o data, where art thou? · o data, where art thou? assessing the impact and volume of trade in...
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O Data, Where Art Thou?Assessing the impact and volume of trade in fisheries
and aquaculture services
WTO Public Forum 2019
FAO Working Session on "Trade in Fisheries Services-today and beyond”Geneva, 9 October 2019
Marta Soprana
Fisheries and aquaculture
Key role for the economic growth of developing countries and LDCs
What’s the matter?
Need for properly designed evidence-based policies
Need for reliable and comprehensive data
SDG 8Promoting sustainable
economic growth
Assessing volume and impact of fisheries and aquaculture services
to design relevant policies
SDG 14Promoting the
sustainable use of marine resources
“You can’t make evidence-based policy decisions without evidence”
Richard ThalerNobel Prize Winner 2o17
Fisheries/Aquaculture Supply ChainAn overview
Pre-harvesting
Harvesting
Post-harvesting
Fisheries/Aquaculture Supply ChainKey features
Wide variety of services
Local and foreign service suppliers
Fisheries Access Arrangements
Production Phase Description Specific services Horizontal services
Pre-harvesting
A preparatory phase, it includes all key services provided before the actual harvesting activity can take place. It includes services supplied by the governmental authority (*).
❖ Vessel rental (charter) with or without crew❖ Operational services (insurance, finance, electronic
location)❖ Public administrative services (such as licensing
services, access agreements, permits)*❖ Transfer of licenses*❖ Monitoring, control and surveillance*❖ Stock management❖ Infrastructure services❖ Environmental impact assessment and management
❖ Consulting❖ Management❖ Quality control❖ R&D services ❖ Capacity building and
training
ProductionThis phase includes the fish-harvesting process itself and related support services.
❖ Fishing❖ Monitoring, control and surveillance *❖ Transport, transshipping and distribution❖ Refueling services
Post-harvesting
A key phase, it includes all services taking place after harvesting that provide added value to the fisheries products.
❖ Processing: cutting, cleaning and packing❖ Port and landing services❖ Waste disposal❖ Freezing and warehouse services❖ Maintenance (including boat and gear repair)❖ Transport and distribution❖ Wholesale and retail services❖ Marketing
A Wide Variety of ServicesFisheries Supply Chain
Production Phase Description Specific services Horizontal services
Pre-harvesting
A preparatory phase, it includes all key services provided before the actual harvesting activity can take place. It includes services supplied by the governmental authority (*)
❖ Public administrative services (such as licensing servicesand permits)*
❖ Hatching, growing and reproduction❖ Production surveillance❖ Disease prevention and control❖ Risk assessments❖ Veterinary services❖ Operational services (insurance, finance)❖ Construction and rental of infrastructure and capital goods❖ Environmental impact assessment and management
❖ Consulting❖ Management❖ Quality control❖ R&D services❖ Capacity building and
trainingProduction
This phase includes the farming process itself and related support services
❖ Production surveillance*❖ Harvesting❖ Energy services
Post-harvesting
A key phase, it includes all services taking place after harvesting that provide added value to the aquaculture products
❖ Water treatment and waste disposal❖ Processing: cutting, cleaning and packing❖ Freezing and warehouse services❖ Maintenance of facilities and equipment❖ Transport and distribution❖ Wholesale and retail services❖ Marketing
A Wide Variety of ServicesAquaculture Supply Chain
Services SuppliersDomestic vs Foreign
Factors:Technical capacity
Competitive Advantage
Why does it matter? Data collection issue
Services traded domestically→ NOT
captured by BOPs
Services traded internationally→captured by BOPs
Form of international supply of fisheries services
BUT
Services SuppliersFisheries Access Arrangements
Remuneration of foreign suppliers by the coastal states
GATSclassification
Finding DataKey issues
Services Classification
Sources of data
1) Product-based UN Central Product Classification (CPC)
WTO Services Sectoral Classification (W/120)
IMF Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual (BPM6)
Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification (EBOPS2010)
2) Activity-based International Standard Industrial Classification of All
Economic Activities (ISIC).
Services ClassificationMain classification systems
Services Classification ExampleProcessing: cutting, cleaning and packing
CPC 2.1 W/120 BPM6 EBOPS 2010 ISIC Rev. 4
Business and productionservices• Packaging
services (854)• Fish processing
services (8812)
Business services• Packaging
services (876)
Manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others
Manufacturing services on inputs owned by others• Goods for processing in
reporting economy —Goods returned (credits), Goods received (debits) (1.1)
• Goods for processingabroad — Goods sent(credits), Goodsreturned (debits) (1.2)
Manufacturing• Processing and
preserving of fish,crustaceans and molluscs (1020)
Administrative and support services activities• Packaging activities
(8292)
Services ClassificationPros and Cons
PROs CONs
❖ All existing services classificationframeworks may accommodateFAO’s need for a moredisaggregated approach toclassifying fisheries and aquacultureservices that goes beyond the moregeneral (and opaque) categories of‘services incidental to’fishing/aquaculture, ‘supportservices to’ fishing/aquaculture andthe like
❖ Lack of consensus on how to treatservices supplied throughout thefisheries and aquaculture valuechains
❖ Lack of transparency onterminology and related scope ofcoverage of category items
❖ International and regional organizations❑WTO❑ UN❑World Bank❑ OECD❑ EUROSTAT
❖National statistics (countries making extensive use of fishingaccess arrangements)❑ China❑ EU❑ Japan❑ New Zealand❑ US
Data CollectionMain sources
❖Available databases fall short of properly capturing the extent oftrade in fisheries and aquaculture services❑ Very aggregated nature of the data presented →impossible to discern data
ascribable to fisheries and aquaculture from those attributable to servicessupplied in relation to other activities
❑ Inadequacy and opacity of the classification systems databases rely on tocategorize the data collected
❖Only OECD, EU and New Zealand are able to capture a very limitedpicture of the actual volume of fisheries and aquaculture services❑ Reliance on EBOPS 2010 to compile data
Data CollectionKey observations
Further discussing the meaning of terms such as ‘incidental’, ‘related to’, ‘support to’ in order to identify to what extend certain services categories can include the wide variety of fisheries and aquaculture services
Further examining how data on ‘services incidental to agriculture, forestry and fishing’ and, in particular, on ‘services incidental to fishing’ are captured (e.g. OECD, Eurostat, and New Zealand examples)
Using CPC system and its classification criteria as a potential benchmark for classifying fisheries and aquaculture services
Examining how foreign service suppliers are remunerated under fishing access arrangements to better understand what data should be collected to capture how trade in fisheries and aquaculture services occurs under these type of agreements
Moving forwardStep by step…
