Nutrition Systems in

Animals

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Nutrition-the intakeintake of SUBSTANCES from outsideoutside-

To grow

To renew our body

To get energy

To move our skeletal muscles

For other muscles to contract -heart pumping, respiratory mucles, digestive muscles...

To keep the body temperature

For brain activity

substances we burnsubstances we don't burn but store

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the four systems involved in nutrition. Which one of these connect the other three?Circulatory system connects digestive, respiratory and excetory

The four systems involved in nutrition. Which one of these connect the other three?

Which one of these connect the other three?

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Is this process above mechanical or chemical digestion?

Stage 2 in the digestive process: digestion

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Stage 3 in the digestive process: absorption

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Stage 3 in the digestive process: absorption

INTRACELLULARDIGESTION

collar cells

water flow

ostium

osculum

Intracellular digestion (phagocytosis needed) the food vacuole mixes with a lysosome

Food particle is enclosed by food

vacuole via phagocytosis.

Live in water

Are found attached to

the ocean floor

They feed filtering small

food particles from water

PORIFERA (SPONGES)

Sponge feeding video

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Natural bath sponge

Regadera de Filipinas

Intracellular digestion is exclusive tosponges and protozoa orgnanisms

Video: fagocytosis in ameba fagocytosis in white blood cells

CNIDARIA (CELENTEREA)

cnidocyte

tentacles

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EXTRACELLULARDIGESTION

inGASTROVASCULAR

CAVITY

gastrovascular cavity

Cnydocytes firing video

Animals in movies (LINK)“Finding Nemo”

Anemona

Jellyfish

Polyp in feshwaterHydra

Hydra catches a prey video

digestive enzymes

(extracellular digestion)

hepatopancreas

stomach

mouth

anus

MOLLUSCS

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Extracellular digestionin digestive tubes

Radula ribbon video

gizzard

oesophagus

crop

mouth

intestine

anus

ARTHROPODS

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Extracellular digestionin digestive tubes

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In spiders..digestion is carried out externally (outside spider's body) and internally. Spiders secrete digestive fluids into their prey. Digestive fluids dissolve the prey's internal tissues. Then the spider feeds by sucking the partially digested fluids out.

Extracellular digestionin digestive tubes

Digestive tube of a carnivore

Extracellular digestionin digestive tubes

Digestive tube of a non-ruminant

herbivore

Digestive tube of a ruminant herbivore

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Digestion of cell walls with cellulose takes placein the complex stomach.Later on food is brought back up into the animal's mouth to be chewed more

Digestion of cell walls with cellulose takes placein the big stomach

Plants, particularly grasses, are very hard to digest. Animals that eat plants need to have a particular bacteria inside their bodies to help break down the cell walls with cellulose

Some herbivores are ruminants (say room-in-unt). This means that there are 4 parts to their stomachs:Food goes to the first parts, called the rumen (say room-in) and the reticulum (say reh-tick-you-lm), where cellulose digestion takes place. Later on this food is brought back up into the animal's mouth to be chewed more.

Then food is swallowed and goes into the third and fourth parts of the stomach, called the omasum (say oh-ma-sm) and abomasum (say uh-boe-ma-sm), where digestion continues.

Ruminants do not need to drink very much water because there is moisture in and on the plants they eat.

Ruminant herbivores include giraffe,antelopes, camel.

Some herbivores are non-ruminants. The digestion of cell walls with cellulose takes place further down their digestive system

Non-ruminants pass quite a lot of undigested food out of their bodies. They have to spend about three quarters of the day feeding.

Non- ruminant herbivores includezebra, hippopotamus, rhinoceros.

stomach

large intestine

liver

oesophagus

pharynxsalivary glands

mouth

pancreas

small intestine

rectum

anus

Vertebrates

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Respiration in animals

Cellular respiration

oxygen

energy

carbon dioxide

mitochondrion

Respiratory system

O2

CO2

gas exchange

Gas exchange surfaces in animals

thin surfaces

moist surfaces

surfaces full of blood vessels

Breathing is the action of moving air to the inside of the body and then, move air outside.

In other words, inhale and exhale.

Breathing provide the oxygen needed for respiration.

Breathing

Cutaneous gas exchange

Very small animals and a few larger animals that live in moist environments use this type of gas exchange. Worms are an example.

Earthworms have capillaries right under their “skin.” To be able to exchange gases directly with their environment, earthworms must stay moist

Flatworm (planaria)

Tape worm (tenia o solitaria)

Why do cylindrical shape -as in earthworm-or flat shape -as in these examples here- are appropriated for cutaneous gas exchange?

Can animals with cutaneous gas exchange live in dry evironment?

Another cool amphibian

Axolotl salamander ( best known as the “Ajolote)Located in Mexican fresh waters; found in a variety of species.This specie maintain its gills through adulthood, remaining aquatic.

The frog is an animal which breathes through its skin as well as by using a pair of simple lungs. The graph below shows how much the frog uses these two different ways of breathing throughout the year.

Questions1. When does the frog use its lungs the most during the year?2. When does the frog use its lungs least during the year?3. Does the frog breathe in oxygen mostly through its skin or mostly through its lungs?4. Why do you think that the frog needs more oxygen in spring and why does it need so little oxygen in winter?