o cinema de sofia coppola: uma análise do conceito de identidade no filme encontros e desencontros

8/4/2019 O CINEMA DE SOFIA COPPOLA: Uma análise do conceito de Identidade no filme Encontros e Desencontros.

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~mn`xi `c~gè`xj# jvrnnexj ~gj q`âi ~g xjexi z~jexi èh`q`h~jc`xj% J vnij nrj ~g

èh`qçh~i bnexrjhi n ~eà`bjhi# hixjhi hn bieb`íeb`j n rj}âi b~mi –bnexri‗ bie`x`j ng

~g eýbcni èxnrìr z~n ~rk`j z~jehi i ~mn`xi ejb`j n vnrgjenbnehi nneb`jcgnexn i

gngi% –I bnexri nneb`jc hi n~ nrj j `hnex`hjhn hn ~gj vnij‗% ,LJCC# :000# v% ::)

J nk~ehj nrj hnaè`hj vnci ~mn`xi ibìcòk`bi n rnacnx`j j brnbnexn bigvcn|`hjhn hi

g~ehi gihnrei% Ncn hnaneh`j z~n i eýbcni èxnrìr hi ~mn`xi eâi nrj j~xøeigi# gj n

hnneqicq`j ej rncjëâi big i~xrj vnij `gvirxjexn vjrj i ~mn`xi z~n gnh`jqjg

qjcirn# nex`hi n çgoici ,b~cx~rj)% J `hnex`hjhn à airgjhj ej èxnrjëâi nexrn ~mn`xi n

ib`nhjhn% I ~mn`xi a`bj j`g c`kjhi æ nxr~x~rj jvrnnexjehi g~ehi b~cx~rj` nxêqn`%

J xnrbn`rj vrih~} i ~mn`xi vò'gihnrei% À hnaè`hj bigi j j~íeb`j hn ~gj `hnex`hjhn

a`|j i~ vnrgjenexn% Rigi airgjhi vir `hnex`hjhn biexrjh`xòr`j# nehi eij

:6



`hnexà`bjëþn hncibjhj% –J `hnex`hjhn vcnejgnexn ~eà`bjhj# bigvcnxj# nk~rj n binrnexn

à ~gj ajexj`j‗% ,LJCC# :000# v% :2) R~rkng h`qnrj `hnex`hjhn ng z~n vihnrçjgi ei

`hnexà`bjr# ji gnei xngvirjr`jgnexn%

J ib`nhjhn hj vò'gihnre`hjhn ar`jg j hànrneëj=

Ncj âi jxrjqnjhj vir hànrnexn h`q`þn n jexjkie`gi ib`j` z~n vrih~}ng~gj qjr`nhjhn hn hànrnexn –vi`ëþn hn ~mn`xi‗ ' `xi à# `hnex`hjhn ‒ vjrj ièh`qçh~i% Rn xj` ib`nhjhn eâi n hnèxnkrjg xixjcgnexn eâi à virz~n ncj âi~eà`bjhj# gj virz~n n~ hànrnexn ncngnexi n `hnex`hjhn vihng# io bnrxjb`rb~exïeb`j# nr biem~exjgnexn jrx`b~cjhi% ,LJCC# :000# v%:;)

I z~n nxê hncibjehi j `hnex`hjhn b~cx~rj` ejbìej` ei a`g hi àb~ci \\ à ~g

bigvcn|i biem~exi hn vribni n airëj hn g~hjeëj z~n vihn nr hnaè`hi io i xnrgi

kciojc`}jëâi%

Bigi jrk~gnexj Jexliep GbKrn{ ,:00?)# j –kciojc`}jëâi‗ n rnanrn æz~ncn vribni# jx~jexn e~gj nbjcj kciojc# z~n jxrjqnjg ariexn`rj ejbìej`#èxnkrjehi n bienbxjehi big~e`hjhn n irkje`}jëþn ng eiqj bigoèjëþn hnnvjëi'xngvi# xirejehi i g~ehi# ng rnjc hjhn n ng n|vnr`íeb`j# gj èxnrbienbxjhi% J kciojc`}jëâi `gvc`bj ~g giq`gnexi hn h`xjeb`jgnexi hj `hà`jib icòk`bj bcê`bj hj –ib`nhjhn‗ bigi ~g `xngj ong hnc g`xjhi n ~j~ox`x~`ëâi vir ~gj vnrvnbx`qj z~n n biebnexrj ej airgj bigi j q`hj ib`jc nxêirhnejhj ji cieki hi xngvi n hi nvjëi% ,LJCC# :000# v% 1;# 1<)

Riorn j kciojc`}jëâi# Oj~gje ,?66>) j qí bigi ~gj krjehn xrjeairgjëâi z~n gihà`bi~

j nxr~x~rj nxjxj`# j bieh`ëþn hn xrjojcli hi ligng# j vrih~ëâi b~cx~rjc# j rixèj# n j

rncjëþn nexrn i n~ n i i~xri% J `hnex`hjhn nxâi n hnèxnkrjehi% I~xrj `hnex`hjhn

cibj` i~ vjrx`b~cjr`xj nxâi n rnairëjehi bigi rn`xíeb`j æ kciojc }jëâi% Eiqj

`hnex`hjhn nxâi xigjehi i c~kjr hj `hnex`hjhn ejbìej` ng hnbcçeì%

^gj krjehn bienzóíeb`j hj gihnre`hjhn ej ib`nhjhn ai` j g~hjeëj ej biebnvëâi hj

rncjëâi nvjëi n xngvi% Ljcc ,:000) ja`rgj z~n li~qn ~gj jbncnrjëâi hi vribni

kcioj` n limn nex`gi z~n j h`xïeb`j nexrn j h`qnrj vjrxn hi g~ehi à gneir n z~n ~g

nqnexi jbiexnb`hi ng ~g hnxnrgèjhi c~kjr xng `gvjbxi h`rnxi n `gnh`jxi iorn vnij

i~ cibj` `x~jhi j ~gj ciekj h`xïeb`j% I c~kjrn vnrgjenbng a`|i% Viràg# i nvjëi

vihn nr br~}jhi hn airgj gj` rêv`hj# vir jq`âi i~ n'gj c% Rnk~ehi Ljcc ,:000) Ljrqnp

::



bljgj ì hn hnxr~`ëâi hi nvjëi jxrjqà hi xngvi% Big j viò`c`hjhn hn n hncibjr

cieki nvjëi ng xngvi rnh~}`hi# nvjëi n xngvi n hnbienbxjrjg# rnh~}èhi ~j

hnvnehíeb`j% Big ì# j jëþn l~gjej vjjrjg j jxèk`r i ïgo`xi kciojc%

J eij q`hj ib`jc nxê bjhj qn} gj` bnrbjhj n gnh`jhj vnci gnrbjhi kciojc ‒ nx`ci#

q`jkne èxnrejbìej`# `xngj hn big~e`bjëâi kciojcgnexn èxnrc`kjhi% Big ì# j

eij `hnex`hjhn vjrnbng ac~x~jr c`qrngnexn# n xirejehi bjhj qn} gj` hnqèb~cjhj hn

xngvi# c~kjrn n l`xòr`j nvnbça`bj%

Jck~e xnòr`bi b~cx~rj` jrk~gnexjg z~n j xnehíeb`j ng h`rnëâi j ~gj gjìr èxnrhnvnehíeb`j kciojc nxê cnqjehi ji bicjvi hn xihj j `hnex`hjhn b~cx~rjàirxn n nxê vrih~}èhi jz~ncj arjkgnexjëâi hn bòh`ki b~cx~rj`# jz~ncjg~cx`vc`b`hjhn hn nx`ci# jz~ncj íeajn ei naígnri# ei ac~x~jexn# ei `gvnrgjenexn

n ej hànrneëj n ei vc~rjc`gi b~cx~rjc hnbr`xj vir Dneenxl Xligvie ,:00?)# gjjkirj e~gj nbjcj kciojc ‒ i z~n vihnrçjgi bljgjr hn vò'gihnrei kciojc%,LJCC# :000# v% ;2# ;8)

Ljcc ,:000) jbrnbnexj z~n z~jexi gj` j b~cx~rj ejbìej` xirejg'n n|vixj j

èac~íeb`j n|xnrej# gj` hàçb`c à vjrj bienrqjr j `hnex`hjhn b~cx~rj` èxjbxj i~

`gvnh`r z~n ncj nmjg xâi oigojrhnjhj hn èa`cxrjëâi b~cx~rjc n n nearjz~nëjg%

?%2 B~cx~rj n `hnex`hjhn ejbìej`

Ej gihnre`hjhn# jbiexnbn i ~rk`gnexi hi Nxjhi'ejëâi z~n n xirejg ~gj nvàb`n hn

knrnexn hj `hnex`hjhn èxj~rjehi rnk~cjgnexi n biexricn% Mi`bn Ic`qn`rj Vjblnbi ,?6::)

b`xj# ng n~ jrx`ki# ~gj ajcj hn Onenh`bx Jehnrie ,:0<2) ng z~n ncn jrk~gnexj nr j

ejëâi ~gj big~e`hjhn `gjkèjhj% Vjrj z~n n|`xj à vrnbì z~n vnij hn ~gj bnrxj

big~e`hjhn xneljg jvnbxi ng big~g n n `gjkèng èxnkrjexn n vjrxn hn ~gj ejëâi%

Vjrj ljqnr nn nex`gnexi hn vnrxneb`gnexi j ~gj gngj b~cx~rj ejbìejc n n|`x`r ~gj`hnexà`bjëâi ejbìejc# jck~e h`vi`x`qi âi jbìejhi# bigi j cçek~j# j rjëj# n j l`xòr`j

bigi ejrrjx`qj ligiknen`}jhirj% J b~cx~rj ejbìej` âi bigvixj vir èx`x~`ëþn

b~cx~rj`# gj xjgoàg hn çgoici n rnvrnnexjëþn% –^gj b~cx~rj ejbìejc à ~g h`b~ri

‒ ~g gihi hn biexr~`r nex`hi z~n èac~neb`j n irkje`}j xjexi eij jëþn z~jexi j

biebnvëâi z~n xngi hn eò gngi‗% ,LJCC# :000# v% >6) Ji vrih~}`r nex`hi iorn j

:?



ejëâi big i z~j` ei `hnexà`bjgi# j b~cx~rj ejbìej` biexring `hnex`hjhn% Vir

gj` z~n i gngori hn ~gj b~cx~rj ejbìejc nmjg hànrnexn ng xnrgi hn bcjn# kíenri

i~ rjëj# ncj vrib~rj ~eà`bê'ci vir gnì hn ~gj `hnex`hjhn b~cx~rjc# vjrj gixrjr z~n xihi

âi vnrxnebnexn hn ~gj gngj ajgçc`j ejbìejc% Eâi ejbngi big eij `hnex`hjhn

ejbìej`# ncj âi airgjhj n gihà`bjhj ei eii èxnrìr%

Rnk~ehi Vjblnbi ,?6::) j `hnex`hjhn b~cx~rjc eâi à jcki vrnn|`xnexn ji èh`qçh~i# eng

ejx~rjc% Hj gngj gjen`rj z~n j b~cx~rj n xrjeairgj# j `hnex`hjhn b~cx~rjc hi ~mn`xi

xjgoàg n gihà`bj# à ac~`hj n gòqnc% À xjgoàg biexr~çhj# gje`v~cjhj n vicçx`bj%

Oj~gje ,?66>) jbrnbnexj z~n j `hnex`hjhn eâi à ~gj hnbionrxj# gj `g ~g vribni hn

èqneëâi% À ~g nairëi# ~g iomnx`qi hn q`hj# jcki z~n vrnb`j nr biexr~çhi j vjrx`r hi}nri% J `hà`j hn `hnex`hjhn ejbn~ hj br`n hn vnrxnebnr% Oj~gje ,?66>) biebirhj big Ljcc

,:000) n Vjblnbi ,?6::) ja`rgjehi z~n j `hn`j hn `hnex`hjhn ejbìejc –T%%%W eâi ai`

“ejx~rjcgnexn‐ knxjhj n èb~ojhj ej n|vnr`íeb`j l~gjej T%%%W‗ ,OJ^GJE# ?66># v% ?1)#

gj ai` ~gj `hn`j airëjhj j nexrjr ej q`hj hn ligne n g~clnrn gihnrei% À j nbiclj hi

~mn`xi hn vnrxnebnr j ~gj big~e`hjhn ojnjhj ej m~eëâi hn èh`qçh~i hn ivè`âi

vjrnb`hj%

J `hnex hjhn ejbìejc # vnrg`xj'gn jbrnbnexjr# e~ebj ai` bigi j i~xrj`hnex`hjhn% Hànrnexngnexn hncj# z~n eâi n|`k`jg jhnâi ènz~çqibj n a`hnc`hjhnn|bc~ qj# j `hnex`hjhn ejb iejc eâi rnbielnb`j bigvnx hirn# g~`xi gneiivi`xirn% B~`hjhijgnexn biexr~çhj vnci Nxjhi n ~j airëj ,i~ –kiqnrei æigorj‗ i~ –kiqnrei ei n|çcì‗ ei bji hn ejëþn jv`rjexn ‒ –ejëþn è rvn‗jvnej bljgjehi vir ~g Nxjhi vròvrì) j `hnex`hjhn ejbìejc iomnx`qjqj i h`rn`xigieivic`xj hn xrjëjr j ariexn`rj nexrn –eò‗ n –ncn‗% ,OJ^GJE# ?66># v%?<)

Vjrj biexr~`r ~gj `hà`j ~eà`bjhj hn `hnex`hjhn h`jexn hn xjexj hànrneëj hnexri hn ~gj

ejëâi# Vjblnbi ,?6::) b`xj ~gj ic~ëâi jviexjhj vir Oj~gje# i bljgjhi vribni hn

j`g`cjëâi i~ nc`gèjëâin|bc~âi% Nrj vrnbì nrrjh`bjr j hànrneëj# i~ i hànrnexn# vjrj br`jr nj ligiknen`}jëâi%

Virxjexi# vjrj hjr biexj hn ~xnexjr n~ vjrïgnxri hn irhng# oncn}j# c`gvn}j n vrikrni# j gihnre`hjhn n nrq`~ hn ~gj còk`bj oèêr`j# hn ~g `xngj hnbcjà`bjëâi n h`xèëâi b~cx~rjc n `hnex`xêrì z~n q`jqj vrnnrqjr n kjrjex`r jbieairg`hjhn ib`jc big nn vjrïgnxri% J gihnre`hjhn èqnexi~ n g~cx`vc`bi~i n~ –jeirgj`‗ ‒ vjrj ~jr ~gj n|vrnâi hn Ai~bj~cx ‒ i èhrøg`bi#

:2



hna`b`nexn# giexri n v`bivjxj# i ~rhi# i bnki# i jcn`mjhi# i rnonchn# i vi~bi èxnc`knexn# i nxrjeli# i ligin|~j`# i g`nrêqn`# i i~xri% Ncjbrì~ èx`x~`ëþn big j a~eëâi hn eirgjx`}jr n eirgjc`}jr i ncngnexi hj b~cx~rjn br`jr# rnvrih~}`r n cnk`x`gjr ~gj b~cx~rj# ~gj `hnex`hjhn n ~gj bieb`íeb`jejbìejc# bienz~nexngnexn# nj èx`x~`ëþn n xirejrjg vjcbi hj vrih~ëâi#rnvrih~ëâi n hi biexricn hj jcxnr`hjhn ei biexn|xi hj gihnre`hjhn# j a`g hn

v~rà`bjr# jajxjr# c`gvjr xihj ~mn`rj ib`jc% ,VJBLNBI# ?6::# v%68 )

J `hnex`hjhn b~cx~rjc hi ~mn`xi gihnrei xèlj# enn gignexi# nxjo`c`hjhn% Bjhj ~g

xèlj n~ vròvrì c~kjr n bigvirxjgnexi% I ~mn`xi q`q`j ~j `hnex`hjhn b~cx~rjc ejbìejc hn

gjen`rj lir`}iexjc# ~eà`bjhj n z~n vr`gjqj vncj `k~jchjhn# ~gj qn} z~n nn gignexi

joigèjqj j hànrneëj% Gj ~gj eiqj airgj hn vnrbnonr n q`qneb`jr j `hnex`hjhn à

vnrbno`hj jvò j Rnk~ehj K~nrrj G~eh`jc ,gihnre`hjhn xjrh`j i~ vò'gihnre`hjhn)# j

kciojc`}jëâi# i vribni hn hnbiexr~ëâi hi Nxjhi'ejëâi n j hnbnexrjëâi hi ~mn`xi

gihnrei% Jx~jcgnexn# h`jexn hj xnbeicik`j hn èairgjëâi n hj bigvrnâi hjh`xïeb`j# j `hnex`hjhn b~cx~rjc n xirej gnei anbljhj n gnei nxêqnc%

N nxê n|jxjgnexn jç j krjehn hà`b~chjhn% Rn# ej gihnre`hjhn# nrj viçqnc `hnexà`bjr j

`hnex`hjhn hn ~g ~mn`xi jxrjqà hn ncngnexi# vjvà` ib`j` n vrêx`bj z~n j airgjqjg n

j cibjc`}jqjg ei xngvi n ei nvjëi# limn nj `hnex hjhn à g~`xi gj` qjr jhj#

èbiexjexn n vc~rjc% Ej gihnre`hjhn# vihnrçjgi ajcjr iorn j g~clnr big bnrxj vrnb`âi#

limn ì eâi à gj` viçqnc% Eâi n|`xn ~g ò vjvnc# `hnex`hjhn i~ c~kjr z~n j hnaèj%

Rnk~ehi Ljcc ,:000)# Nrenx Knccenr jbrnh`xj z~n# ng ~g nex`gnexi hn `hnex`hjhn

ejbìejc# i ~mn`xi gihnrei n|vnr`gnexjr`j ~g nex`gnexi vria~ehi hn vnrhj ~omnx`qj%

Oj~gje ,?66>) biexj ~j n|vnr`íeb`j hn q`hj ji xnr z~n c`hjr big i z~nxìejgnexi hn ~j

`hnex`hjhn% Ejb`hi ng :0?># ng ~gj ajgçc`j m~h`j vicienj# ncn xnqn# ng :01<# n~

xrjojcli vriò`hi vnci Vjrx`hi Big~e`xj z~jehi i jex 'ng x`gi ai` ~jhi vjrj

rnvr`g`r nx~hjexn n vrianirn ~e`qnr`xêrì z~n n|`k`jg i a`g hi `xngj ~e`vjrx`hêrì

ng eign hn cònrhjhn# m~x ëj n `k~jchjhn% @gvnh`hi hn cnbìejr g~hi~'n vjrj j

@ekcjxnrrj%

Ng ~gj bnr`gøe`j ng z~n rnbnonr`j i x`x~ci hn hi~xir liei`r bj~rj# i j~xir n hnvjri~

big j hýq`hj ej nbiclj vjrj xibjr i lèi hj Vicøe`j i~ i lèi hj Krâ'Ornxjelj% J Vicøe`j

