nwf 3/1/03, blgs facts about cbm and water extraction of cbm requires withdrawal of water from coal...

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NWF 3/1/03, Blgs Facts about CBM and water Extraction of CBM requires withdrawal of water from coal seams containing methane. Projections call for disposal or management of one quarter million acre-feet of product water annually in the Powder River Basin. Common signature of CBM product water is salinity, sodicity, ammonia, bicarb, minor other constituents.

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Page 1: NWF 3/1/03, Blgs Facts about CBM and water Extraction of CBM requires withdrawal of water from coal seams containing methane. Projections call for disposal

NWF 3/1/03, Blgs

Facts about CBM and water Extraction of CBM requires

withdrawal of water from coal seams containing methane.

Projections call for disposal or management of one quarter million acre-feet of product water annually in the Powder River Basin.

Common signature of CBM product water is salinity, sodicity, ammonia, bicarb, minor other constituents.

Page 2: NWF 3/1/03, Blgs Facts about CBM and water Extraction of CBM requires withdrawal of water from coal seams containing methane. Projections call for disposal

NWF 3/1/03, Blgs

Montana

Wyoming

NorthDakota

South Dakota

Towns

Powder River Basin

Coal strip mines

Areas prospective forCBM exploitation

Areas of current CBM development

Axis of Powder RiverBasin

Powder

Casper

Gillette

Sheridan

BroadusAshland

Colstrip

Miles CityForsyth

Belle Fourche

River

North Platte

River

Decker

TongueYello

wstone

River

EPA Region 8

Courtesy of John Wheaton, MBMG

Page 3: NWF 3/1/03, Blgs Facts about CBM and water Extraction of CBM requires withdrawal of water from coal seams containing methane. Projections call for disposal

NWF 3/1/03, Blgs

How much water? Average annual flow of Tongue

River is ~ 320,000 acre feet

Projected CBM product water volume is ~ 250,000 acre feet/year

Page 4: NWF 3/1/03, Blgs Facts about CBM and water Extraction of CBM requires withdrawal of water from coal seams containing methane. Projections call for disposal

NWF 3/1/03, Blgs

Water Quantity and Quality Will Dictate Water Management

Options

Discharge to surface streams Ephemeral v. perennial Loosing v. gaining

Surface discharge, spreading, irrigation

Discharge to impoundments Evaporation v. infiltration Long term recharge v. abandonment

Re-Injection – shallow v. deep

Page 5: NWF 3/1/03, Blgs Facts about CBM and water Extraction of CBM requires withdrawal of water from coal seams containing methane. Projections call for disposal

NWF 3/1/03, Blgs

Options for Beneficial Use Livestock – watering, dispersals,

enhancement of forage utilization Fish and wildlife –flow augmentation and

salinity modification-quality dependent Industrial – dust, fire, extraction, new uses Irrigation and added rainfall effects-??? Aquifer recharge, water storage Recreation Augmentation of domestic supplies – wells

Page 6: NWF 3/1/03, Blgs Facts about CBM and water Extraction of CBM requires withdrawal of water from coal seams containing methane. Projections call for disposal

NWF 3/1/03, Blgs

Generalizations about CBM Product Water Quality

Range in TDS of PRB CBM product water is 270-2,730 ppm, average is 740 ppm; median is 838 ppm

Drinking water standard is 500 ppm

Livestock water standard is 5,000-10,000 ppm

SAR range of 5-68.7, median 8.8; threshold = 12

EC (SP) ranges from < 0.5 to > 10 dS/m across basin; threshold = 3.0 dS/m

Page 7: NWF 3/1/03, Blgs Facts about CBM and water Extraction of CBM requires withdrawal of water from coal seams containing methane. Projections call for disposal

NWF 3/1/03, Blgs

The most looked-at water quality parameters

Parameter

Units Typical PRB CBM

Water

Livestock Irrigation Criteria

Primary Drinking

Secondary Drinking

TDS mg/L,ppm

270-2,730

5,000-10,000

1,240-1,920

500

EC, SC

mmhos/cm, dS/m

0.6-3.8

7.8-15.6

2.0-3.0, 8.0+

0.8

SAR ~Na/Ca+Mg

5-3540-50+

7-12varies

Chloride

mg/L, ppm

5-40 250

Page 8: NWF 3/1/03, Blgs Facts about CBM and water Extraction of CBM requires withdrawal of water from coal seams containing methane. Projections call for disposal

NWF 3/1/03, Blgs

The most looked-at water quality parameters

Parameter

Units Typical PRB CBM

Water

Livestock Irrigation Criteria

Primary Drinking

Secondary Drinking

Barium ug/L 100-2,000

2,000

Boron ug/L 70-150 5,000 750-6,000

Fluoride

ug/L 200-2,000

2,000-3,000

4,000

Fe (diss)

ug/L <30-1,400

5,000 300

Selenium

ug/L < 5 50-100 20 50

Page 9: NWF 3/1/03, Blgs Facts about CBM and water Extraction of CBM requires withdrawal of water from coal seams containing methane. Projections call for disposal

NWF 3/1/03, Blgs

What is saline water and what are the common problems or difficulties

with the use of saline water for irrigation?

