversation with a
purpose – Used to:
• Get or give information• Identify problems of mutual concern• Evaluate change• Teach • Provide support• Provide counseling or therapy
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Closed and Open-ended Questions
• Closed Question• Restrictive
– Yes/no– Factual
• Less effort and information from client• “What medications did you take?”• “Are you having pain now?”
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Closed and Open-ended Questions (cont'd)
• Open-ended Question• Specify broad topic to discuss• Invite longer answers• Get more information from client• Useful to change topics and elicit attitudes
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The Interview Setting
• Time– Client free of pain– Limited interruptions
• Place– Private– Comfortable environment– Limited distractions
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The Interview Setting (cont’d)
• Seating Arrangement – Hospital– Office or clinic– Group
• Distance– Comfortable
• Language – Use easily-understood terminology
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Methods of Data Collection
• Examining (physical examination)– Systematic data-collection method– Uses observation and inspection, auscultation,
palpation, and percussion– Vital signs, height and weight
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b. Organizing data
• Nursing Models Framework– Gordon’s functional health pattern framework– Orem’s self-care model– Roy’s adaptation model
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• Wellness Models• Nonnursing Models
– Body systems model– Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs– Developmental theories
b. Organizing data
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Validating Data
• Assessment complete• Objective and related subjective data agree• Additional data overlooked• Avoiding jumping to conclusions• Cues: subjective & objective• Inferences = nurse’s interpretation of the cues
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Documenting
• Record client data• Record factual manner not interpreting by
nurse• Record subjective data with quotes in client’s
own words
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Question
Which of the following behaviors would indicate that the nurse was utilizing the assessment phase of the nursing process, to provide nursing care?A. Propose hypothesesB. Generate desired outcomesC. Reviews results of laboratory testsD. Documents care
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Question
Which of the following elements is best categorized as secondary subjective data?A. The nurse measures a weight loss of 10 pounds
since the last clinic visit.B. Spouse states the client has lost all appetite.C. The nurse palpates edema in lower extremities.D. Client states severe pain when walking up stairs.
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2. Diagnoses
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Figure 12-1 Diagnosing. The pivotal second phase of the nursing process.
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• Nursing diagnosis:– “A clinical judgment about individual, family or
community responses to actual or potential heal problems / life processes.
– A nursing diagnosis provides the basis for selection of nursing interventions to achieve outcomes for which the nurse is accountable.”
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Diagnoses
• Diagnosing refers to the reasoning process• Diagnosis is a statement or conclusion
regarding the nature of a phenomenon• Diagnostic labels are the standardized NANDA
names• Nursing diagnosis is the problem statement
consisting of the diagnostic label plus etiology
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Types of Nursing Diagnoses
• Actual Diagnosis– Problem presents at the time of the assessment– Presence of associated signs and symptoms
• Risk Diagnosis– Problem does not exist– Presence of risk factors
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Types of Nursing Diagnoses (cont'd)
• Health Promotion Diagnosis– Preparedness to implement behaviors to improve
their health condition– Example: Readiness for enhanced Nutrition
• Wellness Diagnosis– Describes human responses to levels of wellness
in an individual, family, or community– Example: Readiness for Enhanced Family Coping
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Components of a Nursing Diagnosis
• Problem statement (diagnostic label)– Describes the client’s health problem or response – Qualifiers added to give additional meaning
• Etiology (related factors and risk factors)– Identifies one or more probable causes of the
health problem
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Components of a Nursing Diagnosis
• Defining characteristics– Cluster of signs and symptoms indicate the – presence of a particular diagnostic label (actual
diagnoses)– Actual nursing diagnoses client’s have signs and
symptoms– For risk for nursing diagnoses no subjective or
objective data
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Nursing Diagnoses
• A statement of nursing judgment based on education, experience, expertise and licensed to treat
• Describes human response, a client’s physical, sociocultural, psychological, and spiritual responses to an illness or a health problem
• Changes when client’s responses change
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Medical Diagnoses
• Made by a physician• Refers to a disease process• Remains the same for as long as the disease
process is present
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Ex: DiagnosisNursing diagnosis Medical diagnosis
Breathing patterns, ineffective
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Activity intolerance Cerebrovascular accident
Pain Appendectomy
Body image disturbance Amputation
Body temperature, risk for altered
Strep throat
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Steps in Diagnostic Process
• Analyzing Data– Compare data against standards– Cluster cues– Identify gaps – Identifying health problems, risks, and strengths
• Formulating diagnostic statements
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Writing Nursing Diagnoses
• Basic Two-Part Statement – Problem (P)– Etiology (E)
• Basic Three-Part Statement– Problem (P)– Etiology (E)– Signs and symptoms (S) what’s the evidence of the
problem.