:8



ai` i vjç ng z~n ncn ejbn~# gj z~n ljq`jg x`rjhi i n~ h`rnxi hn cnbìejr% Ncn ai`

vr`qjhi hn ~j b`hjhje`j vicienj# j n|bc~âi ai` ia`b`jc% Ej Krâ'Ornxjelj# ncn nrj ~g

nxrjekn`ri# ~g nxrjeli# ~g rna~k`jhi hn i~xri vjç% Gngi xnehi n ejx~rjc`}jhi èkcí#

Oj~gje ,?66>) jbrnh`xj nr `gviçqnc jojehiejr j bieh`ëâi hn rnbàg'blnkjhi% J hnb`âi

ai` xibjr i lèi hj N~rivj# vi` N~rivn~ ncn nrj# ng hýq`hj% Gj# vjrj ncn# j hnb`âi ai`

`g~cxjenjgnexn èbc~hnexn n n|bc~hnexn%

Oj~gje ,?66>) jbrnh`xj nr j `hnex`hjhn ~g xngj hn g~`xj biexriqàr`j%

À big~g ja`rgjr z~n j –big~e`hjhn‗ ,æ z~j` j `hnex`hjhn n rnanrng biginehi j nex`hjhn z~n j hnaèng) âi hn hi` x`vi% N|`xng big~e`hjhn hn q`hjn hn hnxèi# b~mi gngori ,nk~ehi j aòrg~cj hn R`nkar`nh Drjbj~nr) –q`qng

m~exi e~gj c`kjëâi joic~xj‗# n i~xrj z~n âi –a~eh`hj ~e`bjgnexn vir `hà`j i~

vir ~gj qjr`nhjhn hn vrèbçvì‗% Hi hi` x`vi# i vr`gn`ri gn ai` enkjhi%,OJ^GJE# ?66># v%:;)

Bigi bienzóíeb`j hj jx~jc nvjrjëâi nexrn Nxjhi n ejëâi n big i Nxjhi hnbcjrjehi

`gvjrb`jc`hjhn vnrjexn j ivëþn b~cx~rj` n n hnqèb~cjehi hi bjrêxnr g~cx`b~cx~rjc hj

ib`nhjhn ng z~n ncn jhgè`xrj# vnij nxâi o~bjehi nxjo`c`hjhn ng jor`ki bljgjhi

big~e`hjhn ,hn `hà`j n vrèbçvì)%

J kciojc`}jëâi# virxjexi viò`c`xi~ ji ligng ~g gjìr biexjxi big i –i~xri‗

e~gj èxnrjëâi nexrn j b~cx~rj% À rigv`hj j `hà j hn ejb iejc hjhn bigiejx~rn}j nneb jc# n èxrih~}`hj j `hà j hn ~gj –big~e`hjhn `gjkèjhj‗,Onenh`bx# b`xjhi vir Ljcc# ?66:# v%>:)# airgjhj jxrjqà hn ~gj ejrrjx`qj# hn ~gjèqneëâi hn xrjh`ëþn n g`xi ji z~j` igi bieh`bìejhi n biebnongi bigirnjc`hjhn4 i z~n# nk~ehi Ljcc# Knccenr bljgj hn –xnxi vicçx`bi‗% I –xnxi vicçx`bi‗ àhnaè`hi bigi ~g biem~exi hn vrêx`bj b~cx~rj` z~n `hnexà`bjr`jg hnxnrgèjhic~kjr% ,BIRXJ# ?66;# v% <?)

^gj jcxnrejx`qj xnexjhirj vjrj vnij ènk~rj# biea~j n hnir`nexjhj h`jexn hj

èxjo`c`hjhn hi g~ehi z~n aj}ng vjrxn% Gj j big~e`hjhn xng ~g bjrêxnr jgoçk~i% Ncj

vihn nr ~g ieli hn xrjezó`c`hjhn# nk~rjeëj n vj}% I~# bigi ja`rgj Oj~gje ,?66>)=

Vjrj vnij z~n c~xjg e~gj nxrn`xj rnhn hn c`g`xjëþn# vrnbn`xi n biehnejëþn# vncnmjehi vncj cònrhjhn hn nbiclj n j~xi'ja`rgjëâi# j gngç`gj big~e`hjhnz~n n|`kn cnjchjhn joic~xj n z~n k~jrhj nxr`xjgnexn j ~j nexrjhj n jçhj à#

vnci biexrêrì# ~g vnjhnci= ~gj q`âi hi èanrei i~ hj vr`âi% ,OJ^GJE# ?66># v% 1<)

:>



Nxjgi# xihi eò# iornbjrrnkjhi hn rnviejo`c`hjhn n# ji gngi xngvi# jcgnmjehi

vir gj` cònrhjhn# i z~n ò j~gnexj gj` eij rnviejo`c`hjhn% J gjìr`j hn eò mê

vji~ vir gj` hn ~gj big~e`hjhn hn `hà`j# nmjg ncj ong'èxnkrjhj i~ naígnrj# hn

gihi z~n n|`xng hà`b~chjhn vjrj rnicqnr j biexè~`hjhn hj eij `hnex`hjhn ji cieki

hj q`hj# i z~n Oj~gje ,?66>) bljgj hn cj gígnxn% Jcàg hì# j gjìr`j hn eò mê vji~

vir gj` hn ~gj big~e`hjhn ji gngi xngvi n xng vriocngj big j binríeb`j hj

bjrjbxnrçx`bj z~n ei hnaèng bigi vnij# i z~n Oj~gje ,?66>) bljgj hn c‐`vrà`xn%

N|`xng xjgoàg j big~e`hjhn q`rx~j` z~n br`jg ~gj `c~âi hn èx`g`hjhn n âi ~g

`g~cjbri hn big~e`hjhn% Gj ncj eâi vihng ~ox`x~`r ~gj èxnrjëâi ajbn'j'ajbn# rnjc n

xjgoàg eâi vihng hjr ~oxïeb`j æ `hnex`hjhn vnijc%

?%8 @hnex`hjhn# vnrxneb`gnexi n nk~rjeëj ei rncjbìejgnexi

Rnk~ehi Oj~gje ,?66>)# Cjr Hneb`d ajcj iorn i gix`qi knrjhirn hn ènk~rjeëj ei

èh`qçh~i=

J ja`c jëþn ib j ‒ gj` i~ gnei lnrhjhj ‒ z~n âi xrjh`b iejcgnexnjxrò~çhj ji èh`qçh~i bigi hnaè`ëâi hn `hnex`hjhn= rjëj%%% kíenri# vjç i~ cibjchn ejb`gnexi# ajgçc`j n bcjn ib`jc jkirj nxâi%%% n xirejehi gnei `gvirxjexn#h`c~çhj n jcxnrjhj ei vjçn gj` jqjeëjhi hi viexi hn q`xj xnbeicòk`bi n

nbieøg`bi% Ji gngi xngvi# lê j ïe`j n j xnexjx`qj hn nebiexrjr i~ br`jr eiqikr~vi big i z~j` n q`qneb n i vnrxneb`gnexi n z~n vijg ajb c xjr jbiexr~ëâi hj `hnex`hjhn% Rnk~n'n ì j ~g brnbnexn nex gnexi hnènk~rjeëj%%% ,HNEB@D jv~h OJ^GJE# ?66># v%26#2:)

J o~bj vir `hnex`hjhn qng# n|jxjgnexn# hi hnnmi hn nk~rjeëj% Nez~jexi# ng b~rxi

vrj}i# ac~x~jr vij vjrnbnr nx`g~cjexn# ~gj n|vnr`íeb`j jèhj eâi q`q`hj n bln`j hn

vrignj# ng cieki vrj}i# ì vihn n xirejr ~gj bieh`ëâi vrih~xirj hn je`nhjhn% Vir

i~xri cjhi# nr jvnkjhi æ rnkrj# gjexnr'n a`nc æ còk`bj hj biexè~`hjhn# xnr ~gj vi`ëâi

a`|j hnexrn xjexj viò`c`hjhn xjgoàg hnqn nr jek~x`jexn% Ng eij àvibj vò'gihnrej# i èh`qçh~i ac~x~jexn n hn`gvnh`hi à ~gj nvàb`n hn lnrò` viv~cjr% Rnr ~g

~mn`xi a`|i vihn nr jviexjhi bigi èxigj hn vr`qjëâi ib`jc# arjbji n vihn nr

gjcq`xi bigi èacn|çqnc n ng jcxnrejx`qj%

:1



Vnrxneb`gnexi n `hnex`hjhn eâi âi òc`hi n eng kjrjex`hi vjrj xihj j q`hj% Râi

enkib`êqn` n èac~neb`jhi vncj hnb`þn xigjhj vnci ~mn`xi# i bjgèli z~n ncn

vnrbirrn# ~j jx`x~hn n airëj hn qiexjhn vjrj n gjexnr a`rgn ng x~hi i z~n brì~% –Ng

i~xrj vjcjqrj# j `hà`j hn “xnr ~gj `hnex`hjhn‐ eâi qj` ibirrnr æ vnij nez~jexi i

“vnrxneb`gnexi‐ biex e~jr nehi i n~ hnx ei# ~gj bieh`ëâi ng jcxnrejx`qj‗%

,OJ^GJE# ?66># v% :;#:<) Nj biexr~ëâi à jcki j nr rnjc`}jhi èýgnrj n rnvnx`hj

qn}n%

Nxjr xixjcgnexn hncibjhi vihn nr ~gj n|vnr`íeb`j hnbieairxêqnc% J `hnex`hjhn

ac~x~jg ei jr% Jck~gj nbicl`hj n br`jhj vir eò# i~xrj cjeëjhj vncj vnij ji

eii rnhir% À vrnbì nxjr jxnexi vjrj hnanehnr j vr`gn`rj ng rncjëâi æ ýcx`gj% Lê

~gj krjehn viò c`hjhn hn hnnexneh`gnexi% –Vihn'n jxà bignëjr j nex r'n bln} ri`#“ng bjj‐# ng z~jcz~nr c~kjr ‒ gj i vrnëi j nr vjki à j jbn`xjëâi hn z~n ng c~kjr jck~g

n qj` nxjr xixjc n vcnejgnexn ng bjj‗% ,OJ^GJE# ?66># v% ?6)

I c~kjrn ng z~n i nex`gnexi hn vnrxneb`gnexi nrjg jexn èqnx`hi# bigi i xrjojcli#

ajgçc`j n i q`}èli# limn âi èh`kei hn biea`jeëj n n xirejrjg gj` ~g gix`qi vjrj

nex`rgi i gnhi hj ic`hâi n hi jojehiei% Oj~gje ,?66>) ajcj z~n limn i ~mn`xi eâi

hnqn n rncjbìejr bji nxnmj o~bjehi nk~rjeëj% Lê ~g n|bni hn bigvrigì

ianrnb`hi# gj ncn âi arêkn`# eâi èv`rjg biea`jeëj vjrj èqnx`gnexi j cieki vrj}i%

J rncjëþn èxnrvnij` âi iomnxi hn jxrjëâi# gj n xirejrjg xjgoàg gix`qi hn

jvrnneâi n gnhi# cibj` hn èz~`nxjëâi n je`nhjhn%

Vjrj è`b`jr ~g rncjbìejgnexi# à enbnêrì bienex`gnexi gýx~i# nez~jexi z~n# vjrj n

xnrgèjr# j hnb`âi hn ~g hi vjrbn`ri mê à ~a`b`nexn% Jgjr `keà`bj hnvnehnr hj i~xrj

vnij z~n xng `k~jc cònrhjhn hn nbiclj# virxjexi# `gvrnq`çqnc% –T%%%W xihj vjrbnr j nxê

ajhjhj j nr vnrgjenexngnexn hnrrixjhj vncj je`nhjhn= n n j i~xrj vnij n joirrnbnr

jexn hn g`g9‗ ,OJ^GJE# ?66># v% ;?)

I bie~g`gi nxê vrnnexn jxà ej airgj hn jgjr% Nn gihi bie~g`xj hn n neqicqnr

o~bj j jxàjëâi èxjexïenj nez~jexi qjcir n|bc~`qi% ^gj qn} z~n eâi n|`xn gj`

:;



jxàjëâi ‒ nmj vir hnkjxn# ajg`c`jr`hjhn n|bn`qj i~ gieixie`j ‒ i ligng n c`qrj hi

iomnxi z~n n xirei~ èýx`c% Limn# rigvnr ~g rncjbìejgnexi à xâi eirgjc bigi j girxn

vjrj j q`hj%

Oj~gje ,?66>) hnaèn i –ligng ng qçeb~ci‗ cçz~`hi'gihnrei%

J gjìr`j hn eò# ej gjìr vjrxn hi xngvi# xng ~gj ivè`âi jgoçk~j iorn njeiq`hjhn z~n à –q`qnr c`qrn hn qçeb~ci‗ ‒ hn rncjbìejgnexi –ng bigvrigì‗%

Eò i bio`ëjgi n i xngngi ji gngi xngvi% Eâi qicxjrçjgi jxrê# gj einex`gi vi~bi æ qiexjhn iehn nxjgi jkirj% Nxjgi ènk~ri z~jexi j bigibiexr~`r i rncjbìejgnexi z~n hnnmjgi% Vìr jèhj# eâi nxjgi nk~riz~jexi ji x`vi hn rncjbìejgnexi z~n hnnmjgi%%% ,OJ^GJE# ?66># v% 10)

Nn gihi rnh~}`hi hn rncjbìejgnexi# big gnei biorjeëj# n jm~xj ji cçz~`hi g~ehi

gihnrei hj `hnex`hjhn z~n ac~x~jg# i g~ehi ng z~n i gj` `gvirxjexn à jbjojr rêv`hi#

nk~`r ng arnexn n rnbignëjr% ^g g~ehi big xjexj gnrbjhir`j ianrnb`hj z~n ~rkng

eiqi hnnmi big i èx~`xi hn nz~nbnr i hnnmi jexnrìrn%

J rnvixj æ vnrk~exj –Z~ng i~ n~9‗ ‒ j níeb`j hj `hnex`hjhn ‒ n j brnhò`c`hjhn hj

rnvixj z~n ai` hjhj à biex`x~çhj vnci qçeb~ci z~n c`kjg i n~ big j i~xrj vnij#

nehi z~n xj` qçeb~ci hnqng nr j~xíex`bi n nxêqn` big i vjjr hi xngvi% Oj~gje

,?66>) n|vc`bj z~n vrnb`jgi hn rncjbìejgnexi# gj jz~ncn z~n vijg ei nrq`r nz~n vijgi nrq`r vjrj jck~gj bi`j# jz~ncn z~n âi bjvj}n hn ei jm~hjr j hnaè`r j

eò gngi%

?%> I Nxrjekn`ri n i hncibjgnexi hj biexngvirjen`hjhn

Ei àb~ci \\# li~qn ~gj krjehn z~jex`hjhn hn hncibjgnexi viv~cjbìej`#

vrivirbìejhi vir k~nrrj# rnqic~ëþn# aign n vicçx`bj% _nkèj Vr}popb`ne ,?660) ionrqj

z~n g~`xi èxncnbx~j` airjg n|`cjhi n vrnb`jrjg rnairg~cjr n hnneqicqnr eiqj `hà`j#

vnejgnexi n nxàx`bj# bigi à i bji hn Oj~gje ,?66>)% Ajcjehi iorn j bieh`ëâi hn

q`hj hn ~g nxrjekn`ri# Vr}popb`ne ,?660) ja rgj z~n i n|`cjhi n x~j eng

bigvcnxjgnexn ng n~ eiqi c~kjr# eng c`qrn hi jex`ki# gj `g ng ~g nxjhi

èxnrgnh`êrì hixjhi hn nex`gnexi vncj gnxjhn n jbrnbnexj=

:<



?%1 I nxrjeli n j b`q`c`hjhn

Rnk~ehi Oj~gje ,?66:)# _`bljrh Rneenxx ja`rgj z~n ~gj b`hjhn à ~g cibjc hixjhi hn

l~gjei ng z~n nxrjeli xíg j viò`c`hjhn hn n nebiexrjr% N i nebiexri nexrn

nxrjeli à hànrnexn hjz~ncn z~n xngi big vnij mê bielnb`hj# bigi jg`ki n

vjrnexn# n vjrnbnehi big ~g –hnnebiexri‗# ja`rgj Oj~gje ,?66:)% Encn# eâi n|`xn

~gj rnxigjhj hi ýcx`gi nebiexri# eng xribj hn èairgjëþn iorn jbiexnb`hi n

nex`gnexi enn èxnrqjci%

I nebiexri hn nxrjeli à ~g nqnexi rng vjrrjhi% Arnz~nexngnexn# à xjgoàg ~g

nqnexi rng a~x~i ,i nvnrjhi à eâi xnelj a~x~ri)# ~gj l`xòr`j vjrj –eâi nr biexè~jhj‗# ~gj ivirx~e`hjhn ýe`bj j nr bie~gjhj nez~jexi h~rn n ei jxi# ngjh`jgnexi n ng hn`|jr z~nxþn èjbjojhj vjrj i~xrj ibj`âi% ,OJ^GJE# ?66:#

v% :::)

Ng ~g nebiexri# i nxrjeli n jvò`jg ng ~j jvjríeb`j# jx`x~hn# vjcjqrj n knxi#

eâi ljqnehi nvjëi vjrj nrri i~ xnexjx`qj% J q`hj ~rojej `gvø j enbn`hjhn hj

bljgjhj –b`q`c hjhn‗# ~gj jx`q`hjhn ng z~n n ~j ~gj gêbjrj# ng z~n eâi n

bigvjrx`clj i~ iornbjrrnkj i i~xri big ~j jekýx`j% Ncj vnrg`xn z~n j vnij

nxnmjg m~exj# gj j vrixnkng ~gj hj i~xrj# eâi h`q`hèhi i vni hn bjhj ~g n#

aj}nehi ì# i èh`qçh~i nvnrj z~n nj jëâi nmj rnbçvribj% I gnì ~rojei à b`q`c n

vrivçbì æ vrêx`bj hj b`q`c`hjhn z~n# nk~ehi Oj~gje ,?66:)# `keà`bj=

T%%%W j h`vieò c`hjhn hn nvjëi z~n j vnij vijg bigvjrx`cljr bigi vnriejn výoc`bjr ‒ ng nrng èqnx`kjhj# vrnìejhj i~ èh~}`hj j x`rjr jgêbjrj n “hn`|jr'n `r‐# “n|vrnjr'n‐# bieanjr n~ nex`gnexi çex`gi nn|ò`r n~ vnejgnexi# ieli n jekýx`j% Gj xjgoàg `keà`bj ~gj b`hjhnz~n n jvrnnexj j n~ rn`hnexn bigi ~g ong big~g z~n eâi vihn nr rnh~}`hiji jkrnkjhi hn vrivò`xi èh`q`h~j` n bigi ~gj xjrnaj bigvjrx`cljhj z~n eâi

vihn nr n|j~r`hj vir ~g krjehn eýgnri hn è`b`jx`qj èh`q`h~j`# bigi ~gjairgj hn q`hj big ~g qibjo~cêrì n còk`bj vròvrì n big ~j vròvr`j jknehj# z~nà ,n nxê ajhjhj j biexè~jr nehi) gjìr n gj` r`bj z~n j gj` bigvcnxj c`xj hnb~`hjhi n hnnmi èh`q`h~j` ‒ hn xjc airgj z~n “qnx`r ~gj gêbjrj výoc`bj‐ à

