Nutrition

Dr. Pramila Kudva

Need for nutrition

Growth

Repair & Maintenance

Protection

Energy

Energy giving Food

CarbohydratesFats

Body building

FoodProteins

Protective Food

VitaminsMinerals

Water

Classes of Food

Balanced diet

• A diet which contains all nutrients in adequate amounts for growth, are pair and regulation of various processes is called Balanced diet.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates - Sugars

Simple /Single Sugars – Monosaccharide C6H12O6

Double Sugars – Disaccharides – require digestion – C12H22O11

Glucose - Common & simplest sugar [ Blood sugar refers to glucose in the blood]Fructose – fruit sugarGalactose – found in milk

Sucrose – Commercial sugar, obtained from sugar cane, Beetroot, It is made up of glucose and fructoseMaltose – Malt sugar made up of two glucose moleculesLactose – milk sugar made up of glucose and galactose 

Carbohydrates - Starch

• Plants normally store carbohydrates in this form e.g. Potatoes & grains – Rice, Wheat, barley

• Animals store it as glycogen in the liver and muscles

 This is an insoluble carbohydrate (C6H10O5)n - Polysaccharide

Carbohydrates - Cellulose

• Found in cell walls, Found in fruits, vegetables, Half crushed wheat [Dalia]

• Provides roughage• Non-digestible by humans

Role of roughage Prevents constipationMakes movement of undigested food easier along the intestineStimulates the muscle contractions in the intestinal wall

Functions of carbohydrates

It is the main source of energy. One molecule of glucose gives abut 4.1 Kcal of energy.

Reserve energy- is stored in the form of glycogen and fatsGenetic importance – Ribose and de-oxyribose sugars are found in RNA & DNA

Lactose facilitates absorption of Calcium

Cellulose helps in elimination of waste products

Glucose is the only source of energy for the Central Nervous System

Fats [Lipids]

Saturated fats contain saturated fatty acids. •They are solids at room temp. •Found in animal products•Contains bad cholesterol - LDL •They have melting points higher than room

temperature. Eg. Butter

Unsaturated fats contain unsaturated fatty acids.

•They are liquids at room temperature.

Fats [Lipids] contd..

Their melting points are less than the room temperature. E.g. Mustard oil, ground nut Oil, Sunflower oil.

Fats - contd

• Sources of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats - Avocados, olive oil, corn oil, safflower oil

• These reduce LDL cholesterol (bad) and maintain HDL (good) cholesterol

Functions of fats

• Richest source of energy• Important form of storage of food. • Acts as a solvent for the absorption of fat

soluble vitamins A, D, E and K.• Subcutaneous Fat works as an insulator. • Stored fat works as reserve energy.• Fats also help in the synthesis of Vitamin D.

Proteins• Contain C, H, O & N• Some proteins may also

contain P & S.• Simple & smaller units of

proteins are Amino acids

Functions:Proteins are essential for growth & repair of cells.In an emergency they are oxidized to release energySevere deficiency leads to Kwashiorkor & Marasmus

Malnutrition is defined as physical condition of a person resulting from inadequate diet or inability to metabolize the nutrients.

Under nutritionOver nutrition

Imbalanced diet

KwashiorkorMarasmus

Deficiency Diseases

• Kwashiorkor - Derived from Ghanian word which means la sickness baby gets when a new one arrives

• Marasmus - adapted from a Greek word meaning withering -

Kwashiorkor Marasmus

Affects children 1-5 years of age

Affects infants up to 1 year of age

Due to deficiency of proteins Due to deficiency of proteins, fats & carbohydrates

Oedema of legs & face No oedema

The skin of patient becomes dark & scaly

No darkening of skin

No degeneration of muscles Degeneration of muscles

Has vomiting and diarrhea. Retarded physical & mental growth

Treated with protein rich diet Treated with protein and carbohydrate diet

Supplements

Minerals & Vitamins

Mineral Source Functions Deficiency

Calcium Dairy products Bone buildingClotting of blood

Rickets & Osteomalacia

Sodium Table salt Regulates acid base equilibrium

Muscular cramps,Nerve impulses do not get transmitted

Potassium Banana, citrus fruit, Potato

Nerve & muscle activity Nerve impulses do not get transmitted

Phosphorous Dairy products Synthesis of nucleic acid, ATP, muscle contraction, conduction of nerve impulse