Saline water has a relatively high concentration of dissolved salts (sodium, calcium, magnesium, sulfates, chlorides, bicarbonates).

Plant growth becomes a problem as salts accumulate in the root zone high enough to negatively affect plant growth.

Excess soluble salts in the root zone restrict plant roots from withdrawing water from the surrounding soil.

Page 10: NWF 3/1/03, Blgs Facts about CBM and water Extraction of CBM requires withdrawal of water from coal seams containing methane. Projections call for disposal

NWF 3/1/03, Blgs

Tolerant EC > 10

Semi-Tolerant EC = 4-10

Sensitive EC < 4

Crops BarleySugarbeetSunflower

WheatOatsCornSafflower

PotatoField BeanPeasLentils

Forages Tall wheatgrassBeardless wildryeAltai wildryeSlender wheatgrassWestern WheatgrassRussian wildryeBarley

SweetcloverAlfalfaTall FescueWheat (hay)OrchardgrassCicer milkvetch

White cloverRed cloverLadino cloverAlsike cloverMeadow foxtail

Crop Tolerance to Saline Water

Page 11: NWF 3/1/03, Blgs Facts about CBM and water Extraction of CBM requires withdrawal of water from coal seams containing methane. Projections call for disposal

NWF 3/1/03, Blgs

What is sodic water and what are the common difficulties with the use of

sodic water for irrigation? The sodicity of water is expressed as the Sodium

Adsorption Ratio (SAR) which is: The relative amount of sodium compared to

calcium and magnesium; SAR greater than 12. Sodic water is not necessarily saline.

leads to poor drainage and crusting, which can affect establishment, growth and yield.

irrigation with sodic water on sandy soils does not cause crusting and poor drainage. However, if the water is saline-sodic, it may affect crop growth and yield.

Page 12: NWF 3/1/03, Blgs Facts about CBM and water Extraction of CBM requires withdrawal of water from coal seams containing methane. Projections call for disposal

NWF 3/1/03, Blgs

Page 13: NWF 3/1/03, Blgs Facts about CBM and water Extraction of CBM requires withdrawal of water from coal seams containing methane. Projections call for disposal

NWF 3/1/03, Blgs

CBM product water in the Powder River Basin -

knowns

Trend of increasing sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) progressing north and west through the basin (Rice et al., 2000).

Page 14: NWF 3/1/03, Blgs Facts about CBM and water Extraction of CBM requires withdrawal of water from coal seams containing methane. Projections call for disposal

NWF 3/1/03, Blgs

Additional knowns Most wells in southern portion are

within the irrigation standards; Most wells in the northern section

are above the limits for salinity and sodicity (Rice et al., 2002).

Soils are generally high in clays and can be saline-sodic.

Page 15: NWF 3/1/03, Blgs Facts about CBM and water Extraction of CBM requires withdrawal of water from coal seams containing methane. Projections call for disposal

NWF 3/1/03, Blgs

Montana

Wyoming

South Dakota

North Dakota

Casper

Miles CityForsyth

North Platte

River

677

11

8

29

2418

32

53

1

24

45

3

32Circle size isProportional to TDS

Number is SAR

Courtesy of John Wheaton, MBMG

Page 16: NWF 3/1/03, Blgs Facts about CBM and water Extraction of CBM requires withdrawal of water from coal seams containing methane. Projections call for disposal

NWF 3/1/03, Blgs

Saline and sodic conditions promote new plant communities

Typically, encroachment by saline and sodic water promotes development of salt-tolerant, halophytic communities

Commonly occurring species include: Prairie cordgrass Cattail Baltic rushes American bullrush Salt cedar Alkali grass

Page 17: NWF 3/1/03, Blgs Facts about CBM and water Extraction of CBM requires withdrawal of water from coal seams containing methane. Projections call for disposal

NWF 3/1/03, Blgs

Page 18: NWF 3/1/03, Blgs Facts about CBM and water Extraction of CBM requires withdrawal of water from coal seams containing methane. Projections call for disposal

NWF 3/1/03, Blgs

Page 19: NWF 3/1/03, Blgs Facts about CBM and water Extraction of CBM requires withdrawal of water from coal seams containing methane. Projections call for disposal