~g jxi hn nekjmjgnexi n vjrx`b`vjëâi# n eâi ~g jxi hn hnbigvrigì n hnrnx`rjhj hi “ qnrhjhn`ri n~‐# hn`|jehi hn cjhi i èxnrb~ri n i neqicq`gnexi

výoc`bi# gjeànxjehi i hnnmi hn nr hn`|jhi ò n biexè~jr ò% ,OJ^GJE# ?66:# v% :::)

Ej b`q`c`hjhn# à viçqnc j èxnrjëâi nexrn nxrjeli ng ~jr nj nxrjeln}j biexrj ncn% Mê

ei c~kjrn –výoc`bi gj eâi b`q`‗ à h`vneêqnc nj èxnrjëâi ,OJ^GJE# ?66:# v%

?6



:??)% Vihn ljqnr i nebiexri# gj nq`xj'n gjìr biexjxi% I nxrjeli vihng nr q`xi#

gj eâi i~q`hi n# bji nmjg i~q`hi# eâi n nb~xj i z~n ncn h`}ng% Enn c~kjrn

–výoc`bi gj eâi b`q`‗ nq`xjgi j big~e`bjëâi hàçb`c# enkib`jëþn n biebnþn z~n

vijg ei `rr`xjr# ei nexjexi# eâi lê i `gvnh`gnexi hi nebiexri big i nxrjeli# vnci

biexrêrì% –Râi# vir j`g h`}nr# b~rj vjrj ~gj hineëj mê biexrjçhj ‒ n eâi ~gj gnh`bèj

vrnqnex`qj z~n xirejr`j hnenbnêrì i xrjxjgnexi‗ ,OJ^GJE# ?66:# v% :??)% Gj gn|nr

ej ojn# ei `xngj `g~eicòk`bi# vihn xrj}nr vriocngj% Rnk~ehi Oj~gje ,?66:)# _`bljrh

Rneenxx ajcj z~n# z~jexi gjìr j ligiknen`}jëâi n i ìcjgnexi hj êrnj àxe`bj# gj`

brnbn i gnhi hi nxrjeli%

Bieq`qnr big j hànrneëj n jonr ~x`c`}ê'cj bigi airgj hn onenaçbì# vjrj brnb`gnexi n

jgjh~rnb`gnexi# à hnaè`hi vir Oj~gje ,?66:) bigi ~gj jrxn z~n rnz~nr nx~hi nn|nrbçbì% Z~jexi gj` i èh`qçh~i n nairëj vjrj ligiknen`}jr n nc`gèjr j hànrneëj#

gj` hàçb`c à n nex`r bieairxêqnc big i nxrjeli n j hànrneëj q`rj ~gj jgnjëj n ~g

gix`qi hn je`nhjhn% J enkib`jëâi hn èxnrnn big~e# ~g hnxèi bigvjrx`cljhi n j

`hà`j hi ong big~g qíg bjèhi ng hn~i% Vjrj ì# i èh`qçh~i o~bj nk~rjeëj ng

~gj `hnex`hjhn big~g n eâi h`jexn hi èxnrnn bigvjrx`cljhi% Oj~gje ,?66:# v% :?8)

n|vc`bj z~n –j n|j~xâi hi `hnjc hn ~g hnxèi big~g rnairëi~ i jvnci hj b~cx~rj‗ n j

b~cx~rj rnvrnnexj j nxe`b`hjhn z~n à –~g gihi cnkçx`gi hn nbjqjr ~g e`bli ej

ib`nhjhn‗% Nbjqjr ~g e`bli `keà`bj ~gj nvjrjëâi hn xnrr`xòrì n j n|`xíeb`j hn ~g

nvjëi j nr hnaneh`hi z~n vnrg`xng j nexrjhj ignexn hn vnij –hj gngj `hnex`hjhn‗%

Hnj airgj# j nxe`b`hjhn vjrnbn nr gj` `gvirxjexn hi z~n j `hnex`hjhn% J nxe`b`hjhn à

jcki z~n eâi vihn nr hngjebljhi# ~g cjëi z~n vrnbnhn enkib`jëþn%

Eâi ~rvrnnehn# vi # z~n j nxe b`hjhn# gj` z~n z~jcz~nr i~xrj nvàb`n hn`hnex`hjhn vix~cjhj# nmj j vr`gn`rj nbiclj z~jehi n xrjxj hn a~k`r hi j~xjhir nvjëi vicàøe`bi iehn –eèk~àg jon ajcjr big eèk~àg‗ vjrj i –e`bli nk~ri‗iehn –xihi âi vjrnb`hi big xihi‗ ‒ n iehn# j`g# lê vi~bi iorn i z~n ajcjr n

j ajcj à aêb`c% ,OJ^GJE# ?66:# v% :?>)

J `hnex`hjhn xirej'n i virxi nk~ri hi z~n vnhng ibirri z~jehi ja~ehjg i ojrbi hi

èxnrnn% I cjëi ib`j` nxâi arêkn` n ac~`hi knrjehi èbnrxn}j n|`xneb`j` n# bigi

rnvixj j nn nex`gnexi# i èh`qçh~i n nairëj vjrj gjexnr h`xïeb`j hi hànrnexn# hi

nxrjekn`ri% @i n xirej ~gj vjxicik`j hi nvjëi výoc`bi n# vixnrìrgnexn# ~gj vjxicik`j

?:



hj vicçx`bj# vrnkjehi j hnbjhíeb`j hi h`êciki n hj enkib`jëâi n# ji `eqà hn nekjmjgnexi n

bigvrignx`gnexi# lê j a~kj%

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2 B@ENGJ BIGI _NV_NRNEXJËÂI HI LIGNG BIEXNGVI_ÏENI

2%: _nvrnnexjëâi hj rnjc`hjhn n hi bix`h`jei

I bèngj nrê xrjxjhi enn bjvçx~ci bigi ~gj airgj hn rnvrnnexjëâi hj gihnre`hjhn n

~j bienzóíeb`j ei hnneqicq`gnexi hi bèngj bigi jrxn z~n vrib~rj rnvrnnexjr i

bix`h`jei% I bèngj# ei n~ èçbì# vrib~rj rnvrih~}`r j rnjc`hjhn% Jèhj limn nebiexrjgi

jck~gj vrivixj ngncljexn ng vncçb~cj big bneêrì vnran`xi z~n rngnxng ji

hnxjcln hi h`j'j'h`j n ~gj krjehn xncj iehn j `gjkne# bjhj qn} gj` eçx`hj# âi

vrimnxjhj vjjehi ji nvnbxjhir ~gj nejëâi hn q`qnr# nex`r n nxjr ej l`xòr`j z~n#

xrjezó`cjgnexn# j`x`gi nez~jexi nexjhi ej vicxriej hn ~gj jcj hn vrimnëâi%

Ei nexjexi# n j àx`gj jrxn à j z~n bienk~n gj` n jvri|`gjr hj rnjc`hjhn bigi j

q`qngi n bielnbngi# à xjgoàg j gj` hnbnvx`qj# nk~ehi Vj~cj Birhn`ri ,?66: v% 6?)#

–virz~n ajb`cgnexn xigjgi bieb`íeb`j hn z~n jz~`ci j z~n j`x`gi eâi à i iomnbxi

rnjc# gj jvnej j ~j igorj# ~gj rnvrih~ëâi# jz~`ci z~n rnacnbxn i vnejgnexi n j

n|vnr`íeb`j hi j~xir ej iorj‗% J j~xirj br`x`bj i biebn`xi hn vnrbnvëâi hn rnjc`hjhn ei

bèngj# vi` bjhj nvnbxjhir èxnrvrnxj j `gjkne hn jbirhi big ~j neò`c`hjhn=

Eâi n|`xn vrjx`bjgnexn enel~g i~xri biebn`xi z~n nmj gj` ibi n èýx`c ngrncjëâi ji bèngj% Bjhj z~jc jon vir ` i z~n `xi z~nr h`}nr= vnrbnvëâi hjrnjc`hjhn% Bjhj z~jc qí j ~j rnjc`hjhn# big n~ vròvrì icli% Qngi i i~xri#iornx~hi j vnij z~n jgjgi# qngi j bi`j æ eij qicxj# qngi j b`hjhnn j vj`jkne ng z~n q`qngi# qngi xjgoàg j girxn# j bieh`ëâi girxjc hiligne n j nangnr`hjhn hj bi`j qngi n n|vnr`gnexjgi i jgir# j ic`hâi# janc`b`hjhn# j xr`xn}j# i gnhi4 ng rn~gi= bjhj z~jc qí# vir ` gngi# j q`hj%,BI_HN@_I# ?66:# v%6;)

J `gjkne z~n qngi ei bèngj nxâi vrò|`gj hj rnjc`hjhn n vi~ng nn nex`gnexi#

gj âi ~gj nxàx`bj ~omnx`qj hi bènjxj% Birhn`ri ,?66:) ja`rgj z~n ~g oig bènjxj à

jz~ncn z~n vnrnk~n n~ vriocngj vrnib~vjexn i~ jèhj eâi ~vnrjhi% I nernhi# i

nez~jhrjgnexi# vnriejkne# vcjei n jxà gngi j cònrhjhn hn nbiclnr i xngj n xrjxê'ci

hj airgj z~n hnnmjr ng ~g a`cgn rnqncjg j vnriejc`hjhn hi h`rnxir%

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Gjrkjrnx Bilne ,?668) ja`rgj z~n i bèngj rnvrnnexj i bix`h`jei n k~jrhj rncjëâi big j

ir`kng hj gihnre`hjhn z~n xjgoàg vrnib~vj'n big ~gj biebnvëâi hi bix`h`jei bigi

vrêx`bj n `hnexà`bjëâi hj q`hj h`êr`j# bigi ~g iomnxi vjrj èqnx`kjëâi b`nexça`bj n

gnrnbnhirj hn jxneëâi rnvrnnexjbìejc% Riorn ì ajcjg Cni Bljrenp n Qjenj Rbl{jrx}

,?668)=

T%%%W j gihnre`hjhn rn`h`~ ng ~gj `gnrâi ei bix`h`jei4 jèhj z~n i bix`h`jeiain# vir hna e`ëâi# naígnri% Ng rnvixj j nn vriocngj# airgj bigi jc`xnrjx~rj vjeirïg`bj# j aixikrja`j n i bèngj xnexjrjg a`|jr h`xrjëþn a~kj}n nnejëþn nqjenbnexn `hnex a`bjehi gignexi ìcjhi ej n|vnr íeb`j–vrnnexn‗% Enn h`b~ri c`xnrêrì# jrxçx`bi n a`ciòa`bi# j enkib`jëâi nexrn jnangnr hjhn n j ~vneâi hi giq`gnexi ~rk`~ bigi ~gj bjrjbxnrçx bjhnaè`hirj hj gihnre`hjhn% ,BLJ_ENP N RBL[J_X]# ?668# v% :0)

Bilne ,?668) bljgj hn –kíenri bix`h`jei‗ j n|vnr`íeb`j z~n airgjg i eii h`j'j'h`j n

biexj z~n j vr`gn`rj vrih~ëþn hn b~rxj'gnxrjkng hi bèngj hngiexrjg ajbçeì vncj

q`hj bix`h`jej% Jexnbnhnehi i eiqi kíenri hn rnvrnnexjëâi ei bèngj# n|`x`jg i

xn|xi vjeirïg`bi ej c`xnrjx~rj z~n n bjrjbxnr`}jqjg vir ianrnbnr ~gj q`âi hi

aneøgnei z~n bigvþng j n|vnr`íeb`j bix`h`jej gihnrej n nrjg airgjhi vir

g`briejrrjx`qj z~n eâi vi~çjg rncjëâi hn biexè~`hjhn nexrn i nernhi% J j~xirj b`xj

~gj ja`rgjëâi hi brçx`bi c`xnrêrì M~cn Mjeè z~n `c~xrj i z~n ja`rgj=

G~`xi ong# bie`hnrngi i nk~èxn= q`rê i h`j ng z~n eii enxi hnnmjrâijonr z~ng àrjgi n i z~n aj}çjgi ejz~ncn h`j4 bigi ei qnxçjgi# z~nqnx`hi eij g~clnrn ~jqjg4 bigi nrjg eij bjj# eii lêo`xi# eii

vrj}nrn4 i z~n nexnh`jgi vir oncn}j# nj arêk`c vjcjqrj z~n vjj vir èbnjexnxrjeairgjëþn% Xnrâi èxnrnn ng jonr x~hi iorn eò= bigi bjqjckêqjgi#bigi mjexêqjgi# z~j nrjg eii qèli vrnanr hi9 Z~n x`vi hn vin`j

vrnanrçjgi# n jvc`bêqjgi vò ng eii bjonci i~ n bjcëêqjgi oixj big ojèlj9 @i ng ajcjr ng g`c i~xrj vnrk~exj z~n eâi ei jxrnqngi j vrnqnr#z~n ei ajr`jg girrnr hn qnrkielj# n z~n eii iorèli ei ajrâi# ng jcxi n

oig ig# bigi èhjkjëþn joic~xjgnexn ejx~rj`% ,MJE@E jv~h BILNE# ?668# v%?1?)

2%? I Bèngj# j gihnre`hjhn n i èxjexn

J gihnre`hjhn# nk~ehi Bljrenp n Rbl{jrx} ,?668)# à ~gj n|vrnâi hn gihà`bjëþn ej

n|vnr`íeb`j ~omnx`qj n ej krjehn xrjeairgjëþn ib`j`# nbieøg`bj n b~cx~rj`# nehi

~g gignexi knrjhir hn èiqjëþn hnexri hi z~jc vihngi `x~jr j aixikrja`j n i bèngj%

Vjrj ncn# i bèngj vnrieà`bi~ n xrjebnehn~ j gihnre`hjhn# nehi ~j n|vrnâi gj`

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bigvcnxj n j bjrjbxnrçx`bj z~n i bigvþng hnaè`rjg j q`hj gihnrej ng knrjc% J`g#

vihn'n hnxjbjr jck~e aneøgnei z~n âi nneb`j` ej l`xòr`j b~cx~rjc hj gihnre`hjhn n

~j c`kjëâi big i bèngj=

I ~rk`gnexi hn ~gj b~cx~rj ~rojej gnxrivic`xjej z~n cnqi~ j eiqj airgj hnnexrnxne`gnexi n jx`q`hjhn hn cj}nr4 j bnexrjc`hjhn birrnviehnexn hi birvi bigi icibjc hn q`âi# jxneëâi n nx`g~cjëâi4 i rnbielnb`gnexi hn ~g výoc`bi# g~cx`hâii~ j~h`íeb`j hn gjj z~n ~oirhèi~ j rnvixj èh`q`h~jc æ bicnx`q`hjhn4 i`gv~ci vjrj hnaè`r# a`|jr n rnvrnnexjr èxjexn ìcjhi ng ajbn hj h`xrjëþn nnejëþn hj gihnre`hjhn# ~g jenì z~n vnrvji~ i `gvrnìe`gi n jaixikrja`j n blnki~ jxà i bèngj4 j èh`xèëâi bjhj qn} gjìr hj cèlj nexrn jrnjc`hjhn n ~j rnvrnnexjëþn# n i jcxi ljq`hi ej b~cx~rj bignrb`jc n ei hnnmihi bie~g`hir z~n nx`g~ci~ n vrih~}`~ eiqj airgj hn h`qnrâi% ,BLJ_ENP nRBL[J_X]# ?668# v% :0)

I bèngj gjrbi~ i nebiexri hnn aneøgnei hj gihnre`hjhn# gj eâi ai` ò ~g gnì

ng z~n i ncngnexi hj gihnre`hjhn v~hnng n h`ngèjr% Ncn ai` ~g vrih~xi n

èxnkrjexn hj qjr`êqn` hj gihnre`hjhn= xnbeicik`j bigvixj vir nx`g~cjëâi q`~jc n

bike`x`qj z~n viò`c`xjqj j rnvrnnexjëâi hj rnjc`hjhn n ~g vrih~xi bignrb`jc# ~rojei#

vrih~}`hi ng gjj# ~gj xàbe`bj gòqnc n naígnrj z~n bjvx~rjqj giq`gnexi biexçe~i%

Ai` ~gj nvàb`n hn bienzóíeb`j n ~gj vjrxn a~ehjgnexjc hj b~cx~rj ~rojej z~n nk~ehi

Bljrenp n Rbl{jrx} ,?668# v% ?;) –n h`r`k`j j n~ nvnbxjhirn bigi gngori hn ~g

výoc`bi hn gjj bicnx`qi n vixneb`jcgnexn èhànrneb`jhi‗%

I bèngj xirei~'n ~gj airgj hn rnvrnnexjëâi z~n n|xrjvici~ i `gvrnìe`gi n j

aixikrja`j% Nrj ~gj xnbeicik`j bjvj} hn vrigiqnr rnvixj q`~j`# ne~j` n bike`x`qj

ejz~ncn z~n i j`x`jg n nxjqjg n ljo`x~jehi ji jxjz~n hj nx`g~cjëâi% I bèngj à

~g biem~exi hn giq`gnexi rnj` ngoirj eâi nmjg gj` hi z~n –j vrikrnâi nr`jc hn

aixikrjgj a`|i‗# bigi ja`rgi~ Bljrenp n Rbl{jrx} ,?668# v% ?;)%

Ng gnì ji jgo`nexn a~kj} n naígnri hj gihnre`hjhn# a`còiai xnexjrjg `hnexà`bjr i z~nnr`j i n|vnr`gnexi hn ~g èxjexn% –I èxjexn n|`xn ej gnh`hj ng z~n i èh`qçh~i

n|vnr`gnexj ~gj nejëâi `gnh`jxj n xjekçqnc‗ ,BLJ_ENP# ?668# v% 2:;)% ^g èxjexn

eâi vihn n gjexnr a`|i% N# hn jbirhi big Bljrenp ,?668)# jck~e vnejhirn o~bjrjg

rnkjxjr j n|vnr`íeb`j neir`jc h`jexn hj nangnr`hjhn hj gihnre`hjhn= [jcxnr Vjxnr#

