nutrients living things are composed of non-living chemicals there are six nutrient chemicals that...
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NUTRIENTSLiving things are composed of non-living chemicals
There are six nutrient chemicals that all life requires.They are:
1. Proteins
2. Carbohydrates
3. Lipids
4. Vitamins
5. Minerals
6. Water
CARBOHYDRATES
• Body’s main source of energy• Largest component of our diet• Food examples are: potatoes, breads, corn, rice,
fruits
CARBOHYDRATES
• Simple sugars or monosaccharides are:• a) glucose • b) fructose• c) galactose• All have the formula C6H12O6
• GLUCOSE = found in all cells of the body & is used for cell respiration
• FRUCTOSE = found in fruits and tastes sweeter than glucose
• GALACTOSE = sugar found in mammalian milk
DISACCHARIDES• Disaccharides are “double
sugars”
• Maltose = glucose + glucose
• Used in making beer
• Lactose = glucose + galactose
• Milk sugar
• Sucrose = glucose + fructose
• Brown & white sugars
SUCROSE
LACTOSE
MALTOSE
POLYSACCHARIDES
STARCH=
a)1000 glucose molecules joined together
b) Plant storage product
POLYSACCHARIDES
• Cellulose = component of plant cell walls
• Formed by linking 1000 glucose molecules together
• Cannot be digested by humans. Ingested as roughage. Aids in the elimination of wastes as it holds water
POLYSACCHARIDES• Glycogen = principal
storage product in animals, stored in our liver & muscles
• Chitin = forms a hard external skeleton in insects & crustaceans
LIPIDSLipids are divided into three groups:A) fats oils & waxesB) phospholipidsC) steriods
Functions are:• They can supply energy to the body but are harder to process than
carbs. • An excellent energy storage molecule• Aid in the absorption of vitamins• Serve as insulation from the cold• Components of cell membranes• Aid in the synthesis of hormones• Protect organs inside our body• Insoluble in water, float
LIPIDS
LIPIDS
LIPIDS
• Composed of three fatty acids + glycerol
glycerol
TRIGLYCERIDE
Saturated Fats
• All C-C bonds have the max. number of hydrogen
• C-C single bonds• Usually firm, solid
fats• Found in beef,
pork, cheese, butter,palm oils
Unsaturated fats
• Have some C-C double or triple bonds have less than the max. number of hydrogen
• Usually liquid, or soft fats
• Found in olive oils, peanut oils, almonds, fish, corn oils, margarines
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
• Component of cell membranes
• 1 Phosphate group + glycerol + 2 fatty acids
• Part of this molecule is soluble in water, part is insoluble in water
WAXES
• Insoluble in water• Waterproofing agent
for plants, animal feathers and fur
STERIODS
• Steroids are also lipids
• Carbon based, multiple ring structure
• Estrogen, cholesterol, testosterone
CHOLESTEROL
• Used to make hormones (sex hormones)
• Part of cell membrane• Can combine with
other fats to form plaque that blocks blood vessels
PROTEINS
• Used to build cell structures & body parts• Composed of amino acids sequences• 20 amino acids are used to make proteins• Sequences of amino acids are regulated
by genes• 8 essential amino acids (have to have
these in our diet• 12 non-essential amino acids (can be
manufactured)
Amino acid Alphabet
POLYPEPTIDES
VITAMINS
• A vitamin is an organic compound required as a nutrient in tiny amounts by an organism.
• cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism, and must be obtained from the diet
• are classified by their biological and chemical activity
• have diverse biochemical functions, including function as hormones (e.g. vitamin D)
• antioxidants (e.g. vitamin E) • mediators of cell signaling and regulators of cell
and tissue growth and differentiation
Vitamins & SourcesVitamin ANight vision, growth of bones, teeth
Vitamin B1Heart function, nerve & muscle function(cell respiration)
Vitamin B2Healthy skin, hair, growth, reproduction
Vitamin CMaintain cells & tissues
Vitamin DStrong teeth bones, growth
Vitamin E Form red blood cells
Vitamin K assist in blood clotting, healthy bones
MINERALS• Elements required by the body in small amounts• Minerals are inorganic
Calcium = growth of teeth & bones, blood clotting
Iodine = proper functioning of thyroid gland
Iron = transport of oxygen
Phosphorus = growth, maintenance of bones & teeth, cell reactions (Cell Resp.)
Potassium = needed to make proteins
Sodium = muscle contraction, movement of water between cells
WATER• The importance of water in the diet cannot be overestimated• Healthy lifestyles that include exercise and a high fiber diet require
plenty of water intake• Experts suggest that a person drink eight 8-ounce glasses of water
daily. For anyone participating in a regular exercise program, 9 to 13 glasses of water are recommended
• The body needs water to perform the following functions:
• Digest food and dissolve nutrients so they can pass through your digestive system
• Carry waste products out of the body • Send messages between cells so that your muscles can move, your
eyes can see and your brain can think • Regulate body temperature • Lubricate moving parts (eg, joints)