o- level physics syllabus · o level physics syllabus forms 3 - 4 acknowledgements the ministry of...

ZIMBABWE

MINISTRY OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

O- LEVEL PHYSICS SYLLABUS

FORMS 3 - 4

2015 - 2022

Curriculum Development and Technical ServicesP.O. Box MP 133Mount Pleasant

Harare© All Rights Reserved

2015

O Level Physics Syllabus Forms 3 - 4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education wishes to acknowledge the following for their valued contribution in the production of this syllabus:

• Panellists for ‘O’ level Physics syllabus.• Zimbabwe School Examinations Council (ZIMSEC).• Government departments.• Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, Science and Technology Development.• United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). • UnitedNationsEducationalScientificandCulturalOrganisation(UNESCO).

i


ii

CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................... i

CONTENTS ..................................................................................................................................... ii

1.0 PREAMBLE .............................................................................................................................. 1

2.0 PRESENTATION OF THE SYLLABUS .................................................................................... 1

3.0 AIMS .......................................................................................................................................... 1

4.0 OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................................... 2

5.0 METHODOLOGY AND TIME ALLOCATION ............................................................................ 2

6.0 SCOPE AND SEQUENCE CHART .......................................................................................... 3

FORM 3 ........................................................................................................................................... 8

FORM 4...........................................................................................................................................22

9.0 ASSESSMENT..........................................................................................................................35

GLOSSARY OF TERMS.................................................................................................................39


1

1.0 PREAMBLE

1.1 Introduction

This syllabus is designed to put greater emphasis on the understanding and application of physical concepts and principles. It make learners identify, investigate and solve problems in a sustainable manner. This two - year learning phase will see learners being assessed through continuous assessment and national examination. The ‘O’ level Physics syllabus is designed to inclusively cater for all categories of learners.

1.2 Rationale

Modern day economies, Zimbabwe included, are driven by technology and Physics concepts form part of the basis. The study of Physics enables learners to be creative and innovative in industry and society can promote the application of physics in industrial processes for value addition is well known. The learning of Physics concepts promotes value creation, addition and beneficiationofnaturalresourcesandharnessavailableopportunities for entrepreneurship.

1.3 Summary of Content

‘O’ level Physics syllabus will cover theory and practical activities in the following areas: Newtonian Mechanics, Dynamics, Waves, Electricity and Electromagnetism, Thermal Physics and Modern Physics.

1.4 Assumptions

It is assumed that:

• thelearnerhassuccessfullycompletedForm1and 2 Science syllabus.

• Scienceclubsareexistingandoperationalinschools.

• useofICTforresearchandpresentationisknownby learners.

• useofmeasuringinstrumentssuchasrulers, balances, second-hand clocks, voltmeters, ammeters and thermometers is known by learners.• safetymeasuresareavailableandobserved.

1.5 Cross- Cutting Themes

This phase will develop an appreciation of:

• Inclusivity• Environmentalissues• Indigenousknowledgesystem• Financialliteracy• EnterpriseEducation• Gender• HIVandLifeskills• ChildProtection.• Teamwork• Foodsecurity• Safetyhealthissues• Disasterriskmanagement

2.0 PRESENTATION OF THE SYLLABUS

TheOrdinaryLevelPhysicssyllabusisasingledocu-ment covering Forms 3 - 4. It contains the Preamble, Aims, Syllabus Objectives, Syllabus Topics, Methodology and Time Allocation, Scope and Sequence, Competency Matrix and Assessment. The Scope and Sequence chart shows the progression of topics from Forms 3 - 4, while the syllabus matrix gives details of the content to be covered.

3.0 AIMS

The aims are to:

3.1 create opportunities for learners to acquire research, experimental and practical skills and attitudes in Physics.

3.2 enable learners to acquire basic principles of Physics for application in life and as a basis for further studies in Physics and related disci-plines.

3.3 recognise the usefulness and limitations of the scientificmethodinthestudyofPhysics.

3.4 inculcate in learners the desire to apply Phys-icsforthebenefitofsocietyasguidedbythe

principles of Unhu/Ubuntu and recognising the detrimental effects of misapplication of Phys-ics.

3.5 inculcate in learners the appreciation of the usefulness of ICT in the study and application of Physics.


2

3.6 develop, in learners the appreciation of the use of Physics in value creation, addition and beneficiationinminingandotherindustries.

3.7 inculcate in learners the regard for safety and protection of the environment in the study of Physics.

3.8 develop in learners an appreciation of gender, HIVandAIDSissues.

4.0 OBJECTIVES Learnersshouldbeableto:

4.1 follow instructions in practical work in order to manipulate record observations and analyse datatoconfirmorestablishrelationships

4.2 demonstrate knowledge about physical phenomena,facts,laws,definitionsandcon-

cepts of Physics.4.3 measure and express physical quantities in SI

units to a given level of accuracy and preci-sion.

4.4 solve problems using calculations4.5 generate and transform information in Physics, from one form to another for presen-

tation, interpretation and problem solving.4.6 design a practical solution through a Physics

project to solve a real life problem4.7 use ICT to simulate Physics phenomena, present and analyse Physics data4.8 apply safety measures in all practical work4.9 explain and apply procedures in Physics to

protect the environment

5.0 METHODOLOGY AND TIME ALLOCATION Suggested Methods

It is envisaged that teaching and learning programmes based on this Physics syllabus could feature a wide variety of learning experiences designed to promote acquisitionofscientificexpertiseandunderstanding,andto develop values and attitudes relevant to science and life. Teachers are encouraged to use a combination of appropriate strategies to effectively and equitably engage and challenge their learners through:

• Plannedexperiments

• Problemsolvingbasedlearning• Individualandgroupwork• Educationaltours

• Projectbasedlearning• Designbasedlearning• Learningbydiscovery• E-learningsuchassimulation• Resourceperson(s)

N.B. Ortho-didactic principles, such as visual tactile, simulation and self-activity, will be applied when need arises to cater for diverse needs of learners. Safety precautions must always be observed.

Time Allocation

A minimum of 8 periods of 35 minutes each in a week should be allocated as double periods for adequate cov-erage of the syllabus

6.0 TOPICS

1. Measurement and Physical Quantities2. Kinematics3. Forces4. Machines5. Mechanical Structures6. Work, Energy and Power7. Thermal Physics 8. Internal Combustion Engines9. Waves10. Optics11. Electricity12. Magnetism13. Electromagnetism14. Electronics15. Atomic and Nuclear Physics


3

6.0

SCO

PE A

ND

SEQ

UEN

CE

CH

AR

T

2 6.

0 SC

OPE

AN

D S

EQU

ENC

E C

HAR

T

TOPI

C FO

RM 3

FO

RM 4

1.0

MEA

SURE

MEN

T AN

D PH

YSIC

AL

QU

ANTI

TIES

1

.1 M

easu

rem

ents

M

easu

rem

ent o

f phy

sica

l qua

ntitie

s.

D

eriv

ed q

uant

ities

U

se o

f S.I.

uni

ts

D

efin

ition

of v

olta

ge, r

esist

ance

and

cur

rent

Expe

rimen

ts to

mea

sure

vol

tage

, cur

rent

and

de

term

ine

resi

stan

ce fo

r ohm

ic co

nduc

tors

1.2

Sca

lars

and

vec

tors

Def

initio

ns a

nd e

xam

ples

Res

ulta

nt o

f cop

lana

r vec

tors

usi

ng g

raph

ical

met

hod

Ap

plic

atio

ns

2.0

KINE

MAT

ICS

2.

1 Sp

eed,

vel

ocity

, dis

tanc

e, d

ispl

acem

ent

and

acce

lera

tion

D

efin

itions

of t

erm

s

Equa

tions

of l

inea

r mot

ion

and

appl

icatio

n

2.2

Gra

phs

of m

otio

n

Dra

win

g an

d in

terp

reta

tion

of g

raph

s

2.3

Mot

ion

unde

r gra

vity

Def

initio

n of

free

fall

C

alcu

latio

ns a

nd a

pplic

atio

ns

3.0

FORC

ES

3.1

Effe

ct o

f for

ce o

n m

ater

ials

Ty

pes

of fo

rces

Inte

rpre

tatio

n of

forc

e ex

tens

ion-

grap

hs

Ap

plic

atio

n of

forc

es o

n b

eam

s, tr

usse

s an

d m

echa

nica

l larg

e s

truct

ures

3.2

Effe

ct o

f for

ce o

n m

otio

n

Def

initio

ns o

f wei

ght,

mom

entu

m a

nd in

ertia

Stat

e an

d ap

ply

New

ton’

s la

ws

of m

otio

n

C

ircul

ar m

otio

n

3.3.

Fric

tion

and

circ

ular

mot

ion

Ef

fect

s of

frict

ion

M

etho

ds o

f fric

tion

C

entri

peta

l acc

eler

atio

n a

nd fo

rce

3.4

Turn

ing

effe

cts

of a

forc

e

Mom

ents

of a

forc

e

Turn

ing

effe

ct o

f a fo

rce

Pr

inci

ples

of m

omen

ts


4

3

Ap

plic

atio

n of

mom

ents

3.5

Cent

re o

f mas

s/ce

ntre

of g

ravi

ty

D

efin

itions

of t

erm

s

Det

erm

inat

ion

of c

entre

of m

as

St

abilit

y

3.6

Pres

sure

Def

initio

n

C

alcu

latio

ns

Pr

essu

re in

flui

ds a

nd a

pplic

atio

ns

4.0

MAC

HINE

S

Def

initio

n

Expe

rimen

ts in

volv

ing

incl

ined

pla

nes,

leve

rs a

nd

pulle

ys

4.1.