[jcxnr Onemjgè# Gjrxè Ln`hnkknr n Mnje Nvxnè%

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Hn jbirhi big Bljrenp ,?668)# Ln`hnkknr ajcj z~n vihngi rnbielnbnr j ibirríeb`j hi

èxjexn ignexn hnvi` z~n ncn ibirrn~% J vnrbnvëâi hi èxjexn n ~j nejëâi eâi

vihng ljo`xjr i gngi gignexi% Hnj airgj# Ln`hnkknr z~nxìej n i vrnnexn eâi

nxjr`j vnrh`hi% Rò à viçqnc rnbielnbnr i vrnnexn hnvi` z~n ncn n xirej vjjhi%

Rnk~ehi Bljrenp ,?668# v% 2?6)# –eâi vihngi e~ebj nxjr vrnnexn ng ~g vrnnexn‗%

Nn –nxjr'vnrh`hi‗# bigi Ln`hnkknr i bljgi~# èbrnqn~ ~gj jc nejëâia~ehjgnexjc ej nxr~x~rj hj q`hj h`êr`j% M~exi big j gihnre`hjhn qnì jbieb`íeb`j hn z~n j vnij nxjqjg ngvrn# hn jexngâi# jc`nejhj hi xngvi ngz~n nxjqjg q`qnehi% ,BLJ_ENP# ?668# v% 2?6)%

J`g# eâi vihnrgi rnbielnbnr i vrnnexn ei èxjexn hj vrnneëj# i z~n eâi z~nr h`}nr

z~n i vrnnexn eâi n|`xj# gj `g z~n ncn n|`xn bigi jcki z~n ai` n|vnr`gnexjhi nnex`hi# eâi hn ~gj airgj rjbìejc# gj hn jbirhi big j nejëâi birvirjc%

Ei gignexi hj q`âi# –nebiexrjgi‗ j nejëâi ei rnèi vrêx`bi z~n Ln`hnkknr bljgi~ hn –vriexi i~ vrnnexn vjrj nr ~x`c`}jhi‗% N|vnr`gnexjgi i gignexi hjq`âi hn ~g gihi eâi rjbìejc# n nj n|vnr`íeb`j ei vrnnebln big j nejëâi hnnxjr vrnnexn ei vrnnexn% ,BLJ_ENP# ?668# v% 2?6)

Bljrenp ,?668) ja`rgj xjgoàg z~n [jcxnr Onemjgè ajci~ hj nejëâi gignexïenj hj

q`âi bigi i –jkirj hj rnbielnbò`c`hjhn‗% Rnk~ehi Bljrenp ,?668) ncn ja`rgi~# ng

–Xrjojcli hj vjjkne‗# z~n j q`hj gihnrej vriqibi~ g~hjeëj ej nxr~x~rj hj

n|vnr`íeb`j n xrjeairgi~ ejx~rn}j# xngvi# jrxn n l`xòr`j% Nn vròvrì xrjojcli xèlj ~gj

bjrjbxnrçx`bj arjkgnexjhj n arjkgnexêr`j# airgjhi vir `hà`j n b`xjëþn hnbiexçe~j# eâi

bigi ~g jrk~gnexi cènjr% I z~n ncn bljgi~ hn bicjkng biebn`x~jc n j jibì~ ji

bèngj%

T%%%W ~gj `gjkng à jz~`ci ng z~n i Nexâi n i Jkirj m~exjg'n ng ~gj biexncjëâibigi ~g acjl hn c~}% Ng i~xrj vjcjqrj= ~gj `gjkng à j h`jcàx`bj `gio`c`}jhj

e~g èxjexn% Vi` nez~jexi j rncjëâi hi vrnnexn big i vjjhi à v~rjgnexnxngvirjc n biexè~j j rncjëâi hi Nexâi big i Jkirj à h`jcàx`bj= eâi hn ejx~rn}jxngvirjc# gj hn ejx~rn}j `gjkçx bj% ,BLJ_ENP# ?668# v% 2??)%

Onemjgè# hn jbirhi big Bljrenp ,?668)# ajcj hj n|vnr`íeb`j gihnrej bigi ~gj

n|vnr`íeb`j naígnrj hn –bliz~n‗% Ncn jibì~ nn biebn xi æ –g~hjeëj rnvnex ej

biexjexn‗ hi bèngj# hj q`hj ej gihnre`hjhn n hj nejëþn naígnrj z~n jxèkng i

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~mn`xi gihnrei% –N|vnr`gnexjr i bliz~n nrj n|vnr`gnexjr ~g èxjexn‗ ,BLJ_ENP#

?668# v% 2?8)%

Nexrn j viò`c`hjhn hn ~g èxjexn neòrì n ~j vnrhj# i bèngj n xirei~ ~gj airgj hn

jrxn hnaè`hirj ej gihnre`hjhn% Bljrenp ,?668) n|vc`bj z~n i bènjxj arjebí Mnje Nvxnè

`hnexà`bi~ i qçeb~ci nexrn j nxàx`bj hi bèngj n j gihnre`hjhn%

T%%%W j níeb`j hi bèngj hnr`qjqj hj airgj hi gignexi neir`jc z~n bljgi~ hnaixikne`j ‒ arjkgnexi a~kj}n hn n|vnr`íeb`j z~n airenb`jg vrj}nr hn ~g gihiz~n i nvnbxjhir eâi bienk~`j hnbrnqnr qnrojcgnexn i~ rjbìejc }jr bike`x`qjgnexn% ,BLJ_ENP# ?668# v% 2?8)%

Vjrj Bljrenp ,?668)# Nvxnè hnaèn i bèngj bigi ~gj nz~íeb`j hn gignexi# ~gj

bicjkng hn arjkgnexi z~n vrih~} v`bi hn jxneëâi# jcxi# oj`|i n `gvrnq`çqn`% Enn

v`bi rnvnexèi hn jxneëâi# i nvnbxjhir `r`j jvrnnehnr gignexi hn `gnrâi ej `gjkng%

Rnk~ehi i j~xir# Nvxnè ja`rgi~ z~n j eiëâi hn aixikne`j viò`c`xi~ i ejb`gnexi hj

`hà`j hn jrxn'bèngj% Ncn jibì~ i a`cgn æ `rrjbìjec hjhn n èxjo`c`hjhn n æ z~jc`hjhn

z~n ~g xnòr`bi hj êrnj hn bèngj eâi vihn hnbrnqnr i~ z~jexà`bjr% J níeb`j hi bèngj

nxê ei gignexi rêv`hi hn airxn nejëþn z~n jck~gj `gjkne vihng airenbnr% À j

aixikne`j% _êv`hj% –Jxà jkirj eâi q` aixikne`j v~rj h~rjr ~g gè~xi èxn`ri‗

,BLJ_ENP# ?668# v% 2?>)%

I hncibjgnexi hn nvjëi n xngvi# bjrjbxnrçx`bi hj gihnre`hjhn# ai` èbirvirjhi ji

bèngj n rn~cxi~ ej `keà`bjëâi gj` jgvcj hi èxjexn% I giq`gnexi rêv`hi ei nvjëi n

ei xngvi brì~ ~g jgo`nexn hn nangnr`hjhn n hncibjgnexi n nebiexri~ ~j girjhj ei

bèngj% Nvxnè# hn jbirhi big Bljrenp ,?668)# ja`rgj z~n ~gj è`b`jc viorn}j hi

nernhi bèngjxikrêa`bi ~rkn bigi bienzóíeb`j hj èbjvjb`hjhn hn jqjc`jr z~n eâi

n|`xng nex`gnexi z~n eâi n hncibjg ei nvjëi# i~ nmj# èjx`qi4 n hn z~n eâi n|`xng

nex`gnexi z~n eâi n hnciz~ng ei xngvi# èqjr`êqn`% I bèngj à giq`gnexi%

Rnk~ehi Bljrenp ,?668)# Ln`hnkknr n Nvxnè jbrnh`xjg z~n i vrnnexn à i cibjc iehn

vjjhi n a~x~ri n nebiexrjg n i bèngj gjrbi~ i èçbì hn ~gj jrxn z~n vih`j rnacnx`r

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nj z~nxâi xngvirjc% I èxjexn bj~j nxrjeljgnexi n nn nxrjeljgnexi jbiexnbn ei

br~}jgnexi hj rnvrih~ëâi gnbïe`bj big i g~ehi n|xnrei%

Ji xirejr'n vjrxn hi aixikíe`bi# i iomnxi ej xncj hànrn hi z~n nrj jexn4 i eiqibiexn|xi xirej'i ~g eiqi iomnxi# gngi z~n vij xnr'n rnbiex`x~çhi bigrnanríeb`j ji iomnxi biebrnxi z~n n| x`j ej arnexn hj bïgnrj% J aixikne`jèbirvirj j rnvnx`ëâi# ei nexjexi# j rnvnx ëâi à ènajqncgnexn hànrnexn%,BLJ_ENP# ?668# v% 2?;)%

2%2 Bèngj= vrih~ëþn hnbnexrjc`}jhj

Vihngi ja`rgjr z~n i gnì hn big~e`bjëâi n|`xnexn ej biexngvirjen`hjhn airgjg

`hnex`hjhn% Jx~jcgnexn# n|`xn ~gj krjehn b`rb~cjëâi kciojc hn ie# `gjkne# one n

vnij gnh`jhi vncj gçh`j n z~n blnkj jxà èh`qçh~i hi gj` h`qnri bjexi hi

vcjenxj% Big ì# i gnì hn big~e`bjëâi b`rb~cjg jcàg hj ariexn`rj ejbìej` n

–hnxnrr`xir`jc`}jg i vribni hn big~e`hjhn `gjkèjhj‗# nk~ehi _ionrx Rxjg n Nccj

Rlirjx ,?66># v% 208)% Nn vribni vihn airgjr big~e`hjhn n qçeb~ci jcxnrejx`qi# gj

xjgoàg vihn jbjojr big big~e`hjhn n vrigiqnr bnrxi ìcjgnexi ei èh`qçh~i# ng z~n

i nvnbxjhir q`rj ~g bie~g`hir jxig`}jhi%

Rxjg n Rlirjx ,?66>) ja`rgjg nr i bèngj# limn# ~g gnì xixjcgnexn kciojc`}jhi n b`xjg

bigi n|ngvci i bèngj hj Çeh`j# i bljgjhi –Oiccp{iih‗# z~n n jvrivr`j hn

bjrjbxnrçx`bj hi bèngj liccp{iih`jei% Ej gngj còk`bj# i eni'rnjc`gi xjgoàg ai`

èac~íeb`j ej Çeh`j# Nk`xi n Jgàr`bj Cjxèj n i giq`gnexi arjebí ei~qnccn qjk~n

èac~nebì~ j bèngjxikrja j hi vjçn jar bjei% Xjgoàg j cibjëâi hi a`cgn n

gihà`bj% Rxjg n Rlirjx ,?66>) biexjg z~n i bènjxj gn|`bjei Jcaiei Jrj~ n

K~`ccnrgi Hnc Xiri kixjg hn a`cgjr ei Nxjhi ê`hi%

G~ xi bie`hnrjg i ciekj'gnxrjkng a`bbìejc jgnr`bjei bigi i ýe`bi bèngj hnqnrhjhn% Rnk~ehi Rxjg n Rlirjx ,?66>)# i ciekj jgnr`bjei âi jvnej –~gj vjrxn‗ hi

a`cgn vrih~}`hi ng xihi i g~ehi h~rjexn ~g jei% Rn i bèngj ~rk`~ ej N~rivj#

rjv`hjgnexn n h`ngèi~ vnci rnxjexn hi g~ehi# èbc~`qn j vrih~ëâi bèngjxikrêa`bj

hn ojn bjv`xjc`xj# bignrb`jc%

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Limn# i bèngj g~eh`jc à airgjhi# gjmir`xjr`jgnexn# vir vrih~ëþn hj Êar`bj# Ê`j n

Jgàr`bj Cjxèj# i bljgjhi –bèngj hi Xnrbn`ri G~ehi‗% Ngoirj gjìr`j# i bèngj hi

Xnrbn`ri G~ehi à vi~bi q`xi ej jcj hn bèngj i~ cibjhirj% J vròvr`j bnr`gøe`j hi

Ibjr# z~n vi~` ~gj j~h`íeb`j kciojc# vrng`j# z~jn ngvrn# vrih~ëþn eirxn'jgnr`bjej

n i rnxjexn hi g~ehi a`bj bieaèjhi ei ocibi hi –a`cgn nxrjekn`ri‗%

Enn nex`hi# i bèngj à lnrhn`ri hj nxr~x~rj jnexjhj vncj èarj'nxr~x~rj`gvnr jc hn big~e`bjëâi% _nhn xncnkrêa bj n xncnaøe`bj n h`vi x`qi hnèairgjëâi c xnrjcgnexn bjonjqjg i xnrr`xòrì bicie`j` æ gnxròvicn#

viò`c`xjehi ji vjçn `gvnr`j` j gie`xirjëâi hj big~e`bjëþn n j airgjxjëâihj gjkng hi jbiexnb`gnexi exnrejbìej % ,RXJG# RLI_JX# ?66># v% 20>)

Nn vribni hn ligiknen`}jëâi n xirei~ gj` èxnei# ei bèngj# jvò j Vr`gn`rj

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vjjg ng gj` hn <6 vjçn vnci g~ehi%

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èxnrbienbxjhj jchn`j kciojc%

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gixrjehi è~xnexêqnc# rn~cxjehi ng bjxêxrian nbicòk`bj% I j~xirn ja`rgjg z~n M%

G% Ocj~x ,:002) jvrnnexj ~gj xnir`j hj kciojc`}jëâi bljgjhj hn –hà~ìe`xj‗ z~nbie`xn ej h`xrò~`ëâi# vir vjrxn hj N~rivj# hn ~j viv~cjëâi# `hà`j# one n `xngj

vicçx`bi%

J N~rivj Ib`hnexjc n Jgàr`bj hn Eirxn âi j cibjc`}jëþn iehn li~qn j qjek~jrhj hi

hnneqicq`gnexi xnbeicòk`bi ei ýcx gi àb~ci% Gj j N~rivj xjgoàg ai` krjehn

`gvirxjhirj hn b`íeb`j n xnbeicik`j# bigi j `gvrnej# j êcknorj n j bjrxikrja`j% N# nk~ehi

i j~xirn# krjehn vjrxn hn ~j r`z~n}j n|`xn vncj n|vcirjëâi hj xnrrj hi Xnrbn`riG~ehi%

I bèngj n~ri'jgnr`bjei eâi ignexn hà~eh`~ ~g h`b~ri bicie`jc lnkngøe`bi# bigi

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jar bjei n j`êx`bi arnzónexjqjg i bèngj n~rivn~ n liccp{iih`jei n vih`jg

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èxnrejc`}jr j N~rivj i~ rnnex`r'n big bnrxj rnvrnnexjëþn iane`qj% I nvnbxjhirn

jar`bjei nrjg ior`kjhi j n `hnexà`bjr big vnriejkne z~n jk`jg biexrj ncn gngi#

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h`qnrà`bjëâi gj` hèïg`bj n vixneb`jcgnexn hngibrêx`bj%

2%8 Bèngj ej vò'gihnre`hjhn n j nvnbxjxir`jc`hjhn

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bèngjxikrêa`bj gixrjehi ~g bèngj z~n jvrnnexj ~gj xribj hn nx`ci% N|`xn ~gj

eixjck`j# gncjebic`j# ~gj nejëâi hn vnrhj –hn jcki `gjkèjhi bigi ~gj àvibj gj`

`gvcn n krjehìj‗% ,RXJG# RLI_JX# ?66># v% 86;)%

2:



Vjrj nn bèngj lçor`hi vò'gihnrei# xjexi i gihi qjek~jrh`xj gihnre`xjhn jeêc`n ‒ big i bèngj bigi èx`kjhir hn r~vx~rj nv`xngicòk`bj ‒ z~jexii gihi hn jeêc`n ncjoirjhi vjrj i bèngj –bcê`bi‗ eâi gj` –a~ebìejg‗%Ng n~ c~kjr# èxne`hjhn cò`hèj` bigvnejg i nearjz~nb`gnexi hi xngviejrrjx`qi# ej gnh`hj ng z~n n qnrà`bj j ~ox`x~`ëâi hj jex`kj xrjgj vir “~gjèa ehêqnc nzóíeb`j hn vrnxn|xi ejrrjx qi ng z~n jvnej j n|vnr`íeb jh`vieò`c`}jhj ei `gvcn vrnnexn hj vrimnëâi âi vjçqn` hn ar~`ëâi‐% ,RXJG#RLI_JX# ?66># v% 86;)%

I j~xirn ja`rgjg z~n j gçh`j hnxnrr`xir`jc`}j j ~omnx`q`hjhn% Rnk~ehi Rxjg n Rlirjx

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z~ng i bieign% I hnneqicq`gnexi xnbeicòk`bi j~hìq`~jc knrj ~g `gvjbxi ej

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h`vi`x`qi# nvnbxjxir`jc`hjhn# rnjc`gi n nxàx`bj%

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Bjrjbxnrçx`bi hj vò'gihnre`hjhn# i nvnbxjhirn hi bèngj eâi vi~ng `hnex`hjhnýe`bj# gj `g gýcx`vcj n rncjbìejhj j kíenri# rjëj# n|i# rnc`k`âi n `hnicik`j% Birhn`ri

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n|vnbxjx`qj z~n jorn jj æ `gjkèjëâi jxrjqà hi rnacn|i hj nejëþn n vnejgnexi

hj vnriejkne‗% J`g# vnij hn ~g kr~vi ivr`g`hi vihng jèhj n `hnexà`bjr big i

kr~vi ivrnir ,bigi vir n|ngvci jar`bjei n `hnex a`bjehi big i Xjr}je)# j`g bigi

gngori hi kr~vi ivrnir vihng n `hnexà`bjr big i kr~vi ivr`g`hi%

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2?



