nyc dep bureau of water supply, water quality division of science and research giardia and...
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![Page 1: NYC DEP Bureau of Water Supply, Water Quality Division of Science and Research Giardia and Cryptosporidium Monitoring in the New York City Watershed A](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020320/56649f4a5503460f94c6bfaa/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
NYC DEP Bureau of Water Supply, Water Quality
Division of Science and Research
Giardia and Cryptosporidium Monitoring in the New York City Watershed
A Retrospective
Kerri Alderisio
Watershed Science and Technical ConferenceSeptember 17, 2008 West Point, N.Y.
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“The Conference will bring scientists, engineers and technical experts together with watershed stakeholders and the public, to technically inform and present leading-edge research findings on information collected to date, with regard to the protection of the nation’s largest unfiltered surface water supply.”
- 2008 WSTC brochure
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Outline
Are they out there? Method History
If so, how many? Data Review
Are there any trends? Giardia
Are they harmful to people? Additional Research
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Are they out there?
• An accurate, reproducible, validated, approved method is paramount to answering this question…
• Methods for protozoan recovery have undergone many changes over the past 20 years…
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DEP Protozoan Method History(16 years; 3 methods; 3 laboratories)
Years Methods Details Laboratory
1992 – 1999(lowest recovery)
ASTM
1000L
Spiral wound nom. Filter, PSF, well
slide
NYS DOH
/ ECWA
1999 – Oct 2001
(20-30% recovery)
ICR
100L
Spiral wound nom. Filter, PSF, Hoef.
man., filter on slides
NYC DEP
Oct 2001-2008(50-75% recovery)
1623HV
50L
Envirochek abs. filter, IMS, spot on
slides
NYC DEP
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Method 1623 – Collection & Analysis
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IMS Technology
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Other Method Improvements:Pressure and NaHex Experimental Results
Data
Type>50psi25psi10psi
Without NaHexNaHexWithout NaHexNaHexWithout NaHexNaHex
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Boxplot of 10psi, 25psi, >50psi vs Type
56%
18%
45%
12%
39%
1%
n=8
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Stain Experiment
01/01/200201/01/2003
01/01/200412/31/2004
12/31/200512/31/2006
Date
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Cysts
/50L
Fit = 0.1 LOWESS Smooth
Easy
Stain
Avg. Giardia/ 50L
Merifluor EasyStain
Giardia Detection
2.85 1.06
82% 45%
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Stain Differentiation Results• P. Wallis, Hyperion
G. murisSame lot #
G. intestinalis
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Colorseed Experiment (FITC & TR)
Damaged cysts
Faded FITC
Subjective Texas Red
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Recovery Comparison DEP 1623 and DEP ColorSeed Method
Giardia Recovery Using WI Spike and ColorSeed Spike in DI waterNYC DEP Pathogen Laboratory, Method 1623
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
trial
% re
cove
ry
WI
CS
avg 58%
avg 37%
Giardia Recovery Using Method 1623: Wisconsin spike with 1623 buffer (50L) and ColorSeed with DEP Buffer (40+10L)
NYC DEP Pathogen Laboratory 2004
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
trial
% re
cove
ry
CSw/DEP Buffer
WI w/1623 Buffer
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How many are there?
Upstate KeypointsKensico StreamsTerminal Keypoints
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Sample Year
02 03 04 05 06 07 08
Gia
rdia
cy
sts. 5
0L-1
0
5
10
15
20
25West-of-Hudson Reservoirs (Catskill Watershed)
Giardia at Catskill Sites Combined
Sample Year
02 03 04 05 06 07 08
Gia
rdia
cy
sts
. 50
L-1
0
5
10
15
20
25West-of-Hudson Reservoirs (Delaware Watershed)
Giardia at Delaware Sites Combined
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Cryptosporidium at Delaware Sites Combined
Sample Year
02 03 04 05 06 07 08
Cry
pto
sp
ori
diu
m o
oc
ys
ts. 50L-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6West-of-Hudson Reservoirs (Delaware Watershed)
Sample Year
02 03 04 05 06 07 08
Cry
pto
sp
ori
diu
m o
oc
ys
ts. 50
L-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6West-of-Hudson Reservoirs (Catskill Watershed)
Cryptosporidium at Catskill Sites Combined
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Upstate Key Point Mean Values2002-2007
Reservoir Giardia
In
Giardia
Out
Crypto
In
Crypto
Out
Cannonsville 29.9 7.1 1.0 0.2
Pepacton 21 2.4 1.2 0.1
Neversink 48.6 6 0.4 0.2
Rondout 5.1 3.4 0.5 0.1
Schoharie 42.6 9.4 0.9 0.2
Ashokan 11.8 1.2 0.3 0.2
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Sample Year
02 03 04 05 06 07 08
Gia
rdia
cy
sts. 5
0L-1
0
100
200
300
400
5001623 HV DEP1623 HV ECWA
3 values > 500 and < 1200 cysts.50L-1
Sample Year
93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03
Gia
rdia c
ys
ts.5
0L-1
0
2
4
6
8
10ASTM DOH ASTM ECWA
Giardia at Eight Kensico Perennial Streams 1993 - 2008
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Sample Year
93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03
Cry
pto
sp
ori
diu
m o
ocysts. 5
0L-1
0
2
4
6
8
10ASTM DOH ASTM ECWA
Sample Year
02 03 04 05 06 07 08
Cry
pto
sp
ori
diu
m oo
cysts.
