Welcome

Welcome

IntroductionWe would like to thank Pn.Norkhidah, our science teacher for allowing us to do this project. We would also like to thank our parents for supporting us through this project. Our group consists of 5 members:1)Krethaloshanan Vinnan Rao A/L Gunalan (GK)2)Desmond Foong(NicLee)3)Daniel Josh(DJ)4)Colin Tan Wei Yung(CLN/JLYX)5)Lim Jing Jie(WXY)

The nutritious food for expectant mother.The importance of taking nutritious food for expectant mother and her foetus.The effect of cigarette towards the foetus.The importance of avoid taking substance that can harm the foetus.

importance of taking nutritious food for expectant mother and her foetus.Nutrition and pregnancyrefers to the nutrient intake, and dietary planning that is undertaken before, during and after pregnancy.In a precursory study into the link between nutrition and pregnancy in 1950 women who consumed minimal amounts over the eight-week period had a higher mortality or disorder rate concerning their offspring than women who ate regularly, attributed to the fact that the children born to well-fed mothers had less restriction within the womb.

Not only have physical disorders been linked with poor nutrition before and during pregnancy, but neurological disorders and handicaps are a risk that is run by mothers who are malnourished, a condition which can also lead to the child becoming more susceptible to later degenerative disease(s).23.8% of babies are estimated to be born with lower than optimal weights at birth due to lack of proper nutrition.

It is very important that expecting mothers should change their personal habits like smoking, alcohol, caffeine, using certain medications and street drugs as soon as they know they are pregnant or even when they are planning to conceive. All these can affect the development of the organs like brain, which happen in early stages of pregnancy. They can cause irreparable damage to the growing foetus.

Beneficial pre-pregnancy nutrientsAs with most diets, there are chances of over-supplementing, however, as general advice, both state and medical recommendations are that mothers follow instructions listed on particular vitamin packaging as to the correct or recommended daily allowance (RDA). Daily prenatal use of iron substantially improves birth weight, potentially reducing the risk of Low birth weight.Magnesiumandzincsupplementation for the binding of hormones at their receptor sites.Folic acidsupplementation, or dietary requirement of foods containing it for the regular growth of thefollicle.

Regularvitamin Dsupplementation decreases the chances ofdeficienciesin adolescence. More importantly, it is known to reduce the likelihood ofricketswithpelvic malformations which make normal delivery impossible.Regularvitamin B12supplementation, again is known to reduce the chances of infertility and ill health.

Omega-3 fatty acidsincrease blood flow to reproductive organs and may help regulate reproductive hormones.Consumption is also known to help prevent premature delivery and low birth weight.The best dietary source of omega-3 fatty acids isoily fish. Some other omega-3 fatty acids not found in fish can be found in foods such as flaxseeds, walnuts, pumpkin seeds, and enriched eggs.

Nutrition during pregnancyThe conception and the subsequent weeks afterwards is the time when it is at its most vulnerable, as it is the time when the organs and systems develop within. The energy used to create these systems comes from the energy and nutrients in the mother's circulation, and around the lining of the womb, such is the reason why correct nutrient intake during pregnancy is so important.

During the early stages of pregnancy, since the placenta is not yet formed, there is no mechanism to protect the embryo from the deficiencies which may be inherent in the mother's circulation. Thus, it is critical that an adequate amount of nutrients and energy is consumed. Additionally, the frequent consumption of nutritious foods helps to prevent nausea,vomiting, andcramps.

Supplementing one's diet with foods rich infolic acid, such asorangesand dark green leafy vegetables, helps to preventneural tubebirth defects in the baby. Consuming foods rich iniron, such as lean red meat and beans help to prevent anemia and ensure adequate oxygen for the baby.A necessary step for proper diet is to take a dailyprenatal vitamins, that ensure their body gets the vitamins and minerals it needs to create a healthy baby. These vitamins containfolic acid, iodine, iron, vitamin A, vitamin D, zinc and calcium.

Potentially harmful determinants during pregnancyIt is advised for pregnant women to pay special attention to food hygiene during pregnancy in addition to avoiding certain foods in order to reduce the risk of exposure to substances that may be harmful to the developing fetus. This can include food pathogens and toxic food components, alcohol, and dietary supplements such as vitamin A.

Dietary vitamin A is obtained in two forms which contain the preformed vitamin (retinol), that can be found in some animal products such as liver and fish liver oils, and as a vitamin A precursor in the form of carotenes, which can be found in many fruits and vegetables.Intake ofretinol, in extreme cases, has been linked to birth defects and abnormalities. However, regular intake of retinol is not seen as dangerous. It is noted that a 100g serving of liver may contain a large amount of retinol, so it is best that it is not eaten daily during pregnancy, something which is also the same with alcohol intake in binge drinking.

Excessive amounts of alcohol have been proven to causefetal alcohol syndrome. TheWorld Health Organizationrecommends that alcohol should be avoided entirely during pregnancy, given the relatively unknown effects of even small amounts of alcohol during pregnancy.

