nutraceutics eye+health

8/13/2019 Nutraceutics Eye+Health

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NUTRACEUTICALS /

NUTRACEUTICS

Compiled by Suwaldi MartodihardjoThe term of nutraceutical was first used by StephenDeFelice in 1991.Definition of Nutraceutical(s):Any substance that may be considered a food or a part ofa food and provides medical or health benefits, includingthe prevention and treatment of diseaseAccording to Mueller and Nestle (1995),NUTRACEUTICALS include:Conventional Foods (labeling regulated under NLEA,Nutrition Labeling & Education Act, of 1990)- Conventional foods- Functional foods- Phytochemicals


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Foods for Special Dietary Uses (FSDU) (labeling regulated underNLEA, Nutrition Labeling & Education Act, of 1990)- Hypoallergenic foods

- Weight reduction foods- Diabetics foods- Reduced sodium foods- Infant formulas Dietary Supplements (Labeling Regulated Under DSHEA, DietarySupplement Health and Education Act of 1994)- Essential nutrients. Vitamins. Minerals. Amino acids- Herbal preparations- Glandular extracts Medical Foods (Exempt from most NLEA and DSHEA LabelingRequirements)- Fall under narrower scope than FSDU- Primarily includes products for those with inborn errors ofmetabolism


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Supplements: Supplements could be considered additives becausethey become part of the diet even when they are not in

a food product. A food additive is any substance thatbecomes part of a food product. Broad purposes of food additives include: maintaining or improving nutritional value such as theaddition of vitamins and minerals to a food products(addition of calcium to juices and other foods)to maintain freshness in the food (addition ofantioxidants to foods processed with fat and ofpreservatives help to prevent spoilage)to help in the processing and preparation of foods

such as emulsifiers are added to peanut butter andmayonnaise to keep the product smoothto make food more appealing (addition of coloringagents, synthetic flavors, and sweeteners)


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Dietary Supplements: Dietary Supplement Healthand Education Act (DSHEA), 1994 Any product (other than tobacco) intended to

supplement the diet that contains one or more ofthe following ingredients: a vitamin, mineral, herbor other botanical, an amino acid; a concentrate,metabolite, constituent, extract or combination ofany of these ingredients A supplement must be in dosage forms such ascapsules, tablets, liquids, powders, or soft gelsand may not be represented as a conventionalfood or as a sole item of a meal or of the diet In addition, dietary supplements must be labeledas supplements.


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Dietary supplements are permitted tocarry disease claims for the following: Folic acid and decreased risk of neuraldefects Calcium and a lower risk of

osteoporosis Psyllium seed husk and heart disease Soy protein and heart disease Omega-3 fatty acids and heart disease B vitamins (folic acid, B6, and B12) andheart disease


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The antioxidants, vitamin A, C, and E, are among the mostcommonly known nutrients which, in general, may be useful inthe prevention of cancer and cerebrovascular disease. The combination of vitamin E, C, and beta-carotene has beenuseful in reducing LDL oxidation and subsequentatherosclerosis. Jialal and Fuller (1995, Effect of Vitamin E, Vitamin C and beta-carotene on LDL oxidation and atherosclerosis, Can. J. Cardiol.,11, 97G-103G) speculated that the combination of vitamin E, C,and beta-carotene work synergistically to prevent oxidation ofLDL in the following manner: Vitamin C scavenges aqueous radicals and regeneratesalpha-tocopherol from the tocopheroxyl radical species;Vitamin E, in the form of alpha-tocopherol protectspolyunsaturated fatty acids within the LDL particle, reducesplatelet adhesion and inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferationand protein kinase C activity; and

Beta-carotene provides reserve antioxidant activity,especially in the arterial wall where low partial pressures ofoxygen are found. Supplementation with vitamin C may be beneficial in themanagement of asthma patients, and high dietary intake ofvitamin E may prevent Parkinsons disease


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NUTRACEUTICALS FOR EYE HEALTH

Sunlight exposure has been linked to premature vision loss,development of cataracts, and increased risk of age-related maculardegeneration (ARMD) leading cause of blindness in people oversixty-five years of age.