Vir i~xri cjhi# n|`xn i z~n Rxjg n Rlirjx ,?66>) bljgjg hn –nxr~x~rj jejcòk`bj hi

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i~ qjkjgnexn nex`hj n vnrbnvëâi ib`jc i~ n|vnr`íeb`j l`xòr`bj‗ ,RXJG# RLI_JX#

?66># v% 8?:)% I gngori hn ~g kr~vi vrib~rj vir ` ng ~g a`cgn n# bji eâi n

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I z~n jxrj` j vnij j ~g xn|xi i~ gnì eâi à ignexn i –nan`xi `hnicòk`bi‗ z~n gje`v~cj

j vnij –ei nex`hi hn xireê'cj býgvc`bn hj rncjëþn ib`j` n|`xnexn‗ ,RXJG#

RLI_JX# ?66># v% 8??)# gj xjgoàg j ajexj`j vrimnxjhj vnci gnì nehi jz~`ci z~n n

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Q`xi z~n j `hnex`hjhn b~cx~rjc# bigi ionrqi~ Rx~jrx Ljcc# à ~gj z~nxâi xjexi hn–xirejr'n‗ z~jexi hn –nr‗# hn vnrxnebnr ji vjjhi j`g bigi ji a~x~ri# ijx`q`gi g~cx`b~cx~rjc g`h`êx`bi vihn nrq`r vjrj vrixnknr `hnex`hjhn jgnjëjhji~ gngi br`jr eiqj `hnex`hjhn# jkèhi bigi ~g bjxjc`jhir eâi jvnej vjrj jja`rgjëâi ej nanrj výoc`bj hn b~cx~rj vjrx`b~cjrn# gj xjgoàg vjrj j vrigiëâihj èxnrnbbìejc`hjhn hn ~gj ngnrknexn big~e`hjhn xrjeb~cx~rjc% ,RXJG#RLI_JX# ?66># v% 8?8)%

I hnjaì à z~n j vrêx`bj g`h`êx`bj n hnneqicqj hn airgj z~n j ~omnx`q`hjhn nmjg

q`qneb`jhj n hnxnrgèjhj hn airgj xrjeairgjhirj n ngjeb`vjxòr`j%

2%> R~vnrvrih~ëþn n i bèngj j~xirjc

I g~ehi h`k xjc z~n qng n hnneqicqnehi ej nanrj hj airgjëþn vicçx`bj n

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rnc`kìi# hi rn~rk`gnexi hi ejbìejc`gi# hj viorn}j i~ arjkgnexjëâi ~rojej# nxb%‗

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22



`gjkne# ibirrnehi ~gj nxnx`}jëâi n q`~jc`}jëâi gj` bigvcnxj hj rnjc`hjhn# ong bigi ~gj ~ox`x~`ëâi hi biebn`xi hn nxàx`bi vncj hn èxneà`bjëâi‗ ,v%?2'?8)% _nanrèhi'n æ xnbeicik`j n æ –èiqjëþn bònreàx`bj‗# n ji n~ vjvnc bnexrjcej ngnrkíeb`j hi bjv`xjc`gi xjrhì# Mjgnie vrivþn z~n ncj hnqnr`jg nr q`xjbigi ~g –cikix`vi b~cx~rjc‗% Ng i~xrj vjcjqrj# j xnbeicik`j n xirei~ i vròvrìgihi hn j~xi'jvrnnexjëâi hi bjv`xjc`gi xjrhì n j gjen`rj bigi n hnqngnexnehnr i xngvi jx~j`% ,BIRXJ# ?66;# v% ;0)

Nj –~og`âi `gjkàx`bj‗ gihà`bj j `gjkng# gj xjgoàg j vròvr`j rnjc`hjhn ng z~n j

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n~ vròvrì vjjhi# q`qnehi ng ~gj vnrgjeíeb`j hn ~g nxnrei vrnnexn# ng `hnex`hjhn

i~ hnaè`ëþn nk~rj% J rnjc hjhn hj vò'gihnre`hjhn à g`h`êx bj n# vir ì#

arjkgnexjhj# naígnrj n big h`qnrj ajbn bigi i vròvrì g~ehi q`rx~jc%

N i bèngj# enj ajn bjv`xjc`xj# à ~g nz~`vjgnexi kciojc`}jhi z~n# j vjrx`r hi àb~ci

\\# viò`c`xi~ j vrih~ëâi hn nan`xi nvnb`j` bigi ~gj bieh`ëâi nvnxjb~cjr hi

bèngj% J `gjkne limn vrih~}`hj vnci bèngj bigvriqjg j àvibj ng z~n q`qngi#

~gj b~cx~rj ojnjhj ej nvnxjb~cjr`}jëâi q`~jc hi jvibjc`vn# qìcíeb`j ~rojej n

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j~xjg bjhj qn} gnei%

Biex~hi# i bèngj biexngvirïeni ,hi jei :006 jxà jkirj#n gj nvnb a`bjgnexn i bèngj jgnr`bjei) ~x c`}j i jcxi vjhrâi xnbeicòk`bi n jbiebrnx`}jëâi hn jqjeëjhi ~virxn xnbeicòk`bi hn br`jëâi hn `gjkng# vjrj–biexr~`r‗ hn airgj `xngêx`bj ~gj –vicçx`bj b~cx~rjc ej gnxròvicn‗ ,Mjgnie#?668)# z~n à –qneh`hj‗ ji g~ehi bigi ~gj xnbeicik`j rncjx`qjgnexn en~xrj ejgnh`hj ng z~n i a`cgn jxèkng n –ajcjg‗ vjrj z~jcz~nr vjrxn hi kcioi% Jíeajn jkirj à hjhj æ `gjkng vnr `# nez~jexi j ejrrjx`qj rnbnon ~g xrjxjgnexi`gvcn# h`rnxi cènjr# n z~n eâi `gvielj enel~g ioxêb~ci i~ hà`b~chjhn# vir gnei z~n nmj# ji nexneh`gnexi hi nvnbxjhir% ,BIRXJ# ?66;% V%<2)

J èhýxr`j bèngjxikrêa`bj biexrò` ~j `gjkne o~bjehi rnxrjxjr i krjehn bnexri

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hi bèngj%

J b`hjhn bigi nvjëi gihnrei# iehn j rixèj h`êr`j bigvixj hn giq`gnexijexjkøe`bi bigi bigvrjr i~ qnehnr# xrjojcljr i~ vrib~rjr ngvrnki n xjgoàg hng`krjëþn j}iej` à xjgoàg i nvjëi ngjrjeljhi# qjrr hi# jicjhi n

28



Hnq`rx~jc`}jehi j ojrrn`rj z~n eirgjcgnexn n nrk~ng ej vnrbnvëâi hi n~ n hii~xri# [iihp Jccne à ~gj rnanríeb`j ei z~n h`} rnvn xi æ h~jc`hjhn hj

vnriejc`hjhn# jxrò~èhi ji jbxir j vrèb`vj` bjrjbxnrçx`bj hi j~xir n orèbjehibig j ariexn`rj z~n nvjrjg j l`xòr`j# xjc bigi j bielnbngi# hj rnjc`hjhna`bbìejhj hj ~j ejrrjx`qj bèngjxikrêa`bj% À big jonhir`j z~n rnk`xrj

j~xioìkrja`bjgnexn i n~ hnnmi# jenì n vnriejkne vrnanr`hj ,jèhj z~n~g rnacn|i hj ~j vròvr`j vnij) ng iorj z~n xrjebrnqng i g~ehi hn airgjèk~cjr# rnèqnexjehi j eij vnrbnvëâi hj n|`xíeb`j èh`q`h~jc% ,BI_HN@_I#?66:# v%61)

21



8 J @HNEX@HJHN NG NEBIEX_IR N HNRNEBIEX_IR

8%: I a`cgn n j h`rnëâi

I biebn`xi hn `hnex`hjhn à i vrèb`vjc xngj hnneqicq`hi enj gieikrja`j% Nn biebn`xi

à nexneh`hi bigi j bjrjbxnrçx`bj z~n hnaèng ~gj vnij bigi eign# vria`âi# n|i n

~gj nvàb`n hn nex`gnexi hn `k~jchjhn hn qjcirn z~n gngori hn ~gj ~e`hjhn

vjrx`cljg% J `hnex`hjhn b~cx~rjc nxê c`kjhj ji bix~gn# lêo`xi# xrjh`ëþn# brneëj#

qjcirn n j gjen`rj hn q`qnr hn ~gj hnxnrgèjhj viv~cjëâi% Bienk~`gi ei hnaè`r vncj

hànrneëj# vnci biexjxi big i i~xri n# n ei gignexi ng z~n ei big~e`bjgi igi

bjvj}n hn ei hnaè`r à virz~n `hnex`hjhn xjgoàg à h`b~ri n cèk~jkng%

Vjrj nr xrjojcljhi i biebn`xi hn `hnex`hjhn# à enbnêr`j j h`b~âi hn j~exi bigi j

gihnre`hjhn n ~j bjvjb`hjhn hn gihà`bjr i gihi hn q`hj l~gjei n hnbnexrjr i

~mn`xi# j vò'gihnre`hjhn bigi ~gj gihnre`hjhn rjh`bjc# j kciojc`}jëâi z~n hncibi~ j

`hnex`hjhn xirejehi'j gýcx`vcj# j vnrhj hn nk~rjeëj ei rncjbìejgnexi bigi

bienzóíeb`j hi gihi bie~g`xj hn q`qnr n i hncibjgnexi viv~cjbìej` z~n airgjg

nxrjekn`ri nvjcljhi vir xihi i g~ehi% Airjg h`b~x`hi xjgoàg j gihà`bjëþn hi

bèngj bigi jrxn èxnkrjhj ej gihnre`hjhn n ej vò'gihnre`hjhn# j àx`gj jrxn bigi

rnvrnnexjexn hj rnjc`hjhn n hi bix`h`jei# j `hnexà`bjëâi hi nvnbxjhirn big i a`cgn n#

vir a`g# j ~vnrvrih~ëþn n i bèngj j~xirjc% H`jexn hì à rnjc`}jhj ~gj cn`x~rj hi

a`cgn Nebiexir n Hnrnebiexir ,?662# N^J) n ~gj jeêc`n gj` nejçx`bj hnn

biebn`xi ej iorj# nbr`xi n h`r`k`hi vir Ria`j Bivvicj%

J h`rnxirj ejbn~ ng Eiqj Pird ng :8 hn gjì hn :0;: n à a`clj hi xjgoàg bènjxj

Arjeb` Airh Bivvicj% Ria`j è`bì~ ~j bjrrn`rj ei bèngj jx~jehi ng a`cgn hi vj` bigi

I Vihniri Blnaâi ,:0;?)# I Rncqjkng hj Gixib`bcnxj ,:0<2)# Vnkkp R~n= Rn~ Vjrrjhi j

Nrvnj ,:0<2)# I Vihniri Blnaâi @@@ ,:006) n# vir ýcx`gi# n h`r`k`hi vir Knirkn C~bj#

Rxjr [jr @= J Jgnjëj Ajexjrgj ,:000)% @e`bì~ ~j bjrrn`rj hn h`rnxirj æ arnexn hi bc`vn

hj gý`bj @ m~rx hie+x dei{ {ljx xi hi {`xl gprnca big j ojehj [l`xn Rxr`vn n an} i b~rxj'

gnxrjkng C`bd xln Rxj ,:00<)% Bigi bènjxj ng ciekj'gnxrjkne# i vr`gn`ri xrjojcli

2;



hn Bivvicj ai` i a`cgn Jr Q`kner R~`b`hjr ,:000)# nk~`hi vir Nebiexir n Hnrnebiexir

,?662# N^J)# Gj`j Jexie`nxj ,?661) n ^g C~kj Z~jcz~n ,?6:6)%

I a`cgn Nebiexir n Hnrnebiexir ,?662) ejrrj i hrjgj ~omnx`qi q`qneb`jhi ei g~ehi

kciojc`}jhi biexngvirïeni n xrj}# hn airgj jx~jc# i h`cngj hi ligng n ~j nbiclj%

Bigi xrjojcljhi ej vjrxn xnòr`bj# Ic`qn`rj ,?66<) ja`rgj z~n j jrxn à ~gj –jx`q`hjhn

vrêx`bi'nv`r`x~jc‗ ng z~n i ligne jvihnrjg'n hj rnjc`hjhn ng nvjrjr i gignexi hj

janx`q`hjhn%

Enn nex`hi# à viçqnc bigvrnnehnr i a`cgn hn Ria`j xjgoàg bigi ~gj vrê|èâi ò brçx`bj# gj janx`qj# j vjrx`r hi gignexi ng z~n n rnqncj bigi ~gj airgjeâi ò hn z~nxìejr# gj hn nr ~g giq`gnexi vròvrì hn rnvixj ‒ jxrjqà hjcèk~jkng nxàx`bj hi bèngj ‒ ji vriocngj z~n nxâi nehi bicibjhi vnci`gvrnbì n bigvcn|i g~ehi ib`jc'kciojc% ,IC@QN@_J# ?66<# v% 6?)

J iorj biexj j l`xòr j hn Oio Ljrr` n Bljrcixxn% Oio à ~g jxir eirxn'jgnr`bjei z~n

ngvrn an} a`cgn hn jëâi# gj jkirj nxê ng Xòz~ì vjrj krjqjr i bignrb`jc hn {l`dp

R~exip% Big ~gj z~jn biexjexn bjrj hn hnïe`gi# Oio vjrnbn nxjr ng ~gj br`n gn`j'

`hjhn n ng ~g bjjgnexi mê arì ng z~n ncn n c`g`xjg j ajcjr i~ xribjr aj| iorn rnairgj

ej bjj# birn hi bjrvnxn i~ i je`qnrêrì hi a`cli z~n Oio nz~nbn~ j hjxj% Bljrcixxn à

~gj rnbàg'airgjhj ng a`ciia`j z~n jbigvjelj i gjr`hi aixòkrjai hn ojehj hn ribd z~n

nxê ej b`hjhn j xrjojcli n a`bj i}èlj ei lixnc Vjd Lpjxx ej gjìr vjrxn hi xngvi% Ncj

z~jn eâi qí i gjr`hi n n nexn h`xjexn hncn# gngi z~jehi nxâi vrò|`gi% Ncj eâi jon

big i z~n xrjojcljr ‒ xjcqn} nbrnqnr i~ aixikrjajr% Big hà`b~chjhn vjrj hirg`r n ng ~gj

b`hjhn iehn ejhj vjrnbn aj}nr nex`hi# ncn n nebiexrjg# n `hnexà`bjg bigi eirxn'

jgnr`bjei ng Xòz~ì n i ajxi hn n nex`rng vnrh`hi vjrnbn ~e`'ci% I xçx~ci ir`kèjc hi

a`cgn Cirx @e Xjercjxìe xng bigi xrjh~ëâi c`xnrjc –Vnrh`hi ej xrjh~ëâi‗% Oio n Bljrcixxn

nxâi vnrh`hi h`jexn hj cçek~j mjvienj n jxà gngi z~jehi i ejx`qi ajcjg big ncn ng

èkcí# j big~e`bjëâi à hàçb`c%

8%? Oio n Bljrcixxn bigi nxrjekn`ri# nxrjeli n hànrnexn

Vr}popb`ne ,?660) ja`rgj z~n i nxrjekn`ri n `x~j eng bigvcnxjgnexn ji n~ eiqi c~kjr#

eng c`qrn hi jex`ki# nehi ~g nexrn'c~kjr nexrn i vjjhi n i vrnnexn% Ncn e~ebj nexn z~n

2<



nxê ng bjj# à xigjehi vir ~g nex`gnexi hn eâi vnrxnebnr j enel~g c~kjr n jbjoj vir

hnneqicqnr ~g h`xjeb`jgnexi hi hi` g~ehi% I vnriejkne hi a`cgn âi q`jmjexn

z~n nxâi vir xngvi vriq`òrì ng Xòz~ì# gj big z~nxìejgnexi n|`xneb`j` hn

nxrjekn`ri% Bljrcixxn nexj ei vjrjvn`xi hj mjencj# nebicl`hj n jvnej iclj j b`hjhn% Rnexn

~gj jekýx`j n ~g qj}ì z~n xnexj vrnneblnr% Ej xnexjx`qj hn n nex`r gnclir# qj` j ~g

xngvci hn giekn# vjn`j hn gnxrø# qj` j ~gj cimj hn orèz~nhi ,~gj nvàb`n hn Lix

]ien mjvieí)# gj ji qicxjr vjrj i lixnc c`kj vjrj ~gj jg`kj# biexj z~n ai` ji xngvci#

gj eâi nex`~ ejhj% Ja`rgj eâi rnbielnbnr gj` i gjr`hi# – @ hie‐x dei{ {li @ gjp

{`xl‗# ncj ajcj# gj à z~jn `keirjhj n hnb`hn hnc`kjr% Jèhj ej xnexjx`qj hn nex`r'n gj`

bieairxêqnc# Bljrcixxn aj} nean`xn vjrj i z~jrxi hi lixnc z~nrnehi hjr ~g jr gj` vnijc

ji jgo`nexn% Oio qj` vjrj i ojr ng o~bj hn rnaýkì ej ono`hj% Gj ejhj vjrnbn rnicqnr%

I hncibjgnexi hj biexngvirjen`hjhn âi# ng ~j gjìr`j# vir o~bj hn gnclirn

bieh`ëþn gjxnr`j`% Bigi à i bji hn jgoi i vnriejkne% I nxrjekn`ri n jbix~gj

big n~ eiqi cibjc n joirqn bnrxi gihi ejx`qi% Ej xnexjx`qj hn n h`qnrx`r# Oio n

Bljrcixxn vjjg j arnzónexjr c~kjrn bigi rnxj~rjexn xçv`bi n bjj hn miki% Gj

jck~e c~kjrn# bigi j oijxn hn rx`v'xnjrn# eâi à viçqnc qnrà`bjr n nxê cibjc`}jhj ng

Xòz~ì i~ ng z~jcz~nr i~xri c~kjr hi g~ehi# i z~n Oj~gje bljgj hn vò'gihnrei

kciojc% À i z~n jbiexnbn big j gnxròvicn z~n xjgoàg jhz~`rn eiqj bjrjbxnrçx`bj n n

nxrjekn`r`}j%

Bigi ja`rgi~ Vr}popb`ne ,?660)# i èh`qçh~i n nexn ic`xêrì ej krjehn b`hjhn n eâi

bienk~n n big~e`bjr big j g~cx`hâi# ei bji# j g~cx`hâi hn Xòz~ì# bjv`xjc hi Mjvâi

z~n# igjhj big j êrnj gnxrivic`xjej# biexj big ~gj viv~cjëâi hn gj` hn qèxn g`clþn

hn ljo`xjexn# z~jn hn} vir bnexi hj viv~cjëâi hi vjç% _nkèj ajcj jèhj z~n i

nxrjekn`ri jehj qjkjehi vncj r~j hj b`hjhn ionrqjehi i z~n jbiexnbn# gj ej qnrhjhn#

nxê h`xjexn% Bljrcixxn jehj vncj r~j hn Xòz~ì icljehi hn airgj jxnexj j vnij# j

krjehn biexr~ëþn# i bigvirxjgnexi# bix~gn n qnx~êrì# jck~e g~`xi hànrnexn hi

z~n nxê ljo`x~jhj j qnr% Ncj à ~g nr z~n nxê hnexri n airj hj g~cx`hâi n# ji gngi

xngvi# vjrx`b`vj n eâi vjrx`b`vj hj q`hj cjxnmjexn hj b`hjhn%

20



Vr}popb`ne ,?660) jviexj ~g i~xri x`vi hn nxrjekn`r`hjhn= j z~n i èh`qçh~i n nexn

nxrjekn`ri hn ` gngi% Enn bji# eâi à enbnêrì hncibjgnexi ei nvjëi% J`g

bigi Bljrcixxn n Oio z~n q`qneb`jg jgoi i x`vi hn nxrjekn`r`hjhn# i èh`qçh~i nexn