Sim

ple

mac

hine

s

D

efin

itions

Expe

rimen

ts in

volv

ing:

-

incl

ined

pla

ne

- le

vers

-

pulle

ys

- ca

lcula

tion

of v

eloc

ity ra

tio. M

echa

nica

l ad

vant

age

and

effic

ienc

y.

5.0.

MEC

HAN

ICAL

STR

UCTU

RES

5.1

Mec

hani

cal s

truct

ures

Beam

s, tr

usse

s, jo

inin

g m

ater

ials

and

larg

e st

ruct

ures

6.0

WO

RK, E

NERG

Y AN

D PO

WER

6.1

Wor

k

D

efin

ition

Cal

cula

tion

of w

ork

done

6.2

Ener

gy

D

efin

ition

Ty

pes

and

sour

ces

of e

nerg

y

Ener

gy c

onve

rsio

n

Law

of c

onse

rvat

ion

and

conv

ersi

on o

f ene

rgy

C

alcu

latio

ns in

volvi

ng e

nerg

y


5

4 6.

3 Po

wer

Def

initio

n

Cal

cula

tions

invo

lving

pow

er

.

7.0

THER

MAL

PHY

SICS

7.

1 Ki

netic

theo

ry o

f mat

ter

D

efin

ition

of m

atte

r

Stat

es o

f mat

ter a

nd th

eir p

hysi

cal p

rope

rties

7.2

Ther

mal

pro

perti

es

Si

mpl

e ex

perim

ents

to d

emon

stra

te th

erm

al

prop

ertie

s

Cal

cula

tion

of h

eat c

apac

ity a

nd la

tent

hea

t

Mea

sure

men

t of t

empe

ratu

re

7.3

Heat

tran

sfer

Mod

es a

nd m

echa

nism

s of

hea

t tra

nsfe

r and

thei

r ap

plica

tions

Expe

rimen

ts o

n m

odes

of h

eat t

rans

fer

8.0

INTE

RNAL

CO

MBU

STIO

N EN

GIN

ES

Des

crib

e th

e op

erat

ions

of a

four

stro

ke e

ngin

e

Expl

ain

the

role

of t

he c

arbu

retto

r

Stat

e th

e ad

vant

age

of m

ultip

le c

ylind

ers

in a

n en

gine

Com

pare

the

oper

atio

ns o

f a d

iese

l and

pet

rol e

ngin

e 9.

0 W

AVES

9.

1 Ty

pes

of w

aves

D

efin

ition

and

clas

sific

atio

n of

wav

es

9.2

Wav

e pr

oper

ties

Ex

perim

ents

to d

emon

stra

te w

ave

prop

ertie

s an

d ch

arac

teris

tics

9.3

Soun

d

Pr

oduc

tion

and

soun

d w

aves

Expe

rimen

ts to

det

erm

ine

spee

d of

sou

nd

9.4

Elec

trom

agne

tic w

aves

Elec

trom

agne

tic s

pect

rum

Appl

icat

ion

of e

lect

rom

agne

tic w

aves

10.0

OPT

ICS

Appl

icat

ion

of w

aves

: lig

ht

Lawsofreflection

Ex

perim

ents

usi

ng p

lane

mirr

or

R

ay d

iagr

ams

Lawsofrefraction

Ex

perim

ents

to d

emon

stra

te re

fract

ion

Sn

ell’s

law

and

app

licat

ion

Expe

rimen

ts o

n di

sper

sion

of l

ight

11.0

ELE

CTRI

CITY


6

5 11

.1 E

lect

rost

atic

s

C

harg

ing

In

tera

ctio

n be

twee

n ch

arge

s

Fiel

d lin

es

Ap

plic

atio

n of

ele

ctro

stat

ics

Sa

fety

and

haz

ards

11.2

Prim

ary

and

seco

ndar

y ce

lls

Def

initio

n of

term

s

Pow

er s

ourc

es

M

easu

rem

ent o

f ele

ctric

al e

ntitie

s

Ohm

’s la

w a

nd re

sist

ance

Safe

ty

11

.3 C

urre

nt e

lect

ricity

D

efin

ition

of te

rms

11.4

Ele

ctric

circ

uits

El

ectri

c co

mpo

nent

s

Con

stru

ctin

g si

mpl

e ci

rcui

ts

11.5

Ele

ctric

ity in

the

hom

e

Wiri

ng o

f thr

ee p

in p

lugs

Use

of t

wo

pin

plug

s

Safe

ty p

reca

utio

ns

12

.0 M

AGNE

TISM

12.1

Mag

netic

pro

perti

es

Prop

ertie

s an

d in

tera

ctio

n

12.2

App

licat

ion

13.0

ELE

CTRO

MAG

NETI

SM

13.1

Mag

netic

effe

cts

of a

n el

ectri

c cu

rren

t

Fi

eld

patte

rns

H

and

rule

s

13.2

For

ce o

n cu

rren

t car

ryin

g co

nduc

tor i

n m

agne

tic fi

eld

Fact

ors

H

and

rule

s

appl

icatio

ns


7

6 13

.3 E

lect

rom

agne

tic in

duct

ion

ge

nera

tor p

rinci

ple

Le

nz’s

law

Appl

icat

ions

13

.4 T

rans

form

ers

Tr

ansf

orm

er p

rinci

ple

Ef

ficie

ncy

AC

tran

smiss

ion

and

pow

er lo

ses

14.0

ELE

CTRO

NICS

14

.1El

ectro

nic

com

pone

nts

C

arbo

n re

sisto

rs a

nd c

olou

r cod

ing

R

eed

switc

h 14

.2 L

ogic

gat

es

Circ

uit s

ymbo

ls

C

onst

ruct

ion

of tr

uth

tabl

es

15.0

ATO

MIC

AND

NUC

LEAR

PHY

SICS

15.1

. Ato

mic

mod

el

Des

crip

tion

of a

n at

omic

mod

el

Is

otop

es

15.2

Rad

ioac

tivity

D

efin

ition

Ty

pes

of ra

dioa

ctive

em

issio

n an

d th

eir

char

acte

ristic

s

Use

sto

rage

han

dlin

g an

d im

pact

of r

adio

activ

e em

issio

n


8

8.0

CO

MPE

TEN

CY

MAT

RIX

FOR

M 3

TOPI

CO

BJE

CTI

VES

Lear

ners

sho

uld

be a

ble

to:

UN

IT C

ON

TEN

T (S

kills

, at

titud

es a

nd k

now

ledg

e)SU

GG

ESTE

D L

EAR

NIN

G

AC

TIVI

TIES

AN

D N

OTE

SSU

GG

ESTE

D

RES

OU

RC

ES

1.0

MEA

SUR

EMEN

TS A

ND

PH

YSIC

AL

QU

AN

TITI

ES1.

1 M

easu

rem

ents

•measurephysicalquantities;

read

an

inst

rum

ent s

cale

to

the

near

est f

ract

ion

of a

di

visi

on•

determinedensityofregular

and

irreg

ular

obj

ects

•

expressquantitiesinterms

ofS.I.units;

•Deriveotherunitsfrom

base

units

•Length,area,volum

e,

mas

s, ti

me,

tem

pera

ture

.

•Liquids,regular,irregular

obje

cts.

•S.I.units.

•New

ton,joulewatt,voltand

othe

rs.

•E

xperimentsonmeasur-

ing

leng

th, t

ime,

mas

s.

•Determiningareaand

volu

me.

•Determiningdensity

expe

rimen

tally

for l

iqui

ds,

regu

lar a

nd ir

regu

lar o

b-je

cts.

•

Relatingdensitytoflota-

tion

and

sink

ing.

•Derivingunitsfrom

base

units

.

•Aruler,Verniercallipers,

ther

mom

eter

, bal

ance

st

op-w

atch

, mic

ro m

eter

sc

rew

gau

ge, m

easu

ring

cylin

der,

forc

e m

eter


9

FOR

M 3

8

TOPI

C

OB

JEC

TIVE

S Le

arne

rs s

houl

d be

abl

e to

: U

NIT

CO

NTE

NT(S

kills

, at

titud

es a

nd k

now

ledg

e)

SUG

GES

TED

LEA

RN

ING

AC

TIVI

TIES

AN

D N

OTE

S SU

GG

ESTE

D

RES

OU

RC

ES

2.0

KIN

EMAT

ICS

2.1

Spee

d, V

eloc

ity a

nd

Acce

lera

tion

de

fine

disp

lace

men

t, sp

eed,

vel

ocity

and

ac

cele

ratio

n

Dis

plac

emen

t, sp

eed,

ve

loci

ty a

nd a

ccel

erat

ion.

U

sing

of t

icke

r tap

e tim

er e

xper

imen

t or a

ny

othe

r met

hod.

Tick

er ta

pe ti

mer

and

tape

Elec

troni

c sp

eed

dete

ctor

2.2

Gra

phs

of m

otio

n

plot

, dra

w a

nd in

terp

ret

grap

hs o

f mot

ion

D

ista

nce

tim

e gr

aph

Det

erm

inin

g ve

loci

ty u

sing

di

stan

ce ti

me

grap

h.