With regard to cataract development, with age, virtually everybodywill develop some degree of oxidative damage to the lenses of theireyes (the first step in cataract development) The macula is a specialized region in the back of the eye (retina)that allows you to see fine details. As cells in the macula region begin to break down, the eyes begin tolose sight in the center of the field of vision and may developproblems seeing in bright or dark conditions. Factors have been identified as risk factors for ARMD:1. sunlight exposure 6. genetic2. age 7. female3. smoking 8. high saturated fat intake4. diet 9. hypertension5. low antioxidant level 10. low macular pigment density


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A cataract is a clouding of the crystalline lens (clear tissuebehind the pupil) that causes a gradual loss of vision.Etiology Aging is the most common cause of cataracts; in fact, mostpatients over 50 years of age demonstrate cataractouschanges.However cataracts may also be congenital,hereditary, or associated with systemic, metabolic, or oculardiseases, trauma, radiation, maternal infection duringpregnancy, electrical injuries, and drug use.Risk Factors Age over 50 years Genetic diseases (e.g., myotonic dystrophy,neurofibromatosis type 2, Lowe syndrome, Down syndrome) Drug therapy (e.g., miotics, steroids, phenothiazines) Maternal infection (e.g., rubella, cytomegalovirus), drugingestion, or radiation therapy during pregnancy Metabolic disorders (e.g., diabetes mellitus, galactosemia,hypocalcemia) Ocular disorders (e.g., glaucoma, uveitis, retinal detachment,trauma) High-voltage electrical injury


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Signs and Symptoms Decreased or blurred vision (often described as a fog ) Double vision Colored halo around lights Increased refractive power of lens, allowing patients to read withoutglasses (i.e., second sight) Brown spots in the visual fieldDrug Therapies Some studies have suggested that high-dose aspirin therapy givenfor other causes (e.g., arthritis) is associated with a decreasedincidence of senile cataract; however, most of the evidence isspeculative. Eye drops (e.g., phenylephrine [Neo- Synephrine, 2.5%], homatropine,2%), to dilate the pupil to provide better vision in patients withnuclear sclerotic or posterior subcapsular cataract Aldose reductase inhibitors, to prevent conversion of sugars topolyols in galactosemic or diabetic patients, thereby preventing ordelaying cataract formation Prophylactic antibiotics for three weeks following cataractextraction Steroid eye drops three to six weeks following cataract extraction


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In terms of diet, individuals who consume fruits andvegetables at least once per day have significantly reducedrisk of developing ARMD and cataracts. Among the dietary antioxidants, carotenoids appear to

provide the greatest benefit two carotenoids in particulars,lutein and zeaxanthin seem to be the most effective LUTEIN and ZEAXANTHINLutein and zeaxanthin are yellow pigments found in highconcentration in yellow fruits and vegetables as well as in

dark green, leafy vegetables such as spinach, broccoli, kale,and collard greens. Egg yolk, corn, orange juice, honey dewmelon and orange pepper are also good sources of lutein andzeaxanthin.Individuals who consume a lot of spinach reduce their riskof developing ARMD by almost 90%.Lutein and zeaxanthin end up concentrated specifically inthe eye (in the macular region of the retina). High levels ofthese carotenoids in the eye serve to protect tissues byminimizing free radical damage and by absorbing damagingblue light rays.Lutein and zeaxanthin are the only carotenoids in the lens.


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Lutein and zeaxanthin are able to quench singlet oxygen, a highly

reactive free radical that can damage deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

Lutein and zeaxanthin are even more effective at preventing lipid

peroxidation, and are themselves better protected against

secondary oxidative breakdown when melatonin, glutathione,

alpha-tocopherol and ascorbate are also present.

Lutein and zeaxanthin are better antioxidants than hydrocarbon

carotenoids, such as beta-carotene because lutein and zeaxanthin

undergo a 2e-oxidation of hydroxyl groups as opposed to the 1e-

oxidation of hydrocarbon carotenoids.

UV light is filtered by the cornea and lens in the anterior aspect of the

eye but visible light reaches the retina. Visible light in the blue

spectrum is the most damaging. The short wavelength (400-500nm) is 30 times more damaging than long wavelength light (510-749

nm). Macular pigment absorbs blue light as it enters the inner

retinal layers, reducing the amount reaching the fovea. This

reduces the potential for photo-oxidation of reactive saturated

lipids of photoreceptors.