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Nursing Diagnosis
• Problem( Diagnostic Label)-based on your assessment of client…(gathered information), pick a problem from the NANDA list...
• Etiology- determine what the problem is caused by or related to (R/T)...
• Defining characteristics- then state as evidenced by (AEB) the specific facts the problem is based on...
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Example of Nursing Dx
• Ineffective therapeutic regimen management R/T difficulty maintaining lifestyle changes and lack of knowledge AEB B/P= 160/90, dietary sodium restrictions not being observed, and client statements of “ I don’t watch my salt” “It’s hard to do and I just don’t get it”.
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Table 12-6 Guidelines for Writing a Nursing Diagnostic Statement
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Question
In the diagnostic statement “Excess fluid volume related to decreased venous return as manifested by lower extremity edema (swelling),” the etiology of the problem is which of the following?A.Excess fluid volumeB.Decreased venous returnC. EdemaD.Unknown
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Question
Which of the following nursing diagnoses contains the proper components?A. Risk for caregiver role strain related to
unpredictable illness courseB. Risk for falls related to tendency to collapse when
having difficulty breathingC. Impaired communication related to strokeD. Sleep deprivation secondary to fatigue and a noisy
environment
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3. Planning
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Figure 13-1 Planning. The third phase of the nursing process, in which the nurse and client develop client goals/desired outcomes and nursing interventions to prevent, reduce, or alleviate the client’s health problems.
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Initial Planning
• Developed the initial comprehensive plan of care
• Planning should be initiated after the initial assessment
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Ongoing Planning
• Done by all nurses who work with the client• Individualization of initial care plan • Also occurs at the beginning of a shift
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Discharge Planning
• Process of anticipating and planning for needs after discharge
• Addressed in each client’s care plan• Begins at first client contact• Involves comprehensive and ongoing
assessment
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The Planning Process
• Consists of following activities:– Setting priorities– Establishing client goals/desired outcomes– Selecting nursing interventions– Writing individualized nursing interventions on
care plans
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Setting Priorities
• Establishing a preferential sequence for addressing nursing diagnoses and interventions– High priority (life-threatening)– Medium priority (health-threatening)– Low priority (developmental needs)
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
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Goals/Desired Outcomes
• Goals are broad statements about the client’s status
• Desired outcomes are more specific, observable criteria used to evaluate whether the goals have been met
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Table 13-2 Deriving Desired Outcomes from Nursing Diagnoses
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• Subject: who is the person expected to achieve the outcome?
• Verb: what actions must the person take to achieve the outcome?
• Condition: under what circumstances is the person to perform the actions?
• Performance criteria: how well is the person to perform the actions?
• Target time: by when is the person expected to be able to perform the actions?
Components of Goal/Desired Outcome Statements
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SMART Specific Measurable Attainable Relevant Time BoundPt will walk 50 ft.Pt will maintain HR<100Pt will state pain level is acceptable 6 (0-10)
Guidelines for Writing Goals/Desired Outcomes
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Guidelines for Writing Goals/Desired Outcomes
• Must be realistic• Ensure compatibility with the therapies of
other professionals • Derive from only one nursing diagnosis• Use observable, measurable terms • Make sure client considers them to be
important and values them.