Sp

eed

tim

e gr

aph.

Slop

e of

gra

phs.

Area

und

er g

raph

: di

stan

ce.

D

eter

min

ing

dist

ance

tra

velle

d us

ing

spee

d tim

e gr

aphs

of g

raph

.

D

eter

min

ing

acce

lera

tion,

spe

ed a

nd

dist

ance

from

gra

phs.

2.3

Mot

ion

unde

r gra

vity

defin

e fre

e-fall;

dete

rmin

e ac

cele

ratio

n of

fre

e fa

ll

Fr

ee-fa

ll.

Te

rmin

al v

eloc

ity.

Ex

perim

entin

g on

free

fa

ll.

D

escr

ibin

g qu

alita

tivel

y th

e m

otio

n of

bod

ies

fallin

g in

a u

nifo

rm

grav

itatio

nal f

ield

.

So

lvin

g pr

oble

ms.


10

9

TOPI

C

OB

JEC

TIVE

S L

earn

ers

shou

ld b

e ab

le to

:

UN

IT C

ON

TENT

(Ski

lls,

attit

udes

and

kno

wle

dge)

SU

GG

ESTE

D L

EAR

NIN

G

AND

NO

TES

SUG

GES

TED

RES

OU

RC

ES

3.0

FOR

CES

3.

1 Ef

fect

s of

forc

e on

sha

pe

and

size

of m

ater

ials

ex

plai

n th

e e

ffect

s of

a

forc

e on

siz

e an

d sh

ape

of m

ater

ial

pl

ot, d

raw

and

inte

rpre

t ex

tens

ion

load

gra

phs

ex

plai

n H

ooke

’s L

aw

ca

lcul

ate

sprin

g co

nsta

nt

D

efor

mat

ion

of s

olid

s.

Te

nsio

n an

d

com

pres

sion

.

Hoo

ke’s

Law

and

Spr

ing

cons

tant

.

Expe

rimen

ts

dem

onst

ratin

g H

ooke

’s

Law.

D

eter

min

ing

sprin

g co

nsta

nt.

Si

mul

atin

g sp

ring-

mas

s sy

stem

s.

Fo

am ru

bber

, spr

ings

, m

odel

ling

putty

, pla

stic

ine

elas

tic b

ands

, mas

ses

and

mas

s ha

nger

s

C

ompu

ters

.

3.2

Effe

ct o

f for

ce o

n

mot

ion

de

fine

wei

ght,

mom

entu

m

and

iner

tia

ca

lcul

ate

mom

entu

m

ex

plai

n ea

ch o

f New

ton’

s th

ree

law

s of

mot

ion

use

rela

tion

betw

een

forc

e,

mas

s an

d ac

cele

ratio

n

W

eigh

t, m

omen

tum

, inertia;

p =

mv

F =

ma.

Lim

ited

to li

near

m

otio

n. (C

onse

rvat

ion

of m

omen

tum

is n

ot

requ

ired)

.

Expe

rimen

ting

on fo

rces

ch

angi

ng s

tate

of

mot

ion

Tr

olle

ys, i

nerti

a ca

r for

ce

met

ers,

mas

ses,

co

mpu

ters

, air

track

s,

polis

hed

surfa

ces

C

ompu

ter s

imul

atio

ns

3.3

Fric

tion

and

circ

ular

m

otio

n

expl

ain

the

effe

ct o

f fri

ctio

n on

the

mot

ion

of a

bod

y

de

scrib

e th

e w

ays

in w

hich

fo

rce

may

ch

ange

th

e m

otio

n of

a b

ody

de

scrib

e qu

alita

tivel

y m

otio

n in

a c

urve

d pa

th d

ue

to a

per

pend

icul

ar fo

rce

Fr

ictio

n

M

etho

ds o

f red

ucin

g fri

ctio

n.

C

entri

peta

l for

ce.

Cen

tripe

tal a

ccel

erat

ion.

Ex

perim

ents

de

mon

stra

ting

fric

tion.

(N

o re

fere

nce

to s

tatic

an

d dy

nam

ic c

o-ef

ficie

nt

of fr

ictio

n).

St

atin

g ad

vant

ages

and

di

sadv

anta

ges

of

frict

ion.

Expe

rimen

ting

on

circ

ular

mot

ion.

Tr

olle

ys, m

asse

s,

com

pute

rs, a

ir tra

cks,

po

lishe

d su

rface

s, ro

ugh

surfa

ces,

oil/

grea

se

surfa

ces

In

exte

nsib

le s

tring

s,

bobs

/plu

mb-

line

3.4

Turn

ing

effe

ct o

f a fo

rce

de

fine

mom

ent o

f a fo

rce

de

scrib

e th

e m

omen

t of a

fo

rce

in te

rms

of it

s tu

rnin

g

M

omen

ts.

pr

inci

ple

of m

omen

ts.

Ill

ustra

ting

usin

g ev

eryd

ay e

xam

ples

.

Doo

rs, l

ever

s,

whe

elba

rrow

s, c

row

bar,

strin

gs, m

asse

s,

FOR

M 3


11

FOR

M 3

TOPI

CO

BJE

CTI

VES

Lea

rner

s sh

ould

be

able

to:

UN

IT C

ON

TEN

T (S

kills

, at

titud

es a

nd k

now

ledg

e)SU

GG

ESTE

D L

EAR

NIN

G

AN

D N

OTE

SSU

GG

ESTE

D R

ESO

UR

CES

3.4

Turn

ing

effe

ct o

f a fo

rce

effe

ct a

nd g

ive

ever

yday

exa

m-

ples

•performanexperim

entto

verif

y th

e pr

inci

ple

of m

o-m

ents

•makecalculationsinvolving

the

prin

cipl

e of

mom

ents

•Calculationinvolvingmo-

men

ts.

supp

orte

rs, s

tand

s, b

ars,

re

tort

stan

ds, b

eam

s

3.5

Cen

tre

of m

ass

•definecentreofm

ass

•definecentreofgravity

•determinethecentreofm

ass

of a

pla

ne la

min

a •

describequalitativelythe

effe

ct o

f the

pos

ition

of t

he

cent

re o

f mas

s on

the

stab

ili-ty

of o

bjec

ts

•Centreofm

ass.

•Centreofgravity.

•Regularandirregular

lam

ina

.

•Stable,unstableandneu-

tral e

quilib

ria.

•Experim

entsdetermining

posi

tion

of c

entre

of m

ass

of re

gula

r and

irre

gula

r la

min

a an

d ot

her o

bjec

ts.

•Experim

entsdem

onstrat-

ing

sta

ble,

uns

tabl

e an

d ne

utra

l equ

ilibria

.

•Irregularlaminas,plumb

line

/ bob

+ s

tring

, sup

port

stan

ds.

•Cones,cubes,chairs,

I

CT

tool

s

3.6

Pres

sure

•definepressure

•calculatepressure

•definitionofpressure.

•P=F/A.

•Experim

entsdem

on-

stra

ting

pres

sure

due

to

diffe

rent

sur

face

are

as•

Calculatingpressureof

solid

obj

ects

usi

ng a

ppro

-pr

iate

uni

ts.

•Cuboids,regularblocksof

woo

d, b

alan

ces,

met

re ru

le,

ICT

tool

s


12

FOR

M 3

12

TOPI

C

OB

JEC

TIVE

S

Lear

ners

sho

uld

be a

ble

to:

UN

IT C

ON

TENT

(Ski

lls,

attit

udes

and

kn

owle

dge)

SUG

GES

TED

LEA

RN

ING

AC

TIVI

TIES

AN

D N

OTE

S SU

GG

ESTE

D R

ESO

UR

SES

calc

ulat

e pr

essu

re in

flui

ds

d

escr

ibe

effe

ct o

f dep

th

on p

ress

ure

de

scrib

e at

mos

pher

ic

pres

sure

use

bar p

atte

rns

to p

redi

ct

type

of w

eath

er in

clud

ing

win

d st

reng

th a

nd

dire

ctio

n

de

scrib

e th

e co

nstru

ctio

n an

d us

e of

a b

arom

eter

desc

ribe

the

cons

truct

ion

and

use

of a

sim

ple

man

omet

er

Pr

essu

re in

flui

ds

P=

ρgh.

Atm

osph

eric

pre

ssur

e.

Pr

essu

re c

ooke

r.

Wea

ther

pat

tern

s.

Ap

plic

atio

ns a

nd

haza

rds.

Man

omet

er.

Ex

perim

ents

de

mon

stra

ting

varia

tion

of p

ress

ure

with

dep

th

D

emon

stra

ting

atm

osph

eric

pre

ssur

e

An

alys

ing

sim

ple

baro

met

er w

eath

er c

harts

Cal

cula

ting

the

man

omet

er

D

escr

ibin

g hy

drau

lic

syst

ems

D

escr

ibin

g w

ater

re

ticul

atio

n

M

anom

eter

and

liqu

id

cont

aine

rs

M

agde

bug

hem

isph

eres

Drin

king

stra

ws

R

ubbe

r suc

kers

Pres

sure

coo

ker

4.0

Mac

hine

s 4.