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In people with normal amount s of macular pigment, 20%-40% of light

at 460 nm is absorbed and up to 90% can be absorbed in the higher

than normal amounts of macular pigment. There is a high degree of

individual variability in concentration of lutein and zeaxanthin in

the fovea.

In the cells, lutein and zeaxanthin may selectively bind to tubulin, a

structural protein necessary in the formation of the cytoskeleton

within axons. This could improve structural integrity and functionof the cytoskeleton, thus helping maintain eye health and quality of

vision the improvements in vision, such as higher contrast

sensitivity, less glare, and improved color perception.

The normal range of concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin in serum

is between 0.08 and 0.35 mg/ml. Their serum half-life is around oneto two weeks.

There are a number of other nutraceuticals that might have beneficial

effects regarding vision and the eye: astaxanthin, pycnogenol,

DHA, and ALA,


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Some antioxidants vitamins may have beneficial effects inprotecting delicate structures from damage as well as promotingrepair processes by supporting collagen synthesis; these vitaminsare vitamin C, vitamin E, bioflavonoids, beta-carotene, cysteine, andalpha lipoic acid. Vitamin C levels in the eye decrease with age a situation that canreduce capillary integrity and increase the risk of cataracts. One of the major antioxidant enzymes in the eye is glutathione

The synthesis of glutathione can be stimulated by a combination ofcysteine, alpha-lipoic acid, vitamin C, and vitamin E.Vitamin B2 and B3 (niacin) are useful support nutrients to helpmaintaining glutathione synthesis

Bioflavonoidsare known to act as powerful antioxidants to helpprotect the lens of the eye as well as strengthen the collagen-containing structures of the eye such as the cornea and capillaries.Bioflavonoids typically found in blueberries, bilberries, red or purplegrapes, citrus fruits, and cranberries.Quercetin is one flavonoid which can help inhibiting accumulationof sugar alcohols such as sorbitol in the eye of diabetics.



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Ingredients Dose (per

day)

Primary claims / Notes

Alpha-lipoic acid 100-300 mg Glutathione support, can be boosted with

added cysteine

Beta-carotene 56 mg Best as part of a mixed carotenoid blend

Bilberry 100500 mg Promotes better night visionlook for

anthocyanoside content of 25 % or more

Bioflavonoids 100-300 mg Look for anthocyanidin and/or polyphenol

content

Ginkgo biloba 60-120 mg Look for 24/624% flavone glycosides6% terpene lactones

Grape seed extract 50-100 mg General antioxidant benefits

Lutein/zeaxanthin 3-6 mg Good antioxidants


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Ingredient Dose (per day) Primary claims/ Notes

N- Acetylcysteine

(NAC)

250-1500 mg General antioxidant benefit, increases

cellular glutathione levels

Quercetin 50-100 mg General antioxidant benefits

Selenium 70-200 mcg

Vitamin C 200-1000 mg Collagen support

Vitamin E 100-800 IU Look for natural source d-alpha-

tocopherol versus synthetic dl-form


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KEY POINTS REGARDING DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS FOR EYE

HEALTH

ARMDis the leading cause of blindness in people over age 65 ARMDaffects 25-40% of all people over 65, in the USA Females have higher risk of ARMD than males People with light-colored eyes have an increased risk of ARMD ARMDand cataract risk are both related to total sunlightexposure, cigarette smoking, and dietary intake of antioxidants Antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables are linked with lower ratesof ARMDand cataracts Among antioxidant nutrients, the carotenoids lutein andzeaxanthin,appear to be the most effective in directlyprotecting eye health, while other antioxidant-nutrients, such asbioflavonoids, cysteine, alpha-lipoic acid, beta-carotene, andvitamin C and E, can provide additional support

Lutein and zeaxanthin are the only carotenoids that concentratespecifically in the eye tissueIn the macula region of the eye, lutein and zeaxanthin serve toprotect eye tissues from free radical damage and from photo-oxidizing damage of light rays


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RELAXATION EFFECTS OF TEA L- THEANINE


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In modern society, people are prone to several kinds ofstress and stress-induced diseases.Stress is classified into physicochemical stress,physiological stress, and psychological stress.