~g nxrjeljgnexi n|`xneb`jc# ej jcgj n ej vnrbnvëâi% Bljrcixxn# èbc~`qn# nb~xj ~g BH

z~n ajcj iorn bigi nebiexrjr j rj}âi hn ~j jcgj% –Xihj jcgj xng ~g bjgèli% Æ qn}n#

vihn eâi nxjr bcjri‗# nb~xj j miqng%

Bigi xjgoàg mê gnebìejhi# Oj~gje ,?66:) ajcj hi nebiexri nexrn nxrjeli n ja`rgj

z~n ncn âi viçqn` hnexri ~g cibjc blnì hn l~gjei ‒ j b`hjhn ' n nn nebiexri n

h`x ek~ng hjz~ncn nexrn bielnb`hi# vi` eâi lê ~gj rnxigjhj hn èairgjëþn#

jbiexnb`hi n nex`gnexi% I nebiexri nexrn nxrjeli vjrnbn gj` ~g hnnebiexri=

I nebiexri hn nxrjeli à ~g nqnexi rng vjrrjhi% Arnz~nexngnexn# à xjgoàg ~g

nqnexi rng a~x~i ,i nvnrjhi à eâi xnelj a~x~ri)# ~gj l`xòr`j vjrj –eâi nr biexè~jhj‗# ~gj ivirx~e`hjhn ýe`bj j nr bie~gjhj nez~jexi h~rn n ei jxi# ngjh`jgnexi n ng hn`|jr z~nxþn èjbjojhj vjrj i~xrj ibj`âi% ,OJ^GJE# ?66:#

v% :::)

I vr`gn`ri biexjxi nexrn Oio n Bljrcixxn ai` ~gj xribj hn irrì hnexri hn ~g ncnqjhir

blnì hn mjvienn% Oio a`bj ionrqjehi j miqng# j ýe`bj vnij jgnr`bjej hnexri hi

ncnqjhir n j ýe`bj big z~ng ncn n `hnexà`bj% ^g nk~ehi biexjxi jbiexnbn jèhj ng

h`êciki% Ncn xribjg icljrn n rì ei ojr hi lixnc nez~jexi j ojehj Rj~rjc`xi bjexjgý`bj jgnr`bjej n# vir a`g# Bljrcixxn vnhn vjrj i kjrëig nexrnkjr i bè}n`ri vjrj Oio%

Ei xnrbn`ri biexjxi jbiexnbn# hn ajxi# ~g nebiexri ng z~n ncn bieqnrjg% Bljrcixxn

vnrk~exj i z~n ncn aj} ng Xòz~ì n Oio biexj nxjr x`rjehi aàr`j hj g~clnr# vnrhnehi i

je`qnrêrì hi a`cli n kjeljehi ? g`clþn hn rnj` vjrj aj}nr ~g bignrb`jc hn {l`dp% Oio

vnrk~exj i z~n Bljrcixxn aj} hj q`hj n ncj ja`rgj= – @‐g eix r~n pnx ‗% Ncj jèhj eâi jon i

z~n aj}nr% J qn} nk~èxn z~n ncn n nebiexrjg Oio ono`j i}èli n Bljrcixxn bieqnrjqj

big jck~gj vnij nexjhj ng ~gj gnj n eâi nxjqj kixjehi hi j~exi% Ai` nexâiz~n q`~ Oio n rnicqn~ `r bieqnrjr% I h`êciki ai` iorn j viò`c`hjhn hn ~gj a~kj# vi`

ò vncj xribj hn icljrn ncn vnrbnonrjg z~n jgoi nxjqjg nexnh`jhi n èjxàn`xi% I

nebiexri qâi jbiexnbnehi hn airgj ejx~rjc# ng n|vnbxjx`qj% Ncn vjjg j ajcjr iorn

~j èøe`j# i lêo`xi hn ejhjr hn gjhr~kjhj n jxà z~n ncj i bieq`hj vjrj qnr jck~e

jg`ki% Mê z~n nxâi –vrni‗ gignexjenjgnexn ei Mjvâi# ncn rnicqng xnexjr n h`qnrx`r

86



n qâi vjrj ~gj oijxn% Hj rncjëâi hi hi`# ejbn ~gj Xòz~ì z~n vjrnbn nxjr gj`

bicir`hj n jk`xjhj n j q`hj hncn kjelj i~xrj vnrvnbx`qj%

Oj~gje ,?66:) ja`rgj z~n# ng ~g nebiexri# i nxrjeli jkng hn jbirhi big j

–b`q`c hjhn‗# ~gj nvàb`n hn ~x c`}jëâi hn gêbjrj vjrj nbiehnr n~ vriocngj n

jekýx`j n z~n vnrg`xn z~n j vnij nxnmjg m~exj# gj ng h`q`h`r i vni hn n~

vriocngj% I vr`gn`ri nebiexri nexrn Oio n Bljrcixxn airjg h`brnxi# ~vnra`b`j`#

ojnjhi ej vrnib~vjëâi big ~j jvjríeb`j# jx`x~hn# vjcjqrj n knxi% Gj big gj`

nebiexri# i hi` bignëjrjg j n jor`r n h`q`h`r n~ vriocngj# bigi j jekýx`j

vria`ìej` n hi bjjgnexi%

I j~xir hnaèn i gnì ~rojei bigi ~g jgo`nexn vròvrì hj vrêx`bj hj b`q`c`hjhn iehn j vnij eâi vrnb`jg nr èqnx`kjhj# vrnìejhj j x`rjr ~j gêbjrj i~ bieanjr ~j

èx`g`hjhn# n|jxjgnexn virz~n i neqicq`gnexi à ~vnra`b`jc% Nebiexir n Hnrnebiexir

,?662) gixrj ~gj rncjëâi ng z~n lê neqicq`gnexi# lê jonrx~rj hn nex`gnexi# gj ng

èqnx`kjëþn i~ m~ckjgnexi%

I nxrjeli vihng nr q`xi# gj eâi i~q`hi n# bji nmjg i~q`hi# eâi n nb~xj i z~n

ncn h`}ng%

C~kjrn –výoc`bi gj eâi b`q`‗ vnrg`xng z~n cjqngi eij gâi hn z~jcz~nr èxnrbïgoì big i nxrjeli æ eij qicxj n z~n nq`xngi i bigàrbì jrr`bjhi# jbig~e`bjëâi hàçb c# j enkib`jëâi nenrqjexn n j biebnþn `rr xjexn% Eâi`gvnhng# viràg# i nebiexri big nxrjeli4 ji biexrêrì# ~vþng'ei ‒ airjgbr`jhi vir bj~j hnj ~vi`ëâi% Râi# vir j`g h`}nr# b~rj vjrj ~gj hineëj mêbiexrjçhj ‒ n eâi ~gj gnh`bèj vrnqnex`qj z~n xirejr`j hnenbnêrì i xrjxjgnexi%,OJ^GJE# ?66:# v% :??)%

J rncjëâi nexrn Oio n Bljrcixxn xng nj h~jc`hjhn% Ei èçbì à ~gj èxnrjëâi ng z~n lê

xribj hn `gvirxjexn n çex`gj èairgjëþn# gj ~g vi~bi hj gêbjrj jèhj vnrgjenbn% À~gj rncjëâi gnei vria~ehj z~n j hn vnij mê bielnb`hj# gj gj` èxnej hi z~n i

gnri nebiexri nexrn nxrjeli% Oj~gje ,?66:) ja`rgj z~n i èh`q`h~i o~bj nc`gèjr j

hànrneëj hi i~xri# n xirejehi gj` hàçb`c a`bjr bieairxêqnc big i nxrjeli% Big i xngvi#

Oio n Bljrcixxn gixrjg eâi n èbigihjr big j hànrneëj hi i~xri n a`bjg æ qiexjhn n

xrjezó`ci bigi z~jehi hn`xjg ej gngj bjgj# bieqnrjg iorn j q`hj n bibl`cjg ~g ji

8:



cjhi hi i~xri% Xjc inki xjcqn} qnelj hi ajxi hn z~n eâi o~bjrjg je~cjr j hànrneëj i~

nxrjeln}j hi i~xri%

8%2 Bigi i vnriejkne n vnrbnong

Rnk~ehi Bljrenp n Rbl{jrx} ,?668)# j gihnre`hjhn à ~gj n|vrnâi z~n hnaèn g~hjeëj

ej n|vnr`íeb`j ~omnx`qj n ej krjehn xrjeairgjëþn ib`j`# nbieøg`bj n b~cx~rj`#

nehi ~g gignexi knrjhir hn èiqjëþn bigi j aixikrja`j n i bèngj% Vjrj ncn# i bèngj

à j vnrieà`bjëâi hj gihnre`hjhn# vi` èxnkrj ~j qjr`êqn`= ~gj xnbeicik`j bigvixj

vir nxçg~ci q`~j` z~n rnvrnnexj i rnjc n ~g vrih~xi bignrb`jc# ~rojei# an`xi ng gjj#

hn xàbe`bj gòqnc z~n bjvxj giq`gnexi biexçe~i# ngoirj eâi nmjg gj` hi z~n –j

vrikrnâi nr`jc hn aixikrjgj a`|i‗% ,BLJ_ENP N RBL[J_X]# ?668# v% ?;)

Gj big j ajclj hj gihnre`hjhn ~rkn j vò'gihnre`hjhn# ~gj –rjh`bjc`}jëâi hj

gihnre`hjhn‗# nk~ehi Qnrç`gi ,:00;)%

Rn nxjgi ei nebjgèljehi vjrj ~gj ajn hn vò'gihnre`hjhn# `xi `keà`bjz~n j xrjmnxòr`j hi hnneqicq`gnexi ib`jc nxê ei x`rjehi hj èx`x~`ëþn hjgihnre`hjhn r~gi j ~g eiqi n hànrnexn x`vi hn irhng ib`jc% ,%%%) i xnrgi Tvò'gihnre`hjhnW big arnzóíeb`j xng ~g i~ gj hi nk~èxn `ke a`bjhi=hnbior`gi z~n bjhj vihn nr bielnb`hi big jck~gj bnrxn}j# hnhn z~n xihi i

“a~ehjgnexi‐ vrnn|`xnexn hj nv`xngicik`j rn rnqncjrjg ng brnhò`c`hjhn4 z~nj “l xòr`j‐ à hnx`x~çhj hn xnicik`j n bienzónexngnexn enel~gj qnrâi hn“vrikrni‐ vihn nr vcj~`qncgnexn hnaneh`hj4 n z~n ~gj eiqj jknehj ib`jc n

vicçx`bj ~rk`~ big j brnbnexn vringèíeb`j hn vrnib~vjëþn nbicòk`bj n xjcqn}hn eiqi giq`gnexi ib`j` ng knrjc% ,K@HHNER# :0>:# v% >? jv~h

QN_ÇRR@GI# :00;# v% :11#:1;)

Oio n Bljrcixxn nxâi ei gnì hj vò'gihnre`hjhn% R~j q`hj âi xrje`xòr`j# a~k`h`j%

Qâi vjrj c~kjrn bigi Xòz~ì j xrjojcli i~ vjrj jbigvjeljr i gjr`hi# ~gj èxnej

n|vnr`íeb`j z~n à vriq`òr`j# rêv`hj# ~gj hrêx`bj g~hjeëj ej rixèj% Bljrcixxn hnneqicqn

j je`nhjhn hi cçz~`hi g~ehi gihnrei ng z~n ejhj à nxêqnc# biebn`xi hnaneh`hi vir Oj~gje ,?66>)% Limn# i gnrbjhi ianrnbn h`qnrj ivëþn hn nbiclj hn bie~gi n j

rnviejo`c`hjhn à hn z~ng an} j nbiclj% Bljrcixxn à airgjhj ng a`ciia`j# gj eâi jon i

z~n aj}nr vria`ìejcgnexn% Rnexn'n vnrh`hj# ng r~gi n o~bj ng BH hn j~xi'jm~hj

~gj rnvixj% Limn# j c`z~`hn} eâi vnrg`xn z~n j vnij xneljg jiehn n jvi`jr% Xjcqn}

8?



Bljrcixxn xnelj gnhi hn aj}nr ~gj nbiclj n# vixnrìrgnexn# vnrbnonr z~n nxjqj

nz~`qibjhj% H`jexn hì# vnrgjenbn ej hýq`hj n ej o~bj%

Ljcc ,:000) jvrnnexj xrí hànrnexn biebnvëþn hn `hnex`hjhn% J vr`gn`rj ai` hnaè`hj vnci

~mn`xi `c~gè`xj n ja`rgjqj z~n j vnij nrj ~g èh`qçh~i hixjhi hn bieb`íeb`j n rj}âi

~mi –bnexri‗ bie`x`j ng ~g eýbcni èxnrìr z~n ~rk`j z~jehi i ~mn`xi ejb`j n

vnrgjenbnehi nneb`jcgnexn i gngi% J nk~ehj ai` hnaè`hj vnci ~mn`xi ibìcòk`bi n

rnacnx`j j brnbnexn bigvcn|`hjhn hi g~ehi gihnrei% Ncn hnaneh`j z~n i eýbcni èxnrìr hi

~mn`xi eâi nrj j~xøeigi# gj n hnneqicq`j ej rncjëâi big i~xrj vnij `gvirxjexn

vjrj i ~mn`xi z~n gnh`jqjg qjcirn# nex`hi n çgoici ,b~cx~rj)% J xnrbn`rj vrih~} i

~mn`xi vò'gihnrei% À hnaè`hj bigi j j~íeb`j hn ~gj `hnex`hjhn a`|j i~ vnrgjenexn%

Rigi airgjhi vir `hnex`hjhn biexrjh`xòr`j# nehi eij `hnexà`bjëþn hncibjhj% –J`hnex`hjhn vcnejgnexn ~eà`bjhj# bigvcnxj# nk~rj n binrnexn à ~gj ajexj`j‗% ,LJCC#

:000# v% :2) –R~rkng h`qnrj `hnex`hjhn ng z~n vihnrçjgi ei `hnexà`bjr big bjhj

~gj hncj# ji gnei xngvirjr`jgnexn‗% ,LJCC# :000# v% :2)%

Ji ajcjr vjrj Oio z~n eâi jon i z~n aj} hj q`hj# Bljrcixxn gixrj z~n ncj gngj n

ne|nrkj hn gjen`rj biea~j n# nehi j`g# i g~ehi xjgoàg j qí hnj airgj% Ncn nxâi

hnbieairxêqn`# gj eâi nxâi i}èli% Xihi i rnxjexn hi g~ehi xjgoàg iarn hnj

bjrjbxnrçx`bj# gj xjcqn} vir Oio n Bljrcixxn nxjrng airj hn bjj i z~nxìejgnexi

nmjg gj` q`çqn`% Jgoi i vnriejkne vihng nr bie`hnrjhi bigi vnrxnebnexn hn

~gj br`n hn `hnex`hjhn% Bljrcixxn eâi jon z~jc bjgèli nk~`r vria`ìejcgnexn#

vnejehi ng ~gj hànrnexn ivëâi j bjhj gignexi hn ~j q`hj% Mê z~` nr aixòkrjaj n ng

i~xri gignexi nr nbr`xirj n# bigi ja`rgj Ljcc ,:000)# i ~mn`xi vò'gihnrei vihn

j~g`r `hnex`hjhn hànrnexn ng gignexi h`qnri% J miqng xjgoàg mê eâi xng i

gngi qjcirn z~n i gjr`hi ei bjjgnexi% I gngi jbiexnbn big Oio z~n eâi xng ~gj

`k~jchjhn hn qjcirn big j nvij z~n gjehj vjrj ncn# ng Xòz~ì# gè`'vriqjhirn hn

xnb`hi big birn z~n vjjg vnci qnrgncli# qèli n oirkielj vjrj z~n i jxir nbiclj

vjrj i nbr`xòrì% –Z~jc hnj à i oirkielj9‗# vnrk~exj i jxir% Ng ~gj bieqnrj hi hi`

vnriejkne vrèb`vj` hn`xjhi ng ~gj bjgj# Oio ja`rgj eâi n vrnib~vjr big j

èhnb`þn hn Bljrcixxn# vi` jèhj `rê n nebiexrjr%

82



Nez~jexi j qnclj `hnex`hjhn nxjo`c }jqjg i g~ehi ib`jc# j ib`nhjhn gihnrej ei

aèjc hi àb~ci \\ âi airgjhj vir `hnex`hjhn ng hnbcçeì n i ~rk`gnexi hn eiqj

`hnex`hjhn big j arjkgnexjëâi hi èh`qçh~i gihnrei ei ïgo`xi hn bcjn# kíenri#

n|~jc`hjhn# rjëj n ejbìejc`hjhn% Xj` xrjeairgjëþn janxjg eij `hnex`hjhn vnij`

gihà`bjehi j biebnvëâi z~n xngi hn eò gngi knrjehi ~gj vnrhj hn ~g –nex`hi hn

`‗ nxêqnc# bljgjhi vir Ljcc ,:000) bigi hncibjgnexi i~ hnbnexrjëâi hi ~mn`xi% Nn

hncibjgnexi à h~vci nehi xjexi hi èh`qçh~i bigi ncn gngi n hncn big i g~ehi ji

n~ rnhir n rn~cxj ng ~gj br`n hn `hnex`hjhn% J `hnex`hjhn# jexn a`|j n nxêqnc# jkirj n

nebiexrj ng ~gj n|vnr`íeb`j hn hýq`hj n èbnrxn}j% Bljrcixxn xjcqn} xnelj n|jxjgnexn nj

vnrhj hi nex`hi hn ` h`jexn hj hýq`hj z~n j bnrbjg iorn i bjgèli i z~j` nk~`r%

Oj~gje ,?66>) n|vc`bj z~n j `hnex`hjhn eâi à ~gj hnbionrxj# gj `g ~g vribni hn

èqneëâi% À ~g nairëi# ~g iomnx`qi hn q`hj# jcki z~n vrnb`j nr biexr~çhi j vjrx`r hi

}nri% J `hà`j hn `hnex`hjhn ejbn~ hj br`n hn vnrxnebnr% Vjblnbi ,?6::) jbrnbnexj

n|vc`bjehi z~n# hj gngj gjen`rj z~n j b~cx~rj n xrjeairgj# j `hnex`hjhn b~cx~rjc hi