1 Si

mpl

e m

achi

nes

desc

ribe

the

use

and

appl

icat

ions

of m

achi

nes

calc

ulat

e m

echa

nica

l ad

vant

age,

vel

ocity

ratio

an

d ef

ficie

ncy

expl

ain

ener

gy lo

sses

in

mac

hine

s.

d

escr

ibe

met

hods

of

impr

ovin

g ef

ficie

ncy

Levers,singlestring

pulle

y sy

stem

s (a

t m

ost 6

pul

leys

), in

clin

ed p

lane

: MA=Load/Effort;VR=

D

ista

nce

mov

ed b

y th

e ef

fort

forc

e/di

stan

ce

mov

ed b

y th

e lo

ad.

Efficiency=MA/VR

x

100.

Fric

tion

and

mas

s of

th

e m

achi

ne.

(Cla

ssifi

catio

n of

leve

rs is

no

t req

uire

d).

C

alcu

latio

ns li

mite

d to

le

vers

, pul

ley

syst

ems

Expe

rimen

ts m

easu

ring

effic

ienc

y

Pulle

ys, i

nclin

ed p

lane

, le

vers

, for

ce m

etre

, m

etre

rule

, loa

ds a

nd

mas

ses


13

FOR

M 3

TOPI

CO

BJE

CTI

VES

Lea

rner

s sh

ould

be

able

to:

UN

IT C

ON

TEN

T (S

kills

, at

titud

es a

nd k

now

ledg

e)SU

GG

ESTE

D L

EAR

NIN

G

AN

D N

OTE

SSU

GG

ESTE

D R

ESO

UR

CES

4.1

Sim

ple

mac

hine

s•

Lubricationandmass

redu

ctio

n.•

Ballbearings.

•Sm

oothsurfaces.

5.0

MEC

HA

NIC

AL

STR

UC

-TU

RES

5.1

Bea

ms

•defineabeam

•

describeabeam

byitscross

sect

iona

l are

a •

comparethestrengthof

beam

s

•explaintheeffectsofpush

and

pull

forc

es

•explainhowstressisdistrib-

uted

in a

load

ed b

eam

•Be

ams.

•Typesofbeams.

•Qualitativerelation

betw

een

stre

ngth

, cr

oss-

sect

iona

l sha

pe a

nd

dept

h.

•Com

pression,tension,

shea

r and

buc

kle.

•

Com

pression,tensionand

natu

ral z

ones

. In

tern

al

stre

ss, a

reas

of s

treng

th

and

wea

knes

s.

•Usingsupportedbar

whi

ch b

ears

a lo

ad.

•Nam

ingT,L,I,Z,O

and

H s

hape

d be

ams,

sol

id

and

hollo

w b

ox a

nd c

ylin

-dr

ical

bea

ms.

•

Carryingoutpractical

wor

k on

bea

ms

usin

g si

mila

r qua

ntiti

es (m

ass

per u

nit l

engt

h) o

f mat

eri-

al b

ut d

iffer

ent b

eam

s•

Experim

entsdem

on-

stra

ting

crus

hing

, com

-pr

essi

ng, b

uckl

ing

and

bend

ing,

stre

tchi

ng a

nd

snap

ping

•Be

ams,supports,loads,

•ICTtools

•Be

amsofdifferentareasec-

tions;T,L,I,W

etc.beams,

woo

den

split

s•

Differenttypesofbeams

•Metrerules,supports,loads

•Foam

rubber,elasticbands,

glas

s ro

ds, l

oad/

stre

ss•

Hollowstems,greentwigs,

foam

rubb

er•

ICTtools

•Plasticine

•Stikstuff

5.2

Tru

sses

•constructtrusses

•explaintheuseoftrianglesin

a tru

ss

•explaintheadvantagesof

truss

es o

ver b

eam

s

•Trusses.

Sta

bilit

y.

•Econom

y,strengthand

stre

ngth

/mas

s ra

tio.

•Definingatruss.

•Com

paringweightof

stru

ctur

es.

•Experim

entsillustrating

stre

ngth

/mas

s ra

tio o

f a

beam

and

trus

s.

•Be

ams,pins,nails,loads,

reto

rt st

ands

, piv

ot, m

etre

ru

le.

•Trussesonbuildings.

•Laboratorymodelsoftruss-

es u

sing

woo

den

splin

ts.

•ICTtools.


14

TOPI

CO

BJE

CTI

VES

Lea

rner

s sh

ould

be

able

to:

UN

IT C

ON

TEN

T (S

kills

, at

titud

es a

nd k

now

ledg

e)SU

GG

ESTE

D L

EAR

NIN

G

AN

D N

OTE

SSU

GG

ESTE

D R

ESO

UR

CES

5.2

Trus

ses

•explainhowaloadcanbe

distributedthroughoutatruss;

•identifystrutsandtiesina

truss;

•explainthedesignofaroof

truss;

•Com

pressiveandtensile

forc

es.

•Transm

issionofforcesby

conn

ectin

g m

embe

rs.

•Distributionofload

•Experim

entsdetermining

whi

ch m

embe

rs a

re u

nder

te

nsio

n an

d w

hich

are

un

der c

ompr

essi

on.

•Constructingmodels

5.3

Join

ing

mat

eria

ls•

describemethodsofjoining

materials;

•comparethestrengthofjoints

•Joiningmechanism

s;-

Pinn

ing:

-

Surfa

ce c

onta

ct:

•Sizeofcontactarea,num

-be

r and

pos

ition

of p

ins.

•Makingandtesting

stre

ngth

s of

join

ts.

•Gluingwithorw

ithout

dowelsandtongue;

•So

ldering,brazingand

welding;P

lastics–weld-

ing

and

glui

ng.

•Wooden,metallicandplastic

mat

eria

ls•

Beam

s,screw

s,nailsbolts

andrivets;

•Glue

•Joints

5.4

Lar

ge s

truc

ture

s•

identifymaterialsusedin

larg

e st

ruct

ures

•

comparepropertiesofcon

-st

ruct

ion

mat

eria

ls•

explainthedesignandmate-

rials

use

d in

diff

eren

t typ

es o

f br

idge

s •

explaintheuseofarchesin

cons

truct

ion

of l

arge

stru

c-tu

res

•explaincompositionand

shap

e of

dam

wal

ls

•Wood,metal,reinforced

conc

rete

and

sto

nes.

•

Com

pressiveandtensile

stre

ngth

, mas

s an

d du

ra-

bilit

y.

•Pierbridge,beambridge,

arch

brid

ge a

nd S

uspe

n-si

on b

ridge

. •

Earthandconcrete;

stra

ight

and

arc

h da

ms

•Nam

ingmaterialsusedin

larg

e st

ruct

ures

.•

Com

paringpropertiesof

cons

truct

ion

of m

ater

ials

.•

Com

paringdurabilityin

rela

tion

to d

ecay

, cor

ro-

sion

and

rust

ing.

•

Constructingandloading

of m

odel

s.•

(Noknow

ledgeofmateri-

al c

ost i

s re

quire

d bu

t an

appr

ecia

tion

of b

oth

dura

-bi

lity

and

cost

as

fact

ors

in d

eter

min

ing

choi

ce).

•Identifyingmaterials

whi

ch m

ake

dam

wal

ls

•Metalsbeam

s,wooden

beam

s, c

emen

t, co

ncre

te,

rein

forc

e co

ncre

te b

eam

s,

quar

ry s

tone

s, g

rave

l, sa

nd•

ICTtools

•Woodensplints,sand,

ston

es, g

rave

l, cl

ay s

oil

FOR

M 3


15

FOR

M 3

17

TOPI

C

OB

JEC

TIVE

S L

earn

ers

shou

ld b

e ab

le to

: U

NIT

CO

NTE

NT S

kills

, at

titud

es a

nd k

now

ledg

e)

SUG

GES

TED

LEA

RN

ING

AC

TIVI

TIES

AN

D N

OTE

S

SUG

GES

TED

R

ESO

UR

CES

6.

0 W

OR

K, E

NER

GY

AND

PO

WER

6

.1 W

ork

defin

e w

ork

done

calc

ulat

e w

ork

done

Workdone;

Expe

rimen

ts i

llust

ratin

g w

ork

done

Wor

k =

Forc

e x

d

ista

nce

Forc

e m

etre

s, w

oode

n bl

ock,

met

re ru

le, s

top

wat

ch, p

ulle

ys, a

nd

incl

ined

pla

nes.

6.2

Ener

gy

de

fine

ener

gy

de

scrib

e fo

rms

and

sour

ces

of e

nerg

y

rela

te e

nerg

y co

nver

sion

s an

d w

ork

done

En

ergy

Sou

rces

Law

ofconservationof

ener

gy

En

ergy

con

vers

ions

Cal

cula

tions

invo

lvin

g en

ergy

and

wor

k

Safe

dis

posa

l of b

atte

ries

and

accu

mul

ator

s

D

escr

ibin

g fo

rms

of

ener

gy s

uch

as c

hem

ical

, H

EP, s

un, n

ucle

ar, g

eo-

ther

mal

, win

d an

d tid

es.

(rene

wab

le a

nd n

on-

rene

wab

le s

ourc

es)

N

amin

g so

urce

s of

hea

t, lig

ht, s

ound

, ele

ctric

al,

kine

tic g

ravi

tatio

nal a

nd

pote

ntia

l ene

rgy.