Physicochemical stresses are caused by cold, heat, injury,buzz, exhaust fumes, and so on. Physiological stressesare the result of starvation, infection,overwork, and so on. Psychological stresses arise from anxiety, strain,dissatisfaction, disappointment, anger, and other emotions. Stressful events induceboth psychological and physicalhypertension, which can lead to diseases such as duodenalulcer, depression, sleeplessness, and autonomic imbalance. The significance of the correlation between health andstress is increasing, and therefore, relaxation techniques forstress reductionare important.

Relaxation methods can calm down the overly tensedorganism and prevent stress-induced diseases.


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Mental and physical health is maintained and promoted byacquiring the habit of relaxation, which induces twoessential elements, physical and psychological relaxedstates. Mental state of relaxation can be recognized by observingsuch parameters as oxygen consumption, carbon dioxideelimination, heart rate, respiratory rate, minute ventilation,and arterial blood lactate. In the relaxed state, blood pressure (systolic, diastolic, and

mean blood pressure) and renal temperature do not change,while skin resistance markedly increases and skeletalmuscle blood flow slightly increases. The electroencephalogram (EEG) demonstrates an increasein the intensity of slow -wavesoccasionally some -wavesactivity. These changes are consistent with generalized decreasedsympathetic nervous system activity and are distinctlydifferent from the physiological changes noted when aperson is sitting quietly or sleeping. Relaxation methods should be effective to induce the above

conditions for proper relaxation.


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Food factors help relieve stress and induce a feeling ofrelaxation. For example, drinking tea for relaxation iscommon in many parts of the world. In Japan, thetradition of drinking green tea is considered beneficial forstress relief and general well being. The functional substance in green tea that promotesrelaxation is L-theanine, an amino acid abundant in green

tea leaves (1 to 2% in dry weight), It has been recognized that L- theanine is as beingresponsible for creating a feeling of relaxation and forpromoting brain health. L-Theanine exists in free (non-protein) form, and it is thepredominant amino acid (about 50%) of the total freeamino acids in green tea leaves.


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Brain waves, the very weak electrical pulses from the brainsurface, are an index for mental condition. Depending on theelectrical frequency, the waves are classified as and -waves, which represent relaxation, excitation, sound sleep,and doze sleep, respectively.

The presence of L- theanine in tea leaves was discovered in1949. Its chemical structure was determined as gamma-ethylamino -L-glutamic acid (L- theanine). High-quality teas, such as maccha and gyokuro, contain ahigher amount of amino acids as well as L- theanine than doinferior ones (bancha . Suntheanine is the trade name of L-theanine manufacturedby Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd. The study of the relaxation effects of Suntheanine both inanimal and human models and proved that Suntheaninepromotes psychological relaxation by inducing brain wavesand suppressing the sympathetic nervous system andpromotes physiological relaxation by relieving the effects of

premenstrual syndrome (PMS).


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KEY POINTS REGARDING

THE RELAXATION EFFECTS OF TEA L-THEANINE

In modern times, stress has become the root cause of manyabnormalities in our metal and physical conditions. The state of relaxation is a basic requirement not only to relievestress but also its side effects. In Japan, drinking green tea forrelaxation has been customary from ancient times. Research on green tea has revealed that L-theanine, an abundantamino acid found in green tea leaves, can bring about a state ofrelaxation. L-Theanine commercially sold as Suntheanine has been shown toinduce both psychological and physiological relaxation. Suntheanine induces strong -waves in the brain, which clearlyindicates its psychological relaxation effects in humans.

Suntheanine has also been found to alleviate the symptoms of PMSand reduce caffeine-induced excitation as well as blood pressure inhyperactivity by suppressing the central nervous system. Suntheanine is safe, and no dietary limits have been imposed inJapan. Based on various studies, Suntheanine has been widelyrecommended for various food applications, which target relaxation.Suntheanine tablets (50 mg /tablet) are convenient to use andhighly effective.


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CONCLUDING REMARK

THANK YOU FOR PAYINGATTENTIONHOPEFULLY, THIS PRESENTATIONMAY BROADEN OUR KNOWLEDGENUTRACEUTICS IS IMPORTANT TOBE DEVELOPED AT THE FACULTYOF PHARMACY GMU

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