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Types of Nursing Interventions
• Independent interventions– Those activities nurses are licensed to initiate (i.e.,
physical care, ongoing assessment)• Dependent interventions
– Activities carried out under physician’s orders or supervision, or according to specified routines
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Types of Nursing Interventions (cont'd)
• Collaborative interventions– Actions nurse carries out in collaboration with
other health team members– Reflect overlapping responsibilities of health care
team
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Criteria for Choosing Appropriate Interventions
• Safe and appropriate for the client’s age, health, and condition
• Achievable with the resources available• Congruent with the client’s values, beliefs, and
culture• Congruent with other therapies• Based on nursing knowledge and experience
or knowledge from relevant sciences
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Writing individualized Nursing Interventions
• Date when they are written• Verb
– Action verb starts the interventions and must be precise
• Conditions• Modifiers• Time element
– How long or how often the nursing action is to occur
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Question
The nurse selects the nursing diagnosis of Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity related to immobility, dry skin, and surgical incision. Which of the following represents a properly stated outcome/goal? The client will:A. Turn in bed q2h.B. Report the importance of applying lotion to skin daily.C. Have healthy intact skin during hospitalization.D. Use a pressure-reducing mattress.
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4. Implementation
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Figure 14-1 Implementing. The fourth phase of the nursing process, in which the nurse implements the nursing interventions and documents the care provided.
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The Nursing Process - Implementing
• Based on first three phases• Assessing• Diagnosing• Planning• Provides the basis for the nursing actions
performed during the implementing step• Provides actual nursing activities and client
responses are examined during evaluating phase
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Successful Implementation
• To implement care successfully, nurses need:– Cognitive skills– Interpersonal skills– Technical skills
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Cognitive Skills (Intellectual)
• Problem solving• Decision making• Critical thinking• Creativity
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Interpersonal Skills
• Verbal and nonverbal• Effectiveness depends largely with ability to
communicate • Therapeutic communication • Necessary for caring, comforting, advocating,
referring, counseling, and supporting
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Interpersonal Skills (cont'd)
• Include conveying knowledge, attitudes, feelings, interest
• Appreciation of the client’s cultural values and lifestyle
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Technical Skills
• Purposeful “hands-on” skills• Often called tasks, procedures, or
psychomotor skills• Psychomotor refers to physical actions that
are controlled by the mind, not reflexes• Require knowledge and frequently manual
dexterity
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Five Activities of the Implementing Phase
• Reassessing the client• Determining the nurse’s need for assistance• Implementing nursing interventions• Supervising delegated care• Documenting nursing activities
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Reassessing the Client
• Reassess to make sure the intervention is still needed
• Client’s condition may have changed
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Determining the Nurse’s Need for Assistance
• Unable to implement the nursing activity safely
• Assistance will reduce stress on the client• Lacks the knowledge or skills to implement a
particular nursing activity
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Implementing Nursing Interventions
• Base on scientific knowledge • Clearly understand interventions • Adapt activities to the individual client• Implement safe care• Provide teaching, support, and comfort
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Implementing Nursing Interventions (cont'd)
• Be holistic• Respect the dignity of the client and enhance
self esteem• Encourage active client participation
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Supervising Delegated Care
• Responsible for the client’s overall care • Validates and responds to any adverse findings
or client responses
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5. Evaluation
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Documenting Nursing Activities
• Record nursing interventions and client responses
• Must not be recorded in advance
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Figure 14-3 Evaluating. The final phase of the nursing process, in which the nurse determines the client’s progress toward goal achievement and the effectiveness of the nursing care plan. The plan may be continued, modified, or terminated.
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Components of the Evaluation Process
• Collecting data related to the desired outcomes (NOC indicators)
• Comparing the data with outcomes• Relating nursing activities to outcomes• Drawing conclusions about problem status• Continuing, modifying, or terminating the
nursing care plan
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EVALUATION & REASSESSMENT
• 1. Goal met• 2. Goal partially met• 3. Goal not met• 4. Goal in progress• Reassessment= the entire plan of care (data,
ND, goal/O, Nsg orders) must be reassessed
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Documentation
• Clear and concise• Appropriate terminology
– Usually on a designated form• Physical assessment
– Usually by Review of Systems• Overview of symptoms• Diet• Each body system
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Reference
• Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing by Audrey T Berman, Samuel Merritt CollegeShirlee Snyder, Nevada State CollegeGeralyn Frandsen, EdD, MSN, RN, Maryville University