Pregnant women are advised to pay particular attention to food hygiene and to avoid certain foods during pregnancy in order to minimize the risk of food poisoning from potentially harmful pathogens such as listeria,toxoplasmosis, and salmonella. Pregnant women are therefore advised to avoid foods in which high levels of the bacteria have been found, such as in soft cheeses. Listeria are destroyed by heat and therefore pregnant women are advised to reheat ready-prepared meals thoroughly. Pregnant women should also wash their fruit and vegetables very thoroughly in order to minimize risk.

Salmonella poisoning is most likely to come from raw eggs or undercooked poultry.Maternal obesityhas a significant impact on maternal metabolism and offspring development.Insulin resistance, glucose homeostasis, fat oxidation and amino acid synthesis are all disrupted by maternal obesity and contribute to adverse outcomes.Modification of lifestyle is an effective intervention strategy for improvement of maternal metabolism and the prevention of adverse outcomes.

Recommended nutrients during pregnancyNutrientRecommendation(Extra = Above RDA)Maximum/Total amountEnergyIncrease by 200kcal (840kJ) per day in last trimester only.RDAProteinsExtra 6g per day51g per dayThiaminIncrease in line with energy; increase by 0.1mg per day0.9mg per dayRiboflavinNeeded for tissue growth; extra 0.3mg per day1.4mg per dayNiacinRegular supplementation/diet of substance. No increase required.RDA

FolateMaintain plasma levels; extra 200g per day200g per dayVitamin CReplenish drained maternal stores; extra 120mg per day500mg per dayVitamin DReplenish plasma levels of vitamin 10g per day.RDACalciumNeeds no increaseRDAIronExtra 3mg per day neededRDAMagnesium,zinc, andcopperNormal supplementation or consumption.RDAIodineExtra 100g per day.250g per day

WaterDuring pregnancy, one's mass increases by about 12kg.Most of this added weight (6 to 9 L) is waterbecause the plasma volume increases, 85% of the placenta is waterand the fetus itself is 70-90% water. This means that hydration should also be considered an important aspect of nutrition throughout pregnancy. To ensure healthy hydration during pregnancy, theEuropean Food Safety Authorityrecommends an increase of 300 mL per day compared to the normal intake for non-pregnant women, taking the total adequate water intake (from food and fluids) to 2,300 mL, or approximately 1,850 mL/ day from fluids alone.

The effect of Smoking towards the foetus.Tobacco smokingandpregnancyis related to many effects on health and reproduction, in addition to the generalhealth effects of tobacco. A number of studies have shown that tobacco use is a significant factor inmiscarriagesamongpregnantsmokers, and that it contributes to a number of other threats to the health of the fetus.Ideally, women should not smoke before, during or after pregnancy. If this is not the case, however, the daily number of cigarettes can be reduced to minimize the risks for both the mother and child. This is particularly important for women in undeveloped countries where breastfeeding is essential for the childs overall nutritional status.

Smoking before pregnancyIt is important to examine these effects because smoking before, during and after pregnancy is not an unusual behavior among the general population and can have detrimental health impacts, especially among both mother and child as a result. It is reported that roughly 20% of pregnant women smoke at some point during the three months.

Smoking during pregnancyIn the United States today, approximately 10% of women smoke during pregnancy. Of women who smoked during the last 3 months of pregnancy, 52% reported smoking 5 or less cigarettes per day, 27% reported smoking 6 to 10 cigarettes per day, and 21% reported smoking 11 or more cigarettes per day. In the United States, women whosepregnancies were unintendedare 30% more likely to smoke during pregnancy than those whose pregnancies were intended.

Effects of smoking on ongoing pregnancySmoking during pregnancy can lead to a plethora of health risks to both the mother and the feotus.Women who smoke during pregnancy are about twice as likely to experience the followingpregnancy complications:

premature rupture of membranes, which means that the amniotic sac will rupture prematurely, and will induce labour before the baby is fully developed. Although this complication has a good prognosis (in Western countries), it causes severe economic stress as the premature child may have to stay in the hospital to gain health and strength to be able to sustain life on their own.

placental abruption, wherein there is premature separation of the placenta from the attachment site. The fetus can be put in distress, and can even die. The mother can lose blood and can have a hemorrhage; she may need a blood transfusion.

placenta Previa, where in the placenta grows in the lowest part of the uterus and covers all or part of the opening to the cervix.[6]Having placenta Previa is an economic stress as well because it requires having acaesarean sectiondelivery, which is more expensive and requires a longer recovery period in the hospital. There can also be complications, such as maternal hemorrhage.

Premature birthSome studies show that the probability of premature birth is roughly 50% higher for women who smoke during pregnancy going from around 8% to 11%.

Implications for the umbilical cordSmoking can also impair the general development of the placenta, which is problematic because it reduces blood flow to the fetus. When the placenta does not develop fully, theumbilical cordwhich transfers oxygen and nutrients from the mother's blood to the placenta, cannot transfer enough oxygen and nutrients to the fetus, which will not be able to fully grow and develop. These conditions can result in heavy bleeding during delivery that can endanger mother and baby, although cesarean delivery can prevent most deaths.

