Nutrition in Heterotrophs

Required Nutrients

Water

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Minerals

Vitamins

Water Makes up ~90% of some animals

Makes up a major portion of many body parts

Humans require at least 1 L / day

Carbohydrates

Main source of energy

High in bulk fiber

Refined carbohydrates do not supply need

Obesity

American consumption ~2 lb refined sugar/week

Lipids

Parts of membranes

Energy reserves

Essential fatty acids

(olive oil, canola oil)

Saturated fats

Roughly 40% of American diet

Proteins

Consist of amino acids hooked together aa-aa-aa-aa-aa-aa-aa-…

20 amino acids

8 essential amino acids

Animal protein contains all 20 amino acids

Vegetables do not contain required balance of amino acids for humans

a vegetable does not provide complete protein

Complementarities can supply all essential amino acids.

Beans supply – lysine

corn supply – methionine

Fig. 41.4

Vegetarian diet

Minerals

17 essential minerals

Inorganic substances: Iron, iodine, zinc, calcium, sulfur, potassium, chloride, magnesium, etc.

Required for growth, metabolism, survival

Deficiencies – stunted growth or weak

Vitamins

13 essential vitamins

Complex organic compounds

Play metabolic role – cofactors and coenzymes

Animals cannot synthesize themselves

Vitamins Water Soluble vitamins

Taken in excess – eliminated in urine generally do no harm C

B complex (B1, B2, B6, B12, niacin)

Fat Soluble vitamins

Taken in excess – stored in fatty tissues can cause serious health problems A

D

E

K

Water Soluble Vitamins

Need Source Too Little Too Much

C collagen synth., inhibits free radicals, builds bone, & teeth

Fruits and vegetables

Scurvy, poor healing, impaired immunity

diarrhea, digestive upsets

B complex

Coenzyme action meat, green leafy vegetables, whole grains

Varies None in most Niacin - skin flushing B6 –impaired coordination

B12 nervous function, coenzyme in nucleic acid metabolism

Meat, dairy, yeast

vegan diet -limited

Anemia,

impaired nerve function

non– toxic

Fat Soluble Vitamins Need Source Too little Too much

A Vision, bone, teeth

Beta carotene- yellow or green leafy vegetables

night blindness, dry skin, poor immunity

skin changes, vomiting, bone & liver damage

D Bone growth; mineralization Ca absorption

Formed in skin, fortified milk, yolks

bone deformities (Rickets)

retarded growth, kidney damage

E counters free radicals, maintains cell membranes

Whole grains, dark-green leafy vegetables, vegetable oil

anemia, nerve damage

muscle weakness, fatigue, headaches, nausea

K Blood clotting, ATP formation

Enterobacteria, Leafy vegetables

Hemorrhage jaundice, liver damage, anemia

Simple Digestive Processes 1. Intracellular Digestion

Paramecium

Amoeba

Phagocytosis

Simple Digestive Processes 2. Extracellular Digestion carbohydrates simple sugar

proteins amino acids

lipids glycerol

& fatty acids

Digestive Systems

1. Incomplete digestive system

- Gastrovascular Cavity

Hydra

Gastrovascular

Cavity

Tentacles Mouth

Extracellular

Digestion

Phagocytosis –

Intracellular

Digestion

Incomplete Digestive System

Planaria

2. Complete Digestive System

Mouth

Pharynx

Esophagus

Crop/gizzard

Stomach

Intestine

Anus

“ a tube within a tube construction”

Annelids – Segmented Worms

Complete Digestive System

Roundworms

Mollusks

Digestive System Functions

1. Mechanical Processing – breakdown, mixing, and food movement

2. Secretion – release of digestive enzymes that aid digestion

3. Digestion – breakdown of food particles

4. Absorption – passage of digested nutrients and fluid from the tube (extracellular space) into the body’s cells

5. Elimination – explusion of undigested materials

Bird Specializations

Arthropods

Bird Specializations

Chordates - birds

Gizzard

Stomach

Ruminant Specializations

Vertebrate Mouth Specializations

Teeth Specialization

Carnivore

Canines

Molars

Incisors

Herbivore: Teeth Specialization

Grazing

Rodent – Gnawing

Incisors

Molars

Circulatory Systems

Single-celled organisms

O2 &

Food

CO2 &

Waste

Circulatory Systems Rapidly transports substances to and from cells

May carry gases, food, chemical messages, waste material and living cells

Interstitial fluid bathes tissues

Heart – muscular blood vessel that acts as a pump

1. Open Circulatory Systems

Open Circulatory System

Snails

Open Circulatory System

Land Arthropods

2. Closed Circulatory System

Fish – 2 chambered heart

1 ventricle

1 atrium

Amphibians – 3-chambered heart

1 ventricle

2 atria

Birds and Mammals – 4-chambered heart

2 ventricles

2 atria

Atrium –

thin-walled;

receives blood

from body;

pumps to ventricle

Ventricle –

muscular wall;

forces blood into

major arteries

Cellular Respiration

C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + energy

Respiration in Water and Air

aquatic environments

terrestrial environments

Animal Gas Exchange

Protists – direct diffusion of gases

Gas Exchange –

surface exchange vascular exchange

Gas Exchange – surface/vascular exchange

Earthworms

Gas Exchange - Gills

Gas Exchange - Lungs

Gas Exchange - Trachea

Terrestrial Insects

Gills

Fish

Gill Filament

Countercurrent Exchange

Gas Exchange – Lungs

Amphibians

Gas Exchange – Birds

Air Flow

34% efficient, no air mixing

Gas Exchange – Human