NWF 3/1/03, Blgs

Tolerance and/or sensitivity of culturally significant plant species on the Northern

Cheyenne Reservation to salinity, sodicity, and flooding -

Sensitive (EC < 2 dS/m, SAR 1.6 - 8

June/Service Berry Red Osier Dogwood Red Shoot Goose

Berry Chokecherry Wild Plum Quaking Aspen Leafy Aster Red Raspberry

Moderately Sensitive (EC 2-4 dS/m, SAR <8)

Common Spikerush Field Horsetail Horsemint Sweet Medicine Sandbar Willow Snowberry Cattail Sweet Grass Saw Beak Sedge Stinging Nettle Western Yarrow

Page 20: NWF 3/1/03, Blgs Facts about CBM and water Extraction of CBM requires withdrawal of water from coal seams containing methane. Projections call for disposal

NWF 3/1/03, Blgs

Change in CBM water chemistry over a 9 day time period following

dischargesubject to evapoconcentration.

   

 Initial

pHFinal pH

Initial EC

Final EC

Initial SAR

Final SAR

% Change

EC

% Change

SAR

WQ6 7.4 8.1 3.07 3.75 3.7 4.4 22.15 18.92

WQ7 7.7 8.4 3.36 4.01 12.5 18 19.35 44.00

WQ8 7.5 9.1 5.42 6.71 20.7 33.8 23.80 63.29

 

         

Average %

Change

21.77 42.07

Page 21: NWF 3/1/03, Blgs Facts about CBM and water Extraction of CBM requires withdrawal of water from coal seams containing methane. Projections call for disposal

NWF 3/1/03, Blgs

Change from outfall to irrigation

Aaron DeJoia Cascade

Earth Sciences

Source pH SAR ECmmhos/cm

Outfall 7.5 20-26 3.8-4.2

Pump 8.2 27-30 2.6

Irrigation Nozzle

8.7 32 2.9

Page 22: NWF 3/1/03, Blgs Facts about CBM and water Extraction of CBM requires withdrawal of water from coal seams containing methane. Projections call for disposal

NWF 3/1/03, Blgs

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

4 6 7 8 9 15 17 18 19 21 21 22 23 26 28 29 30 33 33 34 37 44 45 52 56

Ranked Clay %

EC

(d

S/m

) (S

atu

rate

d P

aste

Ext

ract

)

Baseline

1X Wet/Dry-P.R.

1X Wet/Dry-CBM

5X Wet/Dry-P.R.

5X Wet/Dry-P.R.+distilled

5X Wet/Dry-CBM

5X Wet/Dry-CBM + distilled

Copyright: K. M. Robinson, MSU-BozemanLand Resources Environmental Science-2002

Textural Class 1 Textural Class 2 Textural Class 3 Textural Class 4

P.R. Treatment EC

CBM Treatment EC

Soil solution saturated paste extract (ECsat) versus percent clay of soil material prior to

treatment (baseline) and following treatment with various water quality x wetting regimes

Page 23: NWF 3/1/03, Blgs Facts about CBM and water Extraction of CBM requires withdrawal of water from coal seams containing methane. Projections call for disposal

NWF 3/1/03, Blgs

EC of shallow groundwater over a 20 week period of irrigation of Wytana saltbush( no drainage, average of all water table positions)

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Weeks

PR-Wytana saltbush

CBM-Wytana saltbush

copyr ight 2001 -S.D. P helps

MSU-LRE S Dept

Bozeman, MT .

CBM EC

PR EC

Page 24: NWF 3/1/03, Blgs Facts about CBM and water Extraction of CBM requires withdrawal of water from coal seams containing methane. Projections call for disposal

NWF 3/1/03, Blgs

Summary

Sustainable CBM product water management requires rigorous monitoring and coordinated management Essential requirements – Soil, water, and plant baseline information Amount and quality of CBM product water Rigorous monitoring at all points Coordinated water management with

multiple strategies

Page 25: NWF 3/1/03, Blgs Facts about CBM and water Extraction of CBM requires withdrawal of water from coal seams containing methane. Projections call for disposal

NWF 3/1/03, Blgs

A Strategy for CBM product water management Key elements to CBM product

water management Watershed based water management Surface and ground water in concert Maximize beneficial uses – infrequent

water spreading Maximize plant consumptive use –

reducing water volumes with wetlands Minimize deep drainage

Page 26: NWF 3/1/03, Blgs Facts about CBM and water Extraction of CBM requires withdrawal of water from coal seams containing methane. Projections call for disposal

NWF 3/1/03, Blgs

MSU Water Quality Web Site

http://waterquality.montana.edu/