Giv

ing

rela

tions

hip

betw

een

ener

gy a

nd

wor

k.

C

alcu

latin

g pr

oble

ms

on

ener

gy.

Sa

fe d

ispo

sing

of

batte

ries

and

accu

mul

ator

s

W

oode

n bl

ocks

Batte

ries,

cel

ls,

chem

ical

s, m

etal

s

Gen

erat

or/tu

rbin

es

So

lar c

ells

/pan

els,

sol

ar

char

gers

, sol

ar w

ater

he

ater

sys

tem

s

Acad

emic

trip

s to

hot

sp

rings

e.g

. C

him

anim

ani h

ot s

prin

gs

C

ompu

ter s

imul

atio

ns


16

FOR

M 3

TOPI

CO

BJE

CTI

VES

Lea

rner

s sh

ould

be

able

to:

UN

IT C

ON

TEN

T (S

kills

, at

titud

es a

nd k

now

ledg

e)SU

GG

ESTE

D L

EAR

NIN

G

AN

D N

OTE

SSU

GG

ESTE

D R

ESO

UR

CES

6.3

Pow

er•

definepower

•relatepow

ertorateofener-

gy tr

ansf

erre

d •

performcalculationsinvolving

pow

er =

Fv

•Carryingouteexper

-im

ents

to d

eter

min

e po

wer

.

•Electricmotor,m

eterrule,

stop

wat

ch, l

oad,

stri

ng,

bloc

k of

woo

d, F

orce

met

er.

7.0

THER

MA

L PH

YSIC

S7.

1 Th

e ki

netic

theo

ry o

f m

atte

r•

theeffectofachangede

-sc

ribe

stat

es o

f mat

ter i

n te

rms

of k

inet

ic th

eory

•

explainthephysicalproper-

ties

of m

atte

r •

describequalitativelythe

ther

mal

exp

ansi

on o

f sol

ids,

liq

uids

and

gas

es

•explaintherelativeorderof

mag

nitu

de o

f exp

ansi

ons

of

solid

s, li

quid

s an

d ga

ses

•identifyandexplainsome

of th

e ev

eryd

ay a

pplic

atio

ns

and

c

onse

quen

ces

of•

thermalexpansion

•describequalitativelyoftem

-pe

ratu

re o

n th

e vo

lum

e of

a

gas

at c

onst

ant p

ress

ure

•So

lids,liquidsandgases.

•Brow

nianmotion.

•Charles’slaw.

•Bo

yle’slaw.

•Eq

uationofstate.

P

1V1/T1=P

2V2/T2

•Carryingoutpractical

activ

ities

to d

emon

stra

te

chan

ge o

f sta

te in

clud

ing

S

ublim

atio

n.

•Carryingoutexperiments

to i

llust

rate

the

pro

per-

ties.

•

Meltingboilin

gandevap

-or

atin

g.

•Diffusion–mixingdueto

mol

ecul

ar m

otio

n.

•Experim

entsonCharles’s

and

Boyl

e’s

law.

•Kinetictheorym

odelkit.

•Brow

nianmotionmodelkit

•So

lids,liquidsandgases

•So

urcesofheat

•Chalk/dust.

•2largesyringescommu-

nica

ted

by ru

bber

tubi

ng,

war

m w

ater

, the

rmom

eter

, m

anom

eter

.•

Icewaterinabeaker,source

of h

eat,

ther

mom

eter

.•

Perfume,bromine,smoke.

•Charles’lawapparatus.

•Bo

yle’slawapparatus


17

FOR

M 3

19

TOPI

C

OB

JEC

TIVE

S L

earn

ers

shou

ld b

e ab

le

to:

UN

IT C

ON

TENT

(Ski

lls,

attit

udes

and

kno

wle

dge)

SU

GG

ESTE

D L

EAR

NIN

G

ACTI

VITI

ES A

ND

NO

TES

SUG

GES

TED

RES

OU

RC

ES

7.2

Ther

mal

Pro

pert

ies

co

mpa

re

qual

itativ

ely

orde

r of

m

agni

tude

of

ex

pans

ion

of s

olid

s

li

quid

s an

d ga

ses

ex

plai

n ap

plic

atio

ns a

nd

cons

eque

nces

of

ther

mal

exp

ansi

on

and

cont

ract

ion

de

scrib

e ho

w a

phy

sica

l pr

oper

ty w

hich

var

ies

with

tem

pera

ture

may

be

used

for m

easu

rem

ent

of te

mpe

ratu

re

st

ate

such

pro

perti

es

Th

erm

al e

xpan

sion

and

co

ntra

ctio

n.

Th

erm

osta

ts,

ther

mom

eter

s, b

ridge

s,

railw

ay li

nes

and

elec

trica

l cab

les,

etc

.

Mea

sure

men

t of

tem

pera

ture

, fix

ed p

oint

s liq

uid

in g

lass

th

erm

omet

er (l

abor

ator

y an

d cl

inic

al),

ther

moc

oupl

e th

erm

omet

er,

adva

ntag

es a

nd

disa

dvan

tage

s of

eac

h ty

pe o

f the

rmom

eter

.

C

arry

ing

expe

rimen

ts to

co

mpa

re e

xpan

sion

and

co

ntra

ctio

n in

sol

ids,

liq

uids

and

gas

es.

Car

ryin

g ou

t exp

erim

ents

w

ith d

iffer

ent

ther

mom

eter

s.

Ba

ll an

d rin

g ex

perim

ent,

goug

e an

d ba

r, em

pty

flask

fitte

d w

ith a

rubb

er

stop

per w

ith a

gla

ss

tubi

ng, w

arm

wat

er, c

old

clot

h.

Fl

ask

fille

d w

ith w

ater

fit

ted

with

a ru

bber

st

oppe

r with

a g

lass

tu

bing

and

war

m w

ater

an

d ic

e w

ater

in a

bow

l.

Ther

mos

tats

, th

erm

omet

ers,

bim

etal

lic

strip

s.

stat

e th

e ne

ed fo

r and

id

entif

y fix

ed p

oint

s

de

scrib

e se

nsiti

vity

ra

nge

and

linea

rity

de

scrib

e di

ffere

nt ty

pes

of

ther

mom

eter

s

de

fine

and

desc

ribe

mel

ting

and

boilin

g in

te

rms

of e

nerg

y tra

nsfe

r w

ithou

t cha

nge

of

tem

pera

ture

desc

ribe

the

effe

ct

of

impu

ritie

s an

d pr

essu

re

on

mel

ting

poin

ts

and

M

eltin

g an

d bo

iling.

Latentheat.

Im

purit

ies

and

pres

sure

.

C

arry

ing

out e

xper

imen

ts

on e

xpan

sion

and

co

ntra

ctio

n of

mat

ter.

Det

erm

inin

g m

eltin

g po

int

and

boilin

g po

int

expe

rimen

tally

and

gr

aphi

cally

. Con

side

r bo

th h

eatin

g an

d co

olin

g cu

rves

.

Car

ry o

ut e

xper

imen

ts o

n th

e in

fluen

ce o

f at

mos

pher

ic p

ress

ure

and

impu

ritie

s on

mel

ting

poin

ts a

nd b

oilin

g po

ints

to

be

disc

usse

d in

term

s

C

alor

imet

er, e

lem

ents

, so

lids,

wat

er,

ther

mom

eter

s, b

alan

ce

Fl

at b

otto

med

flas

ks,

tong

s


18

20

TOPI

C

OB

JEC

TIVE

S L

earn

ers

shou

ld b

e ab

le

to:

UN

IT C

ON

TENT

(Ski

lls,

attit

udes

and

kno

wle

dge)

SU

GG

ESTE

D L

EAR

NIN

G

ACTI

VITI

ES A

ND

NO

TES

SUG

GES

TED

RES

OU

RC

ES

boilin

g po

ints

of

su

bsta

nces

of

kin

etic

theo

ry

dem

onst

rate

.

dete

rmin

e th

e sp

ecifi

c he

at c

apac

ity

of a

liqu

id a

nd a

sol

id

ca

lcul

ate

the

heat

tra

nsfe

r fro

m

expe

rimen

tal d

ata

expl

ain

why

diff

eren

t m

ater

ials

hav

e di

ffere

nt

heat

cap

aciti

es

de

fine

spec

ific

late

nt

heat

calc

ulat

e sp

ecifi

c la

tent

he

at

D

efin

ition

of h

eat

capa

city

and

spe

cific

he

at c

apac

ity(c

).

∆Q

=mc(ϑ f−ϑ

i) =IVt.

H

eat s

uppl

ied

= he

at

gain

ed

Qlo

ss =

Qga

ined

=

Q

supp

lied.

Expl

anat

ion

base

d on

pa

rticl

es.

Fu

sion

, vap

oriz

atio

n

H

eat s

uppl

ied

=

h

eat g

aine

d.

∆Q

= m

l.

D

eter

min

ing

spec

ific

heat

ca

paci

ty b

y ex

perim

ents

.

Car

ryin

g ou

t cal

cula

tions

on

spe

cific

hea

t cap

acity

.

Expl

aini

ng d

iffer

ence

s in

he

at c

apac

ities

.

Det

erm

inin

g sp

ecifi

c la

tent

hea

t ex

perim

enta

lly.

C

alcu

latin

g sp

ecifi

c la

tent

he

at.