~mn`xi xjgoàg n gihà`bj# à ac~`hj# gòqnc# biexr~çhj# gje`v~cjhj n vicçx`bj% Gngi

nexèhi'n vnrh`hi# Oio n Bljrccixn nxâi ènr`hi ei nxnrei vribni hn biexr~ëâi hj

`hnex`hjhn% Ji n bjjr n xnr a`cli# Oio vihnr`j nxjr bnrxi hj ~j hnb`þn n big ~gj

`hnex`hjhn –biexr~çhj‗% Gj bigi j `hnex hjhn à ac~`hj n vihn n gihà`bjr ji cieki hi

jei# nn gngi bjjgnexi n a`cli hn Oio eâi gj` i xrj}ng j gngj jxàjëâi n

anc`b`hjhn% I z~n xjgoàg jbiexnbn big Bljrccixn z~n vih`j nxjr bnrxj hi n~ èkrni ej

ajb~chjhn hn A`ciia`j# gj limn eâi jon i z~n aj}nr%

Ljcc ,:000) rnja`rgj z~n j ib`nhjhn vò'gihnrej âi airgjhj vir hànrnexn vi`ëþn

hn ~mn`xi=

Ncj âi jxrjqnjhj vir hànrnexn h`q`þn n jexjkie`gi ib`j` z~n vrih~}ng~gj qjr`nhjhn hn hànrnexn –vi`ëþn hn ~mn`xi‗ ' `xi à# `hnex`hjhn ‒ vjrj ièh`qçh~i% Rn xj` ib`nhjhn eâi n hnèxnkrjg xixjcgnexn eâi à virz~n ncj âi~eà`bjhj# gj virz~n n~ hànrnexn ncngnexi n `hnex`hjhn vihng# io bnrxjb`rb~exïeb`j# nr biem~exjgnexn jrx`b~cjhi% ,LJCC# :000# v%:;)

88



Ei bèngj# i nvnbxjhir eâi vi~` ~gj `hnex`hjhn ýe`bj# gj ncj âi gýcx`vcj% Vir ì#

Rxjg n Rlirjx ,?66>) ja`rgjg z~n ~g kr~vi vihn n `hnexà`bjr big i kr~vi ivixi%

I vi`bìejgnexi nvnbxjxir`jc à rncjbìejc= j big~e`hjhn vihng `hnexà`bjr'n

~gj big j i~xrj big ojn ng ~gj vri|`g`hjhn bigvjrx`cljhj i~ ng ~gjexjkie`gi ,i oihn n|v`jxòrì) ng big~g% J vi ëþn nvnbxjxir`j âig~cxàirgn# a`~rjhj# nz~`}iaríe`bj# hn`k~jcgnexn hnneqicq`hj# b~cx~rjc#h`b~r`qj n vic`x`bjgnexn hí biexçe~j# n biex`x~ng vjrxn hn ~g higçeì ngbiexjexn gih a`bjëâi# vnci hn hànrneëj n biexrjh`ëþn bie hnrjqncgnexnrjgà`bjhj% ,RXJG# RLI_JX# ?66># v% 8?:)%

Vir i~xri cjhi# n|`xn i z~n i j~xirn bljgjg hn –nxr~x~rj jejcòk`bj hi nex`gnexi‗

z~n `keà`bj ~gj nxr~x~rjëâi hj `hnexà`bjëâi bèngjxikrêa`bj z~n jxrjqnj biexn|xi

h`qnri bigi i ib`j`# vicçx`bi n b~cx~rj`# hnq`hi æ jaè`hjhn vnrbno`hj n nex`hj i~

n|vnr`íeb`j l`xòr`bj% Rn jck~àg nxê ng ~j o~bj vria`ìejc# jgirij n n|`xneb`jc vihn n `hnexà`bjr big Oio n Bljrcixxn# gj bji ì eâi ibirrj ncn vrib~rj `hnexà`bjëâi

ej bjxnkir`j gj` vrò|`gj%

I z~n jxrj` j vnij vjrj ~g gnì à i –nan`xi `hnicòk`bi‗ z~n j xirejg býgvc`bn hj

rncjëþn ib`j` z~n n|`xng# gj xjgoàg j ajexj`j vnci i z~n n hnnmj n eâi n xng ei

èxnrìr hi rxjx~r z~i% Ej b~cx~rj vò'gihnrej j gçh`j èac~neb`j hnnmi n ajexj`j% I

nvnbxjhir vihn n xirejr ~g býgvc`bn hi nex`gnexi hn Oio n Bljrcixxn n vihn hnnmjr j

jg`}jhn z~n ai` br`jhj nexrn ncn%

Q`xi z~n j `hnex`hjhn b~cx~rjc# bigi ionrqi~ Rx~jrx Ljcc# à ~gj z~nxâi xjexi hn–xirejr'n‗ z~jexi hn –nr‗# hn vnrxnebnr ji vjjhi j`g bigi ji a~x~ri# ijx`q`gi g~cx`b~cx~rjc g`h`êx`bi vihn nrq`r vjrj vrixnknr `hnex`hjhn jgnjëjhji~ gngi br`jr eiqj `hnex`hjhn# jkèhi bigi ~g bjxjc`jhir eâi jvnej vjrj jja`rgjëâi ej nanrj výoc`bj hn b~cx~rj vjrx`b~cjrn# gj xjgoàg vjrj j vrigiëâihj èxnrnbbìejc`hjhn hn ~gj ngnrknexn big~e`hjhn xrjeb~cx~rjc% ,RXJG#RLI_JX# ?66># v% 8?8)%

Birhn`ri ,?66:) n|vc`bj z~n i bèngj à ~gj jrxn z~n n jvri|`gj g~`xi hj rnjc`hjhn# gj vnrbnongi z~n j `gjkng z~n nxê nehi vjjhj eâi à i rnjc# gj ~j rnvrih~ëâi# ~j

igorj# ~gj rnacn|âi hi vnejgnexi hi j~xir% Vjrj j j~xirj à bigvcn|i ajcjr hi biebn`xi

hn vnrbnvëâi hn rnjc`hjhn ei bèngj# vi` bjhj nvnbxjhir èxnrvrnxj j `gjkne hn jbirhi

big ~j neò`c`hjhn# ~j q`hj n n~ vròvrì icli% I vribni hn `hnexà`bjëâi hi

8>



nvnbxjhir big j l`xòr`j n j vnriejkne `rê jbiexnbnr hn jbirhi big i nxçg~ci z~n j

`gjkne vihng hnvnrxjr ng bjhj ~g ng ~g vribni iehn n|`xn n|vnbxjx`qj# nejëþn n

vnejgnexi% G~`xi vriqjqncgnexn# z~jn xihj j l~gje`hjhn mê n nex`~ ~g vi~bi

Bljrcixxn i~ Oio% ^g vi~bi vnrh`hi# ng r~gi# ng vnrvnbx`qj# bljxnjhi ei xrjojcli

i~ ei bjjgnexi% Nebiexir n Hnrnebiexir ,?662) à ~g z~jhri gignexïeni ej q`hj hj

vnij ,vjrj g~`xi ~g z~jhri h~rjhi~ri)% Z~jc nx~hjexn i~ rnbàg'airgjhi eâi xnqn

hýq`hj hi z~n aj}nr i~ nk~ r9 Bji eâi# nj vnij eâi bienk~n nbjvjr hn ~gj br`n

ei bjjgnexi i~ i z~nxìejgnexi hn qjcirn ng rncjëâi ji bigvjeln`ri% Rn ~gj vnij

eâi n `hnexà`bj big i a`cgn limn# ncj ignexn i j`x`~ ei –gignexi nrrjhi‗%

8%8 I rncjbìejgnexi ng Nebiexri n Hnnebiexri

I hnnmi vir nk~rjeëj aj} big z~n j vnij o~z~n ~gj `hnex`hjhn% Rnr ~gj vnij z~n

ac~x~j ej `hnex`hjhn vihn nr nx`g~cjexn# gj j cieki vrj}i vihn knrjr je`nhjhn#

nex`gnexi hnneqicq`hi ng Bljrccixn% Mê nr jvnkjhi æ rnkrj n xnr ~gj vi`ëâi a`|j

nexrn xjexj viò`c`hjhn vihn nr jek~x`jexn# bigi à i bji hn Oio% Vnrxneb`gnexi n

`hnex`hjhn eâi âi òc`hi# gj `g ~gj biexr~ëâi rnjc`}jhj èýgnrj qn}n% Ncn âi

enkib`êqn` n èac~neb`jhi vncj hnb þn xigjhj vnci èh`qçh~i# i bjgèli z~n

nbicln vnrbirrnr# jx`x~hn n airëj hn qiexjhn%

Nxjr xixjcgnexn hncibjhi à ~gj nxrjelj n|vnr`íeb`j% Jck~gj `hnex`hjhn âi nbicl`hj

n br`jhj vir eò# i~xrj jviexjhj vncj vnij z~n ei bnrbjg% J `hnex`hjhn ac~x~jg

ei jr% G~`xj qn}n à vrnbì hnanehnr j `hnex`hjhn z~n nbiclngi ng rncjëâi j z~n

ei âi bicibjhj n# enn bji# lê ~gj krjehn viò`c`hjhn hn hnnexneh`gnexi% –Vihn'n

jxà bignëjr j nex`r'n bln} ri`# ng bjj# ng z~jcz~nr c~kjr ‒ gj i vrnëi j nr vjki à j

jbn`xjëâi hn z~n ng c~kjr jck~g n qj` nxjr xixjc n vcnejgnexn ng bjj‗ ,OJ^GJE#

?66># v% ?6)% Oio n Bljrcixxn vjrnbng vjjr vir nn nex`gnexi% Eâi n nexng ng bjj

ng Xòz~ì# gj nk~ehi n~ z~nxìejgnexi big n~ bigvjeln`ri# eâi hnqng n

nex`r ng bjj gngi nxjehi# hn ajxi# ng bjj%

81



Jexn èqnxçjgi i eii nex`gnexi hn vnrxneb`gnexi ng c~kjrn bigi i xrjojcli# j

ajgçc`j n i q`}èli n limn ncn n xirejrjg èh`kei hn biea`jeëj n gj` ~g gix`qi vjrj

nex`rgi gnhi hi jojehiei n hj ic`hâi% Rnk~ehi Oj~gje ,?66>)# i ~mn`xi eâi hnqn

o~bjr ~g rncjbìejgnexi vjrj ~vr`r ~g hnnmi hn nk~rjeëj% I bigvrigì âi

ianrnb`hi ng krjehn z~jex`hjhn# gj ncn âi arêkn` n eâi gixrjg n|vnbxjx`qj j cieki

vrj}i% G~`xi hnnmjg rncjëþn èxnrvnij`# gj ncj n xirejrjg gix`qi hn gnhi#

èz~`nxjëâi n je`nhjhn iorn j vnrk~exj –N n i i~xri n bjejr hn g`g9‗% Vjrj bignëjr

~g rncjbìejgnexi à vrnbì z~n jgoj j vjrxn jbn`xng# nez~jexi vjrj xnrgèê'ci j

hnb`âi hn ~g hi cjhi mê à ~a`b`nexn%

J nrj bie~g`xj èac~neb`j xjgoàg j eij airgj hn jgjr% Jck~gj vnij o~bjg ~gj

jxàjëâi gignexïenj n# bji n bjeng# h`vnejg i iomnxi z~n n xirei~ èýx`c% Oj~gje,?66>) bljgj nn èh`qçh~i hn –ligng ng qçeb~ci‗ cçz~`hi'gihnrei% Nn gihi hn n

rncjbìejr# big gnei biorjeëj# n nebj`|j ji cçz~`hi g~ehi gihnrei ng z~n j

`hnex`hjhn ac~x~jg n i gj` `gvirxjexn à jbjojr ciki n rnbignëjr% _nviehnr j vnrk~exj

níeb`j hj `hnex`hjhn# –Z~ng i~ n~9‗ à biex`x~çhj vnci qçeb~ci z~n c`kjg j vnij æ

i~xrj% I rncjbìejgnexi âi `gvirxjexn vjrj z~n ei jm~hng j hnaè`r z~ng igi eò%

I rncjbìejgnexi nexrn Oio n Bljrcixxn jm~hi~ j jgoi ~gj gnclir hnaè`ëâi hn z~ng

ncn nrjg% I a`cgn rnxrjxj# xihi i xngvi# ~gj gjen`rj jc`nejhj hn ei vnrbnonrgi

ib`jcgnexn# rncjëþn bjejhj n hnkjxjhj# jvnbxi jrxà`b`j` n ic`xêrì hi g~ehi vò'

gihnrei n# gngi j`g# jèhj à bjvj} hn ~rk`r ~gj rncjëâi bigi j hn Oio n Bljrcixxn%

Vir g~`xi gignexi# ncn vjrnbng n hnnmjr# bigi ei gignexi ng z~n ncn bicibj

Bljrcixxn vjrj hirg`r hnvi` hn ~gj ei`xjhj# jminclj ji n~ cjhi big j gâi ei igori hj

miqng bigi z~n nvnrjehi jck~gj bi`j n ncj anblj i icli n jhirgnbn% Ncn aj} ~gj bjrj

hn biexnexjgnexi n qj` ngoirj% Ej gngj ei`xn# ncn c`kj vjrj j nvij n bieqnrj hn airgj

bjrèlij# bigi z~n o~bjehi gj` ~g vrnnebl`gnexi% Eâi ioxnehi i z~n z~nr`j# ncn

hirgn big j bjexirj hi ojr hi lixnc% Ei h`j nk~èxn# Oio xnexj nbiehnr i z~n an}# gj

Bljrcixn qí n xjgoàg gixrj n~ hnnmi ji xnr ~gj br`n hn b`ýgn n i hi` qâi jcgiëjr

or`kjhi% Vir qêrì gignexi# xng'n j `gvrnâi hn z~n ncn qâi n on`mjr# gj j rncjëâi

nexrn ncn à n|xrngjgnexn l~gjej# ngibìejc# jg`kj n hn rnvn`xi ng z~n jgoi n

8;



biexring% J vr`gn`rj bnej hi a`cgn à hn Oio blnkjehi æ Xòz~ì xr`xn n ieicnexi% J

ýcx`gj bnej à i jxir èhi ngoirj# jxnexi# nvnrxi# vnejx`qi# anc`} n gihà`bjhi%

8%> Kciojc`}jëâi bigi gihà`bjhirj hj `hnex`hjhn

I z~n nxê gihà`bjehi n hncibjehi j `hnex`hjhn b~cx~rj` ejbìej` ei a`g hi àb~ci

\\ à j kciojc`}jëâi# ~g vribni hn jcbjebn kciojc z~n èxnkrj n bienbxj big~e`hjhn

irkje`}jehi ~gj eiqj biebnvëâi hn nvjëi'xngvi n vnrg xèhi ji g~ehi ~gj rnjc`hjhn

èxnrbienbxjhj% Rnk~ehi Ljcc ,:000) j ibìcik`j bcê`bj hnaneh`j ~gj ib`nhjhn bigi

~g –`xngj ong hnc`g`xjhi‗# nehi j kciojc`}jëâi ~g giq`gnexi hn h`xjeb`jgnexi

hnj biebnvëâi% I cibjc iehn n vjj i a`cgn ,Mjvâi) à# nk~ehi Ic`qn`rj ,?66<)# –~g

hi gjìrn biexricjhirn hj gêz~èj vrih~x`qi'nvnb~cjx`qj kciojc‗# ~g hi krjehnbnexri hj kciojc`}jëâi%

Oj~gje ,?66>) ajcj hj kciojc`}jëâi bigi ~gj xrjeairgjëâi z~n gihà`bi~ j nxr~x~rj

nxjxj`# bieh`ëþn hn xrjojcli# vrih~ëâi b~cx~rjc# j vròvr`j rixèj n j rncjëþn% Big ì#

j `hà`j hn vnrxneb`gnexi j ~gj ejëâi# j `hnex`hjhn ejbìejc# nxê ng hnbcçeì br`jehi

eiqj `hnex`hjhn% J kciojc`}jëâi knri~ bienzóíeb`j ej rncjëâi nvjëi'xngvi# nk~ehi

Ljcc ,:000)% Big j jbncnrjëâi hi vribni kcioj`# j h`xïeb`j nexrn j b`hjhn# i vjçn

i~ jxà i biexènexn nxê bjhj qn} gneir n jcki z~n jbiexnbn ng ~g hnxnrgèjhi c~kjr

xng `gvjbxi h`rnxi ng z~ng girj vnrxi i~ ciekn% I c~kjrn biexè~jg a`|i# gj i

nvjëi vihn nr br~}jhi hn airgj gj` rêv`hj# vir ~g `gvcn n'gj`c i~ q`jkng jq`âi% I

Mjvâi à ~g vjç big krjehn hnneqicq`gnexi xnbeicòk`bi# jcxjgnexn èh~xr`jc`}jhi z~n

biebnexrj jx~jcgnexn bnrbj hn ;6. hi rioø mê br`jhi ei g~ehi% À èxnrnjexn vnrbnonr

j èx`g`hjhn hi mjvieí big j xnbeicik`j ei a`cgn bigi j birxèj z~n n jorng vncj

gjelâ bigi ~g hnvnrxjhir bji vrikrjgjhj# i liv`xjc nz~`vjhi n i jvjrncli hn

n|nrbçbì aç`bi z~n Oio eâi bienk~n ~x`c`}jr hn airgj birrnxj hn xâi gihnrei z~n à%

Big nn hncibjgnexi rêv`hi nexrn cieki nvjëi# nvjëi n xngvi nxâi hnbienbxjhi n

rnh~}`rjg ~j hnvnehíeb`j% J eij q`hj ib`jc nxê bnrbjhj vnci gnrbjhi kciojc hnhn

nx`ci# q`jkne èxnrejbìej` n `xngj hn big~e`bjëâi èxnrc`kjhi% Oio n Bljrcixxn

8<



nxâi hi i~xri cjhi hi g~ehi hn ~j bjj# gj bienk~ng n big~e`bjr hn airgj g~`xi

aêb`c big ncn% Bljrcixxn aj} ~gj `gvcn c`kjëâi n Oio rnbnon aj| n nebignehj hj nvij

qêr`j qn}n ji h`j%

Big i ~rk`gnexi hi Nxjhi'ejëâi ej gihnre`hjhn# âi èxj~rjhi rnk~cjgnexi n

biexricn z~n –knrneb`jg‗ j `hnex hjhn% Vjblnbi ,?6::) b`xj Onenh`bx Jehnrie ,:0<2)

z~jehi ncn ja`rgj z~n ~gj ejëâi à airgjhj vir vnij hn ~gj bnrxj big~e`hjhn z~n xíg

jvnbxi ng big~g n n `gjkèng èxnkrjexn n vjrxn hjz~ncj ejëâi%

Vjrj n nex`r vnrxnebnexn j ~gj gngj b~cx~rj ejbìejc n n|`x`r ~gj `hnexà`bjëâi

ejbìejc jck~e h`vi`x`qi âi jbìejhi# bigi j cçek~j# j rjëj# n j l`xòr`j bigi

ejrrjx`qj ligiknen`}jhirj% ^gj b~cx~rj ejbìejc à ~gj nvàb`n hn h`b~ri z~n biexrò`nex`hi vjrj irkje`}jr eij jëþn n j q`âi z~n xngi hn eò gngi# ja`rgj Ljcc