Pregnancy-induced hypertensionThere is limited evidence that smoking reduces the incidence ofpregnancy-induced hypertension,but not when the pregnancy is with more than one baby (i.e. it has no effect on twins etc.).

Effects of smoking during pregnancy on the child after birthLow birthweight:Smoking nearly doubles the risk of low birthweight babies. In 2004, 11.9% of babies born to smokers had low birthweight as compared to only 7.2% of babies born to nonsmokers. More specifically, infants born to smokers weigh on average 200grams less than infants born to women who do not smoke. Premature and low birthweight babies face an increased risk of serious health problems as newborns have chronic lifelong disabilities such ascerebral palsy(a set of motor conditions causing physical disabilities),mental retardationand learning problems. Overall, they also face an increased risk of death.

Sudden infant death syndrome:Sudden infant death syndrome(SIDS) is the sudden death of an infant that is unexplainable by the infants history. The death also remains unexplainable upon autopsy. Infants exposed to smoke, both during pregnancy and after birth, are found to be more at risk of SIDS due to the increased levels of nicotine often found in SIDS cases. Infants exposed to smoke during pregnancy are up to three times more likely to die of SIDS that children born to non-smoking mothers.

Other birth defectsSmoking can also cause other birth defects, reduced birth circumference, altered brainstem development, altered lung structure, and cerebral palsy.Recently the U.S. Public Health Service reported that if all pregnant women in the United States stopped smoking, there would be an estimated 11% reduction in stillbirths and a 5% reduction in newborn deaths.

Future obesity.A recent study has proposed that maternal smoking during pregnancy can lead to future teenageobesity. While no significant differences could be found between young teenagers with smoking mothers as compared to young teenagers with nonsmoking mothers, older teenagers with smoking mothers were found to have on average 26 percent morebody fatand 33 percent more abdominal fat than similar aged teenagers with non-smoking mothers.

This increase in body fat may result from the effect smoking during pregnancy, which is thought to impact fetal genetic programming in relation to obesity. While the exact mechanism for this difference is currently unknown, studies conducted on animals have indicated that nicotine may affect brain functions that deal with eating impulses and energy metabolism.

These differences appear to have a significant effect on the maintenance of a healthy, normal weight. As a result of this alteration to brain functions, teenage obesity can in turn lead to a variety of health problems includingdiabetes(a condition in which the affected individuals blood glucose level is too high and the body is unable to regulate it),hypertension(high blood pressure), and cardiovascular disease(any affliction related to the heart but most commonly the thickening of arteries due to excess fat build-up).

Future smoking habits

Studies indicate that smoking during pregnancy increases the likelihood of offspring beginning to smoke at an early age.

Quitting during pregnancyQuitting smoking at any point during pregnancy is more beneficial than continuing to smoke throughout the entire 9 months of pregnancy, especially if it is done within thefirst trimester(within the first 12 weeks of pregnancy). A recent study suggests, however, that women who smoke anytime during the first trimester put their fetus at a higher risk for birth defects, particularlycongenital heart defects(structural defects in the heart of an infant that can hinder blood flow) than women who have never smoked.

That risk only continues to increase the longer into the pregnancy a woman smokes, as well as the larger number of cigarettes she is smoking. This continued increase in risk throughout pregnancy means that it can still be beneficial for a pregnant woman to quit smoking for the remainder of hergestation period.

There are many resources to help pregnant women quit smoking such as counseling and drug therapies. For non-pregnant smokers, an often-recommended aid to quitting smoking is through the use ofNicotine replacement therapyin the form of patches, gum, inhalers, lozenges, sprays or sublingual tablets (tablets which you place under the tongue). However, it is important to note that the use of Nicotine Replacement Therapies (NRTs) is questionable for pregnant women as these treatments still deliver nicotine to the child. For some pregnant smokers, NRT might still be the most beneficial and helpful solution to quit smoking. It is important to talk to your doctor to determine the best course of action on an individual basis.

Smoking after pregnancyInfants exposed to smoke, both during pregnancy and after birth, are found to be more at risk ofsudden infant death syndrome(SIDS).

Breast feedingIf one does continue to smoke after giving birth, however, it is still more beneficial tobreastfeedthan to completely avoid this practice altogether. There is evidence that breastfeeding offers protection against manyinfectious diseases, especially diarrhea. Even in babies exposed to the harmful effects of nicotine through breast milk, the likelihood of acute respiratory illness is significantly diminished when compared to infants whose mothers smoked but were formula fed.Regardless, the benefits of breastfeeding outweigh the risks of nicotine exposure.

Passive smokingPassive smokingis associated with many risks to children, including,sudden infant death syndrome(SIDS),asthma,lung infections,impaired respiratory function and slowed lung growth,Crohn's disease,learning difficulties and neurobehavioral effects,an increase intooth decay,and an increased risk of middle ear infections.

THE END

Thank You

Wait before we go we have a video we want you to see

Now For Real

The End&Thank You