50L-1
0
20
40
60
80
1001623 HV DEP1623 HV ECWA
3 values > 100 and 250 oocysts.50L-1
Cryptosporidium at Eight Kensico Perennial Streams 1993 - 2008
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Sample Year
99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
Gia
rdia
cysts.
50L-1
0
3
6
9
12
15
Easy- Stain
ICR DEP 1623 HV DEP
Sample Year
92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
Gia
rdia cysts.
50L-1
0
3
6
9
12
15 ASTM DOH ASTM ECWA
DEL18 Giardia 1992 - 2008
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Sample Year
99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
Gia
rdia c
ysts
. 50
L-1
0
3
6
9
12
15
Easy- Stain
ICR DEP 1623 HV DEP
Sample Year
92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
Gia
rdia c
ysts.50L-1
0
3
6
9
12
15 ASTM DOH ASTM ECWA
CATLEFF Giardia 1992 - 2008
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Sample Year
99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
Cryp
tosp
orid
ium
ooc
ysts
. 50L
-1
0
2
4
6ICR DEP 1623 HV DEP
Cryptosporidium 1992 - 2008
Sample Year
92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
Cry
ptos
porid
ium
ooc
ysts
. 50L
-1
0
2
4
6ASTM DOH ASTM ECWA
Sample Year
92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
Cry
ptos
porid
ium
ooc
ysts
. 50L
-1
0
2
4
6ASTM DOH ASTM ECWA
Sample Year
99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
Cryp
tosp
orid
ium
ooc
ysts
. 50L
-1
0
2
4
6ICR DEP 1623 HV DEP
DEL18 CATLEFF
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Down the Pipe!
Giardia Crypto Giardia Crypto
RDRRCM 3.4 0.1 CATEARCM 1.2 0.2
DEL17 2.2 0.2 CATALUM 1.2 0.1
DEL18 1.9 0.2 CATLEFF 2.1 0.2
Results are per 50L, US EPA Method 1623 Data from October 2001 – August 2008
Arrows indicate flow
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Sample Year
99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
Gia
rdia cysts.
50L-1
0
3
6
9
12
15
Easy- Stain
ICR DEP 1623 HV DEP
Sample Year
93 94 95 96 97 98 99
Gia
rdia cys
ts.50L-1
0
3
6
9
12
15 ASTM DOH ASTM ECWA
CLGH Giardia 1993 - 2008
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NYC Source Water Cryptosporidium LT2 values
Cry
pto
sp
ori
diu
m oo
cys
ts L-1
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015Croton Catskill Delaware
LT2ESWTR Treatment Threshold
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Are there any trends?
Temperaturerelationship
1623 stain studyMerifluorEasystain
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Sample Year
02 03 04 05 06 07 08
Gia
rdia
cys
ts. 5
0L-1
0
5
10
15
20
Tem
pera
ture
(oC
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30Giardia cysts.50L-1 Temperature (oC)
Giardia and Temperature DEL182002 - 2008
Easy Stain Year
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Mean Giardia at CATLEFF by season 2002-2007
Mean
cysts
/ 5
0 L
0
2
4
6
8200220032004200520062007
YEAR
W
Sp
SuF
W
W
W
W
W
Sp
Sp
SpSp
Sp
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Su
Su
Su
SuSu
F F
F
F
W Avg.
= 3.04
=0.54
Easy Stain year
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Are they harmful to humans?
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Storm Samples Wildlife Feces • Storm Sites
– 3 streams
– ~121 samples (1999-2004)
• Genotypes– 22 Cryptosporidium
genotypes found
• Significance – 98%+ not significant human
pathogens
– Most prevalent = deer, rodent, muskrat, skunk
• Animals– 38 different species
– 541 specimens (2005-2007)
• Prevalence– 111/541 (20%) positive
– 21 genotypes were found (11/ 21 previously seen in DEP storm water)
– 6/11 previously unknown
– 4 novel genotypes!
– 4 expanded hosts!
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DEP data up to April 2004 indicate wildlife contribute to Cryptosporidium contamination
in stream storm water, but have no major public health significance in cryptosporidiosis
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Conclusions
• Are they out there?– Yes, and we have a good, improved method
• How many are there?– Not a lot, source water is:
• ~ 2.0 Giardia / 50L• ~ 0.2 Crypto / 50L
• Are there any trends?– Yes, Giardia low summer/ higher winter; not
enough Crypto detected to be certain
• Are they harmful to humans?– Not significant human pathogens (1999-2004)
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Thank You!
Acknowledgements:S. DiLonardoC. PaceWQ Pathogen Laboratory staffWQ Field staff