(Ass

umpt

ion:

No

heat

is

lost

or g

aine

d to

su

rrou

ndin

g).

C

alor

imet

er, h

eatin

g el

emen

ts, s

olid

s, w

ater

, th

erm

omet

ers,

bal

ance

, cl

ock,

vol

tmet

er,

amm

eter

, con

nect

ing

lead

s, p

ower

, fun

nel,

ice

7.3

Hea

t Tra

nsfe

r

id

entif

y go

od

and

bad

cond

ucto

rs o

f hea

t

give

a m

olec

ular

acc

ount

of

hea

t tra

nsfe

r in

solid

s

re

late

con

vect

ion

to

dens

ity c

hang

es in

liq

uids

and

gas

es

M

etal

s, n

on-m

etal

s an

d

liqui

ds.

C

ondu

ctio

n.

C

onve

ctio

n.

C

arry

ing

out e

xper

imen

ts

to d

istin

guis

h. b

etw

een

good

and

bad

con

duct

ors

of h

eat.

Car

ryin

g ou

t exp

erim

ents

to

dem

onst

rate

co

nduc

tion

and

conv

ectio

n.

Ex

perim

ents

to

dem

onst

rate

con

vect

ion.

Lesleycube/wax

C

ondu

ctor

met

er

Be

aker

with

wat

er +

a

colo

rant

i.e.

pot

assi

um

perm

anga

nate

.

Con

vect

ion

cham

ber

FOR

M 3


19

FOR

M 3

21

TO

PIC

O

BJE

CTI

VES

Le

arne

rs s

houl

d be

abl

e to

:

UN

IT C

ON

TENT

(Ski

lls,

attit

udes

and

kno

wle

dge)

SU

GG

ESTE

D L

EAR

NIN

G

ACTI

VITI

ES A

ND

NO

TES

SUG

GES

TED

RES

OU

RC

ES

desc

ribe

expe

rimen

ts to

di

stin

guis

h be

twee

n go

od a

nd b

ad

emitt

ers/

abso

rber

s of

in

fra-re

d ra

diat

ion

de

duce

th

at

good

ab

sorb

ers

are

also

goo

d em

itter

s

ex

plai

n ap

plic

atio

ns o

f co

nduc

tion,

con

vect

ion

and

radi

atio

n

desc

ribe

the

func

tion

and

desi

gn o

f a s

olar

w

ater

hea

ter

R

adia

tion.

Goo

d an

d ba

d em

itter

s/ab

sorb

er.

So

lar c

ooke

r and

va

cuum

flas

k, e

tc.

So

lar w

ater

hea

ter.

Se

a br

eeze

s.

Ai

r ven

ts.

C

arry

ing

out

expe

rimen

ts w

ith d

ull

and

brig

ht s

urfa

ces.

Car

ryin

g ou

t ex

perim

ents

with

pa

rabo

lic re

flect

ors.

Car

ryin

g ou

t Ex

perim

ents

to

dem

onst

rate

sol

ar w

ater

he

atin

g.

R

efle

ctor

s, v

acuu

m fl

ask

and

diffe

rent

sur

face

s.

Pa

rabo

lic d

ish,

sol

ar w

ater

he

ater

.

W

ax

Th

erm

omet

er

Hea

ter

Air c

ondi

tione

r

8.0

INTE

RN

AL C

OM

BU

STIO

N

ENG

INES

8.

1 Fo

ur s

trok

e en

gine

desc

ribe

the

oper

atio

ns

ofafourstro

keengine;

expl

ain

the

role

of t

he

carb

uret

tor

stat

e th

e ad

vant

age

of

mul

tiple

cyl

inde

rs in

an

engi

ne

co

mpa

re th

e op

erat

ions

of

a d

iese

l and

pet

rol

engi

ne

Com

pres

sion

, pow

er,

exha

ust a

nd in

let

stro

kes.

Fuel

and

air

supp

ly.

Ev

en fi

ring

and

pow

er

dist

ribut

ion.

Igni

tion

met

hods

, re

leva

nt e

ffici

ency

and

ca

rbon

mon

oxid

e (s

oot)

prod

uctio

n.

Size

of p

arts

.

Ex

plai

ning

impo

rtanc

e of

a

clea

n fu

el s

uppl

y,

effe

cts

of li

mita

tion

of a

ir su

pply

(cho

ke c

ontro

l, bl

ocke

d fil

ters

) and

fuel

su

pply

(wor

n ou

t jet

s).

Usi

ng a

mod

el to

de

mon

stra

te s

troke

s.

Ex

plai

ning

e ff

icie

ncy

as

mea

sure

d by

fuel

ec

onom

y (k

ilom

etre

s pe

r lit

re).

Engi

ne m

odel

s,

C

ompu

ter m

odel

s,

ca

rbur

etto

r


20

FOR

M 3

22

TOPI

C

OB

JEC

TIVE

S

Lear

ners

sho

uld

be a

ble

to:

UN

IT C

ON

TENT

(Ski

lls,

attit

udes

and

kno

wle

dge)

SU

GG

ESTE

D L

EAR

NIN

G

ACTI

VITI

ES A

ND

NO

TES

SUG

GES

TED

RES

OU

RC

ES

8. 1

Soc

ial a

nd e

cono

mic

co

nsid

erat

ions

of u

sing

fu

els

id

entif

y re

new

able

an

d no

n-renewablere

sources;

fuel

s

desc

ribe

the

soci

al a

nd

econ

omic

impl

icat

ion

of

usingfuels;

R

enew

able

and

non

-re

new

able

fuel

s.

D

efor

esta

tion,

effe

cts

of

the

by-p

rodu

cts,

pol

lutio

n.

Sa

fe h

andl

ing

of fu

els.

Id

entif

ying

rene

wab

le

and

non-

rene

wab

le

reso

urce

s.

fu

els

W

ood,

cha

rcoa

l, co

al,

petro

leum

, bio

gas

, et

hano

l

Can

dles

9.0

WAV

ES

9.1

Mec

hani

cal w

ave

prop

ertie

s

desc

ribe

wav

e m

otio

n

de

scrib

e ch

arac

teris

tics

of

a w

ave

calc

ulat

e ve

loci

ty,

fre

quen

cy a

nd w

avel

engt

h

de

scrib

e pr

opag

atio

n of

w

aves

in te

rms

of w

ave

front

s an

d ra

ys.

Tran

sver

se a

nd

long

itudi

nal w

aves

.

Ampl

itude

, wav

elen

gth,

fre

quen

cy a

nd p

erio

d

T= 1

/f, V

=fλ

M

edia

for m

echa

nica

l w

aves

.

Ref

lect

ion

and

refra

ctio

n w

ave

front

s an

d ra

ys

Dem

onst

ratin

g re

flect

ion

and

refra

ctio

n of

wav

e fro

nts

prac

tical

ly.

C

alcu

latin

g th

e pe

riod,

ve

loci

ty ,f

requ

ency

and

w

avel

engt

h of

wav

es

C

arry

ing

expe

rimen

ts to

de

mon

stra

te w

aves

.

Sprin

gs/s

linky

, rop

es

rope

s, ri

pple

tank

s

9.2

Soun

d•

describehowsoundispro

-du

ced

•describethelongitudinal

natu

re o

f sou

nd w

aves

•

statetheapproximaterange

of a

udib

le fr

eque

ncy

•Vibrations

•Com

pressionsandrarefac-

tions

. •

Transm

issionofsoundin

diffe

rent

med

ia

•Carryingexperim

entson

soun

d pr

oduc

tion


invo

lvin

g tra

nsm

issi

on in

di

ffere

nt m

edia

. •

Determiningspeedof

soun

d pr

actic

ally.

•Fixedruler/hacksaw

blade

•Tuningforksandsimple

mus

ical

inst

rum

ents

•

ICTtools

•vacuum

pum

pandelectric

bell

wat

ch


21

FOR

M 3

TOPI

CO

BJE

CTI

VES

Lear

ners

sho

uld

be a

ble

to:

UN

IT C

ON

TEN

T (S

kills

, at

titud

es a

nd k

now

ledg

e)SU

GG

ESTE

D L

EAR

NIN

G

AC

TIVI

TIES

AN

D N

OTE

SSU

GG

ESTE

D R

ESO

UR

CES

9.2

Soun

d•

explaintheneedofame-

dium

in th

e tra

nsm

issi

on o

f so

und

wav

es

•describeexperim

entstode-

term

ine

the

spee

d of

sou

nd

inair;

•relatepitch,loudnessand

qual

ity o

f sou

nd w

aves

to

ampl

itude

and

freq

uenc

y•

describeechoesandappli-

catio

n

•Sp

eedofsound.

•Pitch,loudnessandquality.

•Reflectionofsound.

•Ap

plicationsofechoes.

•Fishingindustries

•Depthdetermination


on p

itch,

loud

ness

and

qu

ality

(No

treat

men

t of

over

tone

s.)