,:000)% N jèhj# ncj à airgjhj vir èx`x~`ëþn b~cx~rj`# çgoici n rnvrnnexjëþn% Oio n

Bljrcixxn eâi nexng'n vnrxnebnexn j b~cx~rj ejbìejc mjvienj# vi` j cçek~j# rjëj n

l`xòr`j jgnr`bjej âi bigvcnxjgnexn hànrnexn% Ji vrih~}`r nex`hi iorn j ejëâi big

i z~j` ei `hnexà`bjgi# j b~cx~rj ejbìej` biexring `hnex`hjhn% J ejëâi vrib~rj

ei ~eà`bjr vir gnì hn ~gj `hnex`hjhn b~cx~rjc# vjrj gixrjr z~n xihi igi

vnrxnebnexn hn ~gj gngj ajgçc`j ejbìejc% Ji ei hna e`rgi vnejgi enj

`hnex`hjhn bigi n ncj aing hj eij ejx~rn}j nneb`jc%

I vnriejkne n big~e`bjg nexrn ` n big i hngj` vir gnì hi èkcí# ~gj nvàb`n hn

cçek~j arjebj z~n limn xng ~g vjvnc hn gnh`jr rncjëþn ib`j`# vicçx`bj# nbieøg`bj n

b~cx~rj` nexrn èh`qçh~i# kr~vi i~ bcjn ng vjçn higèjexn i~ vnrààr`bi#

ib`jc`xj i~ bjv`xjc`xj%

Oj~gje ,?66>) biebirhj big Ljcc ,:000) n Vjblnbi ,?6::) ja`rgjehi z~n j `hn`j hn

`hnex`hjhn ejbìejc ai` airëjhj j nexrjr ej q`hj hn ligne n g~clnrn gihnrei% À j

nbiclj hi ~mn`xi hn vnrxnebnr j ~gj big~e`hjhn ojnjhj ej m~eëâi hn èh`qçh~i hn

ivè`âi vjrnb`hj%

80



J `hnex hjhn ejbìejc # vnrg`xj'gn jbrnbnexjr# e~ebj ai` bigi j i~xrj`hnex`hjhn% Hànrnexngnexn hncj# z~n eâi n|`k`jg jhnâi ènz~çqibj n a`hnc`hjhnn|bc~ qj# j `hnex`hjhn ejb iejc eâi rnbielnb`j bigvnx hirn# g~`xi gneiivi`xirn% B~`hjhijgnexn biexr~çhj vnci Nxjhi n ~j airëj ,i~ –kiqnrei æigorj‗ i~ –kiqnrei ei n|çcì‗ ei bji hn ejëþn jv`rjexn ‒ –ejëþn è rvn‗jvnej bljgjehi vir ~g Nxjhi vròvrì) j `hnex`hjhn ejbìejc iomnx`qjqj i h`rn`xigieivic`xj hn xrjëjr j ariexn`rj nexrn –eò‗ n –ncn‗% ,OJ^GJE# ?66># v%?<)

Ljcc ,:000) biexj z~n Nrenx Knccenr jbrnh`xj z~n i ~mn`xi vrnb`j hn ~g nex`gnexi hn

`hnex`hjhn ejbìejc# vi` ng ncn i èh`qçh~i gihnrei n|vnr`gnexjr`j ~g nex`gnexi

vria~ehi hn vnrhj ~omnx`qj%

8%1 I bèngj bix`h`jei n j~xirjc hn Ria`j Bivvicj

I bèngj o~bj rnvrih~}`r j rnjc`hjhn n i bix`h`jei% J`g à i bèngj hn Ria`j Bivvicj%J h`rnxirj xrjojcli~ ng n~ a`cgn xngêx`bj bigvcn|j n vria~ehj ej n|`xíeb`j l~gjej

hn airgj birr`z~n`rj% Jxà gngi vir ì g~`xi h`kjg z~n n~ a`cgn âi qj}ì# vi`

nj vnij âi bjvj}n hn bjvxjr ignexn j `gjkne hj iorj n eâi ~j níeb`j% Jr

Q`kner R~`b`hjr ,:000)# vjjhi ei jei :0;6# ajcj hi h`j'j'h`j n hi bigvirxjgnexi hj

`rgâ Còie# ~g a`cgn z~n n hnnericj ng blibjexn ~`bçhì% Gj`j Jexie`nxj ,?661) à

~gj q`âi vnijc hj h`rnxirj iorn j q`hj hj rjèlj hj Arjeëj ng :;;8# Gjr`j Jexie`nxj# n

j gixrj big bjrjbxnrçx`bj ong gihnrej= bie~g`xj# lnhie`xj# e``c`xj# jek~x`jhj n

vnrh`hj% ^g C~kj Z~jcz~n ,?6:6) ajcj hn ~g jxir z~n q`qn ng ~g Lixnc ng Liccp{iih

nexrn ei`xjhj# ono`hj n g~clnrn% Big j blnkjhj hn ~j a`clj vjrj ~gj q``xj# ncn biebc~`

q`qnr ng ~g –qj}ì‗n n ne|nrkj bigi ~g –ejhj‗% Ng Nebiexir n Hnrnebiexir ,?662)

j q`hj hn Bljrcixxn n Oio n n~ vriocngj n nex`gnexi âi gixrjhi vir gnì hn

`gvcn jx`x~hn hi bix`h`jei# bigi ~gj bieqnrj ng ~g ojr# ~g vjnì vncj r~j hn

Xòz~ì# ejhjr hn gjhr~kjhj# ~g icljr# ~gj vjcjqrj i~ jxà ~g `cíebì%

N z~jehi Birhn`ri ,?66:) ja`rgi~ z~n i vribni hi nvnbxjhir n `hnexà`bjr big jl`xòr`j n j vnriejkne jbiexnbn hn jbirhi big i z~n j `gjkng hnvnrxj ng bjhj ~g#

Ria`j Bivvicj vjrnbn rnvn`xjr j èxnrvrnxjëâi hi nvnbxjhir jxrjqà hi `cíebì# ng

ianrnbnr `gjkne airëjhj n nex`gnexi òoqì% Birhn`ri ,?66:) ajcj jèhj z~n j `gjkne

z~n qngi hi bèngj nxâi vrò|`gj hj rnjc`hjhn# gj âi# hn ajxi# ~gj q`âi ~omnx`qj hi

bènjxj# ng z~n xngj# nernhi# nez~jhrjgnexi# vnriejkne n vcjei rnqncjg ~j

>6



vnriejc`hjhn% Vjrj j j~xirj# i oig h`rnxir à jz~ncn z~n vnrnk~n n gixrj ng n~ a`cgn

n~ vriocngj n jekýx`j%

J brçx`bj hn bèngj hj _nq`xj Qnmj# @joncj Oibiq ,?668) ajci~ iorn j br`n hn

`hnex`hjhn hn Ria`j Bivvicj n ~j viçqnc rncjëâi big j xngêx`bj hi a`cgn=

Hnvi` hn ~j hnjxrij vjrx`b`vjëâi ng I Vihniri Blnaâi @@@ ,:006)# Ria`jBivvicj vji~ vir ~gj br`n hn `hnex`hjhn z~n cngorj g~`xi j hj Bljrcixxn hn

Nebiexir n Hnrnebiexir% Nexri~ ej ajb~chjhn hn jrxn# gj jojehiei~ i b~ri%Vnei~ ng nr aixòkrjaj# gj n jbli~ gnhçibrn% An} ~g vrikrjgj hn XQ# gj nbjei~% Bignëi~ j hnneljr ri~vj big ~gj jg`kj ‒ n hn~ g~`xi bnrxi% R~j kràn#j G`cd Anh# ajx~rj jcxi ,/i ~a`b`nexn vjrj z~n gn~ a`cgn vijg `r gjc ej

o`clnxnr`j/# h`} ncj) n à qneh`hj z~jn z~n n|bc~`qjgnexn ei Mjvâi% Ai` j vjrx`r hn~j qêr`j `hj j Xòz~ì# iehn n livnhjqj ei gngi Vjrd Lpjxx z~n nrqn hncibjëâi ji n~ a`cgn# z~n j h`rnxirj# limn big 2? jei# bignëi~ j noiëjr

Nebiexir n Hnrnebiexir% Hnhn vnz~nej# Ria`j jbigvjeli~ n~ vj`# ArjebÀirh Bivvicj# vir xihi i g~ehi ng ~j a`cgjkne% Gj ng enel~g c~kjr# h`}#nex`~'n xâi nxrjekn`rj n xâi ior`kjhj j qicxjr'n vjrj ` gngj z~jexi ei Mjvâi%Ai` vir bj~j hnj n|vnr`íeb`j z~n ncj ~vnri~ j jekýx`j hn n~ iorneignajgii n bignëi~ j h`r`k`r% Xçg`hj# vnz~nej n jhnvxj hn ~g bèngj hn oj`|jqicxjkng# Ria`j à# ej qnrhjhn# i ivixi hn n~ vj` ng x~hi% N|bnxi ei z~n `gvirxj=à ~gj bènjxj ejxj n hiej hn ~gj qi} èbiea~ehçqnc% ,OIRBIQ# ?668)

H`jexn hì# i a`cgn hn Ria`j Bivvicj âi bie`hnrjhi hn –oj`|j qicxjkng‗# bigi

ja`rgi~ Oibiq ,?668) i~ ~g bèngj j~xirjc% Nn biebn`xi à j `hà`j hn z~n i h`rnxir à i

j~xir hj iorj n jvrnnexj ~j q`âi hn g~ehi# n~ hnnmi n jenì% R~j bjrjbxnrçx`bj

âi vnrbno`hj ei vnriejkne n ng hnxjcln n ncn jvrnnexj gj` hi z~n ~g a`cgn vjrj

rnjëþn ej jcj hn bèngj% Rn~ a`cgn âi iorj vjrj h`b~þn# rnacn|þn n nx~hi%

I bèngj o~bj# limn# biexr~`r `gjkne z~n rnxrjxng i krjehn nvjëi ~rojei% J

hànrneëj à z~n j ~vnrvrih~ëþn liccp{iih`jej ~jg i nan`xi nvnb`j` bigi

ncngnexi a~ehjgnexj` vjrj i nvnxêb~ci hi bèngj# j`g bigi j è`xíeb`j ng

xngêx bj bigi i a`g hi g~ehi# bjxêxrian n qìcíeb`j ~rojej% Big i nvnbxjhirn bjhj

qn} gnei j~xjhi big iorj z~n xíg nj bjrjbxnrçx`bj# vjrj g~`xi hnqn nr gngi

hàçb`c j`x`r j ~g a`cgn hn Ria`j Bivvicj z~n à bjcgi# –cnexi‗# xrjxj hi bieac`xi

l~gjei jxrjqà hn ncngnexi birr`z~n`ri n o~bj ~gj rnacn|âi hi èh`qçh~i h`jexn n ~j

q`hj n ~j jx`x~hn%

>:



> BIEBC^RÂI

J gihnre`hjhn n j gihnre`hjhn xjrh`j gihà`bjrjg j `hnex`hjhn hi èh`qçh~i%

Bjrjbxnr`}jhj bigi ib`nhjhn a~k`h`j n hn g~hjeëj j xihi gignexi# i vnrçihi ng z~n

q`qngi à airgjhi vir ~mn`xi hnbnexrjhi n hncibjhi z~n# ji èqà hn ~g bnexri hn

vihnr# n xirejrjg bigvixi vir h`qnri% @i `keà`bj z~n j a`|j# jex`kj n ýe`bj

`hnex`hjhn hi vjjhi nxâi n xirejehi eiqj# g~`xj n airgjehi eiqi ~mn`xi% Ji

biexrêrì hj ic`hn} z~n jexn n|`x`j# limn q`qngi j nrj hj c`z~`hn}# biebn`xi hnaè`hi vir

Oj~gje ,?66>)%

Bigi q`gi# j `hnex hjhn à ~g biem~exi hn bjrjbxnrçx bj z~n xirejg ~gj vnij ýe`bj#

jcki biexr~çhi ji cieki hn eij q`hj% Rn limn# hnq`hi j kciojc`}jëâi z~n ei bienbxjbig xihi i g~ehi# xngi xjexj viò`c`hjhn# èairgjëþn n jbni# bjhj h`j z~nrngi

nr n igi jcki hànrnexn# jcki z~n hnbior`gi bigi eiqi# ej gihj# oie`xi% Xngi

gýcx`vcj `hnex`hjhn n vnrhngi i eii –nex`hi hn `‗%

Xjexj viò`c`hjhn n ianrxj bj~jg hà`b~chjhn hn nbiclj n je`nhjhn% À i z~n gixrj

Nebiexir n Hnrnebiexir# ~gj nxrjekn`r`hjhn big i i~xri n hn `% Bljrcixxn nxê vnrh`hj#

eâi jon z~jc bjgèli nk~`r n eâi bienk~n hnaè`r ~j nbiclj n z~ng rnjcgnexn à%

Oio q`qn ~gj br`n hn `hnex`hjhn% Eâi nxê gj` jxàn`xi big ~j q`hj vria`ìejc n

vnijc% Jgoi i vnriejkne iarnrjg ~g hncibjgnexi xngvirêrì vjrj i Mjvâi# i

jexri hj kciojc`}jëâi# n nxâi ei bljgjhi nexrn'c~kjr# hnaè`hi vir Vr}popb`ne ,?660)% ^g

c~kjr vnrh`hi# hn z~nxìejgnexi# eng iehn qibí ejbn~# eng iehn jkirj q`qn%

I vnriejkne nearnexjg i jeie`gjxi ng ~g krjehn nvjëi ~rojei% Ncn n nexng

i}èli ej g~cx`hâi big ~g nex`gnexi hn eâi'vnrxneb`gnexi% Eâi'vnrxnebnr j ~gj

ib`nhjhn# ~g bjjgnexi# ~gj ajgçc`j# eâi bigvjrx`cljr qjcirn hi z~n nexjg ej gngj

gnj z~n ncn%

H`jexn hnj bjrjbxnrçx bj hj gihnre`hjhn# j c`xnrjx~rj# aixikrja`j n i bèngj ~rk rjg

bigi ~gj xnexjx`qj hn bjvxjr nejëþn hi gignexi ng z~n q`qngi# o~bjehi rnxrjxjr

>?



i bix h`jei% Jcki n|xrngjgnexn n|vcirjhi ei a`cgn hj h`rnxirj Ria j Bivvicj% J

bigvcn|j xngêx`bj hn z~nxìejgnexi n|`xneb`j` à cnqjhj ji nvnbxjhir vir gnì hj

`gvc`b`hjhn hi h`j'j'h`j bigi nexjr ng ~g ojr i~ icljr vncj mjencj# ~gj rnjc`hjhn xâi

vrò|`gj hn xihi n xâi viçqnc vjrj z~jcz~nr ~g z~n jbjoj vir j~gnexjr n n|vc`b`xjr j

jekýx`j# vrèb`vjcgnexn hi z~n n `hnexà`bjg big Oio n Bljrcixxn%

Jxrjqà hj rncjëâi big i i~xri# hj hànrneëj# bienk~`gi ei hnaè`r n à vrnbì jonr

c`hjr big nj hànrneëj% Xnexjr nc gèê'cj xrjrê ~g nex`gnexi jèhj gjìr hn

nxrjeln}j# bigi ja`rgj Oj~gje ,?66>)% Big j rncjëþn ib`j` bjhj qn} gj` arêkn`# i

èh`qçh~i o~bj h`xïeb`j hi nxrjeli knrjehi jajxjgnexi# j~íeb`j hn h`êciki n a~kj%

À vrnbì jvrnehnr j ~jr j hànrneëj ji n~ ajqir# vjrj jgjh~rnb`gnexi# airgjëâi#

j~xibielnb`gnexi n# vrèb`vjcgnexn# `hnexà`bjëâi%

%

>2



_NAN_ÍEB@JR

OJ^GJE# ]pkg~ex% @hnex`hjhn= nexrnq`xj j Onenhnxxi Qnbbl`% Xrjh~ëâi hn BjrciJconrxi Gnhn`ri% ‒ _ì hn Mjen`ri= Mirkn ]jljr Nh%# ?66>%

OJ^GJE# ]pkg~ex% Gihnre`hjhn Cçz~`hj% Xrjh~ëâi hn Vcçeì Hnex}`ne% _ì hnMjen`ri= Mirkn ]jljr Nh%# ?66:% v% :::'::8 :??':?;

OIRBIQ# @joncj% Xrjh~ëâi ng xrj`ëâi% Ng Nebiexir n Hnrnebiexir# Ria`j Biviccjajcj hn nex`gnexi z~n eâi bjong ng vjcjqrj% Nh :<2;% ?: mje ?668% H`vieçqnc ng=3lxxv=qnmj%jor`c%big%or?:6:68vY:68%lxgc5% Jbnjhi ng= 61 jor ?6::%

BLJ_ENP# Cni4 RBL[J_X]# Qjenj _% ,irk)% I bèngj n j èqneëâi hj q`hjgihnrej% ? nh% rnq% Râi Vj~ci= Bijb ! Ejàp# ?668%

BLJ_ENP# Cni% E~g èxjexn= i bèngj n j a`ciia`j hj gihnre`hjhn% @e= BLJ_ENP#Cni4 RBL[J_X]# Qjenj _% ,irk)% I bèngj n j èqneëâi hj q`hj gihnrej % ? nh% rnq%Râi Vj~ci= Bijb ! Ejàp# ?668%

BILNE# Gjrkjrnxl% J c`xnrjx~rj vjeirïg`bj n j èqneëâi hi kíenri bix`h`jei% @e=BLJ_ENP# Cni4 RBL[J_X]# Qjenj _% ,irk)% I bèngj n j èqneëâi hj q`hjgihnrej% ? nh% rnq% Râi Vj~ci= Bijb ! Ejàp# ?668%

BI_HN@_I# Vj~cj% J hnaè`ëâi hi ~mn`xi ei bèngj= I H`j Nxrjeli hi Bèngj i~ jèbiexïeb`j hi n~ n hi i~xri ej vnriejkne n ei nebiexri nexrn i g~ehi rnjc n j a`bëâi%ê`qnr`hjhn hi Jckjrqn% ?66:% H`vieçqnc ng= 3lxxv={{{%oibb%~o`%vxYnvj~xir%vlv9bihj~xir71685% Jbnjhi ng= ?; jor ?6::%

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