Soft bones

Iron Whole cereals, fish, nuts, egg yolk, liverGreen leafy vegetables

Synthesis of haemoglobin – oxidation & reduction reactions

Anaemia

Iodine Iodized salt, sea food Functioning of Thyroxin Goitre & cretinism – poor mental & physical growth

Vitamin s Source Functions Deficiency

A - Retinol Butter, egg yolk, milk, Fish liver oils, carrots

Growth, resists infection of skin & mucous membranes, Component of retinal cells

Night blindness, Xerophthlamia – dryness of cornea & ulceration

D - Calciferol Fish liver oils, milk, eggs, produced by UV rays in the skin

Helps the body to use Calcium & phosphorous to form bones & teeth

Rickets in childrenOsteomalacia in adults

E – Tocopherol Meat, milk, whole wheat

Prevents oxidation of Vitamin A

K - Phylloquinone

Leafy vegetables – cabbage, spinach,Also synthesized in the intestines

Normal clotting of the blood

Haemorrhage – delay in clotting time

C – Ascorbic Acid

Fresh citrus fruits, tomatoes, germinating seeds

Promotes functioning of capillary walls

Scurvy – bleeding gums, loosening of teeth

Osteomalacia Rickets

caused by the deficiency of vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus. Lack of vitamin D prevents absorption of Calcium and Phosphorous.

Found in adults Found in children

bone pains and muscle weakness are the classical symptoms. Fractures can occur.

soft bones which bend and become either knock knees or bow legs. If the chest bones are affected, it forms pigeon chest. It may also result in loss of teeth enamel and bending of spine. Rickets also results in growth retardation.

Night Blindness Xerophthalamia

Nightblindness can be an early sign of vitamin A deficiency.

Xerophthalmia is a more serious eye disease caused by a lack of vitamin A, and can occur if nightblindness is not treated.

Night blindness is the difficulty for the eyes to adjust to dim light. Affected individuals are unable to distinguish images in low levels of illumination.

Xerophthalmia means dryness of the eye in which eye fails to produce tears. It may be caused by a deficiency in Vitamin A although there may be other causes.

If not treated, the cornea can become cloudy and foamy spots (Bitot's spots) and ulcers can form on its surface (keratomalacia), leading to scarring and damage.

Goitre

Vitamin B Sources Functions Deficiency

B1 - Thiamine

Whole grain, liver, milk, lean meat

Increases growth and appetite, Helps in digestion & functioning of nervous system

Beriberi – inflammatory changes of the nervesMuscles become weak

B2 - Riboflavin

Eggs, Liver, Milk, Yeast, green vegetables

Regulates oxidation of food

Irritation in the eyes, Intestinal disorders, inflammation of the tongue

B3 - Niacin Lean meat, milk, liver, eggs, ground nuts, whole grains

Promotes health of the skin & nervous system

Pellagra, dermatitis, Loss of memory, Diarrhoea, fatigue, loss of co-ordination

B 12 – Cobalamine

Liver, milk, cereals, pulses

Normal functioning of red blood cells

Pernicious anaemia – gastrointestinal disturbance, spinal cord problems

Beri-beri Pellagra

Deficiency of Vitamin B1 deficiency of vitamin B4 or niacin

Symptoms: Swelling of legs, extreme weakness, headache, dizziness, palpitations and loss of appetite.

Has 3 Ds – Dry skin, diarrhea, Dementia [loss of memory]

Diet to be rich in groundnuts, pulses, fruits and unpolished rice

Diet with mostly Maize interferes with the absorption of Vitamin B 4.

Water

• Acts as a solvent • Used to produce digestive juices• Used in the transportation of food and

Oxygen through out the body• Used in the excretion of soluble waste• Involved in the maintenance of body

temperature

Basal Metabolic Rate

BMR is the amount of energy expressed in calories that a person needs to keep the body functioning at rest.

• Influencing factors:• Body composition• Age• Weight• Gender• Body surface area• Endocrine glands