•Carryingoutsimpleexper-

imen

ts to

dem

onst

rate

ec

hoes

•startergun/woodenblock

wal

l sha

llow

wel

l

•C.R.O,m

icrophone,signal

gene

rato

r

9.3

Elec

trom

agne

ticw

aves

•identifytheregionsofthe

elec

trom

agne

tic s

pect

rum

( or

der o

f wav

elen

gth

or fr

e-qu

ency

)•

statethedifferencesand

sim

ilarit

ies

b

etw

een

electromagneticwaves;

•statetheusesofthedif-

fere

nt c

ompo

nent

s of

the

elec

trom

agne

tic s

pect

rum

•Electromagneticspectrum

•Wavelength,frequency,

spee

d an

d tra

nsm

issi

on

•Usesofthedifferentcom

-po

nent

s

•Norecallofactualw

ave-

leng

ths

or fr

eque

ncie

s is

re

quire

d•

Discussingdifferences

and

sim

ilarit

ies

betw

een

elec

trom

agne

tic w

aves

. •

Discussingapplicationsof

elec

trom

agne

tic w

aves

in

com

mun

icat

ion

cook

ing,

medicalfieldremotesens

-in

g

•Mirror,ICTtools,Oilysur

-faceswithlight,LaptoporTV

screenswithDVD

withlight

•UVandinfraredsources,

filters,com

puter


22

FOR

M 4

8.0

CO

MPE

TEN

CY

MAT

RIX

25

FORM

4

TOPI

C

OB

JEC

TIVE

S

Lear

ners

sho

uld

be a

ble

to:

UN

IT C

ON

TENT

(Ski

lls,

attit

udes

and

kno

wle

dge)

SU

GG

ESTE

D L

EAR

NIN

G

ACTI

VITI

ES A

ND

NO

TES

SUG

GES

TED

R

ESO

UR

CES

10.0

O

PTIC

S

10

.1

Ref

lect

ion

of li

ght

desc

ribe

an e

xper

imen

t to

illust

rate

th

e la

ws

of

refle

ctio

n

us

e th

e la

w: I

= r,

in

reflection;

de

scrib

e th

e po

sitio

n an

d ch

arac

teris

tics

of a

n op

tical

imag

e

form

ed b

y pl

ane

mirr

or

perfo

rm s

impl

e co

nstru

ctio

ns,

mea

sure

men

ts a

nd

calculations;

Lawsofre

flection,

Fo

rmat

ion

of im

ages

by

plan

e m

irror

s.

Ray

dia

gram

s

Car

ryin

g ou

t ex

perim

ents

on

refle

ctio

n

C

arry

ing

out

expe

rimen

t to

find

the

imag

e of

an

obje

ct

C

onst

ruct

ing

imag

es

form

ed b

y pl

ane

mirr

or

O

ptic

kit

IC

T to

ols


23

FOR

M 4

26

TOPI

C

OB

JEC

TIVE

S

Lear

ners

sho

uld

be a

ble

to:

UN

IT C

ON

TENT

(Ski

lls,

attit

udes

and

kno

wle

dge)

SU

GG

ESTE

D L

EAR

NIN

G

CTI

VITI

ES A

ND

NO

TES

SUG

GES

TED

RES

OU

RC

ES

10.2

R

efra

ctio

n of

ligh

t

statelawsofre

fraction;

de

scrib

e re

fract

ion

usin

g

raydiagrams;

desc

ribe

refra

ctio

n of

ligh

t th

roug

h tra

nspa

rent

blo

cks

andliquids;

definerefra

ctiveindex;

definecriticalangle;

de

scrib

e to

tal i

nter

nal

reflection;

de

scrib

e ap

plic

atio

ns o

f to

tal i

nter

nal r

efle

ctio

n.

O

ptic

ally

den

se a

nd

optic

ally

less

den

se

med

ia

𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

𝑠𝑠=𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑐𝑐

R

efra

ctio

n at

pla

ne

surfa

ces

Ap

pare

nt d

epth

Ray

dia

gram

s

To

tal i

nter

nal r

efle

ctio

n an

d cr

itica

l ang

le.

Fi

bre

optic

s

G

lass

pris

ms

inst

rum

ents

Mira

ge

St

raig

ht o

bjec

t in

wat

er

C

arry

ing

out

expe

rimen

ts to

inve

stig

ate

refra

ctio

n.

D

raw

ing

ray

diag

ram

s to

illu

stra

te v

ario

us

situ

atio

ns o

f ref

ract

ion

Ex

perim

ents

to

dem

onst

rate

app

aren

t de

pth

Expe

rimen

ts to

de

term

ine

refra

ctiv

e in

dex.

Expe

rimen

ts to

de

mon

stra

te to

tal

inte

rnal

refle

ctio

n.

D

emon

stra

ting

appl

icat

ion

of to

tal

inte

rnal

refle

ctio

n in

fibr

e optics;

O

ptic

kit

IC

T to

ols

Bi

nocu

lars

,mic

rosc

ope

an

d pe

risco

pe

27

TOPI

C

OB

JEC

TIVE

S

Lear

ners

sho

uld

be a

ble

to:

UN

IT C

ON

TENT

(Ski

lls,

attit

udes

and

kno

wle

dge)

SU

GG

ESTE

D L

EAR

NIN

G

ACTI

VITI

ES A

ND

NO

TES

SUG

GES

TED

RES

OU

RC

ES

10.3

Len

ses

de

scrib

e th

e ac

tion

of

a co

nver

ging

le

ns

and

dive

rgin

g le

ns o

n a

beam

of

light;

draw

ray

diag

ram

s to

illu

stra

te th

e fo

rmat

ion

of

real

and

virt

ual i

mag

es

C

onve

rgin

g an

d di

verg

ing

lens

es, f

ocal

poi

nt

N

atur

e an

d po

sitio

n of

im

ages

C

arry

ing

out

expe

rimen

ts to

sho

w

conv

erge

nce

and

dive

rgen

ce

C

arry

ing

out

expe

rimen

ts o

n fo

rmat

ion

of re

al a

nd

virtu

al im

ages

by

conv

ergi

ng le

ns.

(N

o tre

atm

ent o

f im

ages

fo

rmed

by

dive

rgin

g le

nses

is re

quire

d)

O

ptic

kit,

cam

era


24

FOR

M 4

28

TOPI

C

OB

JEC

TIVE

S

Lear

ners

sho

uld

be a

ble

to:

UN

IT C

ON

TENT

(Ski

lls,

attit

udes

and

kno

wle

dge)

SU

GG

ESTE

D L

EAR

NIN

G

ACTI

VITI

ES A

ND

NO

TES

SUG

GES

TED

RES

OU

RC

ES

Expl

ain

how

to m

easu

re

the

foca

l len

gth

of a

co

nver

ging

lens

desc

ribe

mag

nific

atio

n of

a

c

onve

rgin

g le

ns

de

scrib

e th

e us

e of

a

sing

le le

ns a

s a

mag

nify

ing

glas

s

des

crib

e th

e us

e of

a

sing

le l

ens

to f

orm

a r

eal

imag

e

ex

plai

n th

e us

e of

lens

es

in th

e co

rrect

ion

of s

hort

and

long

sig

ht

Fo

cal l

engt

h

M

agni

ficat

ion

𝑚𝑚

=𝑣𝑣 𝑢𝑢=ℎ𝑖𝑖/ℎ𝑜𝑜

Im

age

char

acte

ristic

s.

Sh

ort a

nd lo

ng s

ight

s.

C

arry

ing

out

dem

onst

ratio

ns.

(N

o ca

lcul

atio

ns

requ

ired)

Expe

rimen

ts to

mea

sure

th

e fo

cal l

engt

h of

a

conv

ergi

ng le

ns.

D

emon

stra

ting

the

actio

n of

a m

agni

fyin

g gl

ass.

Opt

ical

kit

Met

re ru

le

Cam

era

and

proj

ecto

r IC

T to

ols

10.4

Dis

pers

ion

of li

ght

defin

e di

sper

sion

of l

ight

desc

ribe

the

disp

ersi

on o

f lig

ht

Visiblespectru

m.

C

arry

ing

out

expe

rimen

ts o

n di

sper

sion

of l

ight

usi

ng

a gl

ass

pris

m. O

rder

of

colo

urs

to b

e sp

ecifi

ed.

Opt

ic k

it an

d gl

ass

pris

m

ICT

tool

s

11.0

EL

ECTR

ICIT

Y 11

.1

Elec

tros

tatic

s•

describeexperim

ents

to s

how

ele

ctro

stat

ic

ch

argi

ng

•describeforcesbetween

char

ges

of s

tatic

ele

ctric

ity•

describeanelectricfield

•Theelectron,andpositive

char

ges.

•Unitofcharges.

•TheCoulomb.

•Likeandunlike

•C

harges.

•Forceandelectriccharges.


to s

how

ele

ctro

stat

ic

char

ging

. C

arry

ing

expe

rimen

ts to

de

mon

stra

te a

ttrac

tion

repu

lsio

n of

cha

rges

.

•VandeGraafgenerator,

gold

leaf

ele

ctro

scop

e,

Pers

pex,

ebo

nite

, cel

lulo

se•

Rods/plates,cotton,fur,

glas

s ro

ds•

Polythene


25

FOR

M 4

TOPI

CO

BJE

CTI

VES

Lear

ners

sho

uld

be a

ble

to:

UN

IT C

ON

TEN

T (S

kills

, at

titud

es a

nd k

now

ledg

e)SU

GG

ESTE

D L

EAR

NIN

G

AC

TIVI

TIES

AN

D N

OTE

SSU

GG

ESTE

D R

ESO

UR

CES

•stateanddescribethe

directionoffieldlinesand

simplefieldpatterns;

•distinguishbetweenelectric

conductorsandinsulators;

•explainseparationof

chargebyinduction;

•describenaturalphenome-

na o

f sta

tic e

lect

ricity

•Fieldlinesandfieldpat-

tern

s •

Conductorsandinsulators

•Inducedchargeinconduc-

tors

•

Lightningconductors

•Qualitativetreatmentonly

•Drawingdiagramtoshow

field-patterns.

•Dem

onstratinginductive

char

ging

usi

ng e

lect

ro-

scop

es.

•Discussinglightning,

safe

ty p

reca

utio

ns A

ppli-

catio

ns a

nd h

azar

ds•

Formation,dangers,

earth

ing,

shi

eldi

ng.

•Constructingalightning

cond

ucto

r

•Goldleafelectroscope

•Lightningconductors/

shie

lds

•ICTtools

11.2

Pr

imar

y an

d se

cond

ary

cells

El

ectr

omot

ive

forc

e

•usetheconceptthatthe

e.m

.f is

mea

sure

d by

ene

r-gy

dis

sipa

ted

by a

sou

rce

in d

rivin

g a

char

ge ro

und

a

com

plet

e ci

rcui

t•

show

anunderstandingthat

thevoltisgivenbyJ/C

•e.m.fofacell/battery.

•unitsofe.m.f.

•So

urcesofe.m.f.

•Listsourcesofe.m.f.

•Explainingtheterms

e.m

.f. a

nd c

alcu

latin

g cu

rrent

. I =

Q/t.

•Po

wersupplies,cells,

batte

ries,

acc

umul

ator

s,

voltm

eter

,(pho

to v

olta

ic

cells

)


26

TOPI

CO

BJE

CTI

VES

Lear

ners

sho

uld

be a

ble

to:

UN

IT C

ON

TEN

T (S

kills

, at

titud

es a

nd k

now

ledg

e)SU

GG

ESTE

D L

EAR

NIN

G

AC

TIVI

TIES

AN

D N

OTE

SSU

GG

ESTE

D

RES

OU

RC

ES

11.3

Cur

rent

ele

ctric

ityexplaintheflowofcurrentin

a ci

rcui

t

u

se th

e eq

uatio

n I=

Q/t

mea

sure

cur

rent

and

vol

t-ag

e definepotentialdifferences

•usetheconceptthatthe

sum

of t

he p

oten

tial d

iffer

-en

ces

in a

ser

ies

circ

uit i

s th

e sa

me

as th

e po

tent

ial

diffe

renc

e ac

ross

the

who

le

circ

uit

•stateandapplyOhm

’slaw

•describeanexperimentto

dete

rmin

e re

sist

ance

usi

ng

a vo

ltmet

er a

nd a

n am

met

er

•statethelim

itationsof

Ohm

’s la

w

•sketchandinterpretthe

V/Icharacteristicsgraphs

for m

etal

lic (o

hmic

) and

no

n-oh

mic

con

duct

ors

•Usetherelationshipbe

-tw

een

the

resi

stan

ce, l

engt

h an

d cr

oss-

sect

iona

l are

a of

a

wire

•Electricchargeflow

.•

Ammeter,ampere.

•Conventionaldirectionof

curre

nt.

•Differentrangesofvoltage

and

curre

nt.

V

oltageinaseriescircuit.

V

T=V1

+V2+-------

Law

ofconservationof

ener

gy

Res

ista

nce

R

=V/I

E

xper

imen

tal d

eter

min

atio

n of

resi

stan

ce.

T

hick

ness

and

leng

th o

f a

cond

ucto

rs.

T

empe

ratu

re

R

=ρl/A

•Am

pere,thevolt,milliam

-pe

re ra

nge.

•

Usingavoltmetertomea

-su

re p

.d.

•Usinganam

metertomea

-su

re c

urre

nt.


usin

g vo

ltmet

er in

a s

erie

s ci

rcui

t. •

Carryingoutexperimentsto

verifyOhm

’sLaw

andcal

-cu

latio

ns in

volv

ing

Ohm

’s

law.

•

Carryingputexperimentsto

dete

rmin

e re

sist

ance

. •

Carryingoutsimpleexper-

imen

ts to

inve

stig

ate

the

limita

tions

. •

Sketchingandinterpret-

ingtheV/Icharacteristics

grap

hs.

•Variationsofresistanceof

cond

ucto

r with

tem

pera

ture

(e

.g. i

n a

bulb

), te

nsio

n or

if

plac

ed in

a s

trong

mag

netic

field.


to in

vest

igat

e th

e re

latio

n-sh

ips.

•Am

meter,voltmeter,

mul

timet

ers

•CarbonResistors

Am

met

er, v

oltm

eter

s,

mul

timet

ers,

pow

er s

ourc

es, l

eads

, sw

itche

s.

•Colourcodechart

•Differentswgwiresof

e.g.

Con

stan

tine,

ni-

chro

me,

cop

per,

mi-

crom

etre

scr

ew g

auge

, m

etre

rule

FOR

M 4


27

FOR

M 4

33

TOPI

C

OB

JEC

TIVE

S

Le

arne

rs s

houl

d be

abl

e to

UN

IT C

ON

TENT

(Ski

lls,

attit

udes

and

kno

wle

dge)

SU

GG

ESTE

D L

EAR

NIN

G

ACTI

VITE

S AN

D N

OTE

S

SUG

GES

TED

RES

OU

RC

ES

11.4

El

ectr

ic c

ircui

ts

se

t up

sim

ple

elec

tric

circ

uits

draw

and

inte

rpre

t circ

uit

diag

ram

s

us

e th

e fa

ct th

at th

e cu

rrent

from

the

sour

ce

is th

e su

m o

f cur

rent

s in

th

e se

para

te b

ranc

hes

of

a pa

ralle

l circ

uit

ca

lcul

ate

resi

stan

ce in

si

mpl

e ci

rcui

ts

si

mpl

e ci

rcui

ts.

dr

aw a

nd in

terp

ret c

ircui

t di

agra

ms.

I=

I1+I

2+I3

.

R=R

1+R

2+R

3.

Serie

s an

d pa

ralle

l re

sist

ors.

1 𝑅𝑅=

1 𝑅𝑅1+1 𝑅𝑅2+−−

M

ount

ing

circ

uits

and

m

easu

ring

curre

nt

thro

ugh

resi

stor

s in

pa

ralle

l.

Car

ryin

g ou

t pra

ctic

al

activ

ities

on

elec

tric

circ

uits

.

Dra

win

g an

d in

terp

retin

g ci

rcui

t dia

gram

s.

C

alcu

latin

g re

sist

ance

for

serie

s an

d pa

ralle

l re

sist

ors.

C

ells

, sw

itche

s, re

sist

ors

varia

ble

resi

stor

s, b

ulbs

, am

met

ers,

vol

tmet

ers

and

fuse

s, c

onne

ctin

g le

ads.

Circ

uit b

oard

s, fu

ses,

sw

itche

s, c

ompu

ter

11.5

Ele

ctric

ity in

the

hom

e•

describeusesofelectricity

in th

e ho

me

•calculateelectricalpow

er,

ener

gy a

nd th

e co

st o

f el

ectri

city

•describeelectricalhaz

-ar

ds a

nd s

afet

y pr

ecau

-tio

ns

•describethewiringofa

thre

e-pi

n pl

ug

•Heating,lightingandmo-

tors

, lam

ps in

par

alle

l. •

Thekilowatt-hour

P=

VIE=

Vlt.

•Hazards.

•Sa

fetyprecautions.

•Discussingandlistinguses

of e

lect

ricity

in th

e ho

me.

•

Readingofelectricityme-

ters

and

cos

ting.

•

Discussingdamagedinsu

-la

tion,

ove

rhea

ting

cabl

es

and

dam

p co

nditi

ons.

•Three-pinplug,two-pin

plug

, fus

es, b

reak

ers,

he

atin

g el

emen

ts, i

ron,

fan,

el

ectri

c m

eter

s, m

otor

s,

ICT

tool

s


28

FOR

M 4

TOPI

CO

BJE

CTI

VES

Lear

ners

sho

uld

be a

ble

toU

NIT

CO

NTE

NT

(Ski

lls,

attit

udes

and

kno

wle

dge)

SUG

GES

TED

LEA

RN

ING

A

CTI

VITE

S A

ND

NO

TES

SUG

GES

TED

RES

OU

RC

ES

11.5

Ele

ctric

ity in

the

hom

e•

explaintheuseoffuses,

fuse

ratin

gs a

nd s

witc

hes

•Live,neutralandearth.

•Doubleinsulationofappli-

ance

.

•Experim

entsdem

onstrat-

ing

elec

trica

l haz

ards

m

ust N

OT

be d

one.

•

Wiringofaplug.

•Exam

iningappliances

with

dou

ble

insu

latio

n•

Dem

onstratingtheop

-er

atio

n of

a fu

se a

nd a

sw

itch.

•

Explainingwhyfuses

and

switc

hes

are

alw

ays

on li

ve w

ire.

•Fuses,switchesonlive

wire

•Insulatedcables,electricity

met

ers

12.0

M

AG

NET

ISM

12.1

M

agne

tic p

rope

rtie

s •statethepropertiesof

mag

nets

•

describemagneticfield

lines

aro

und

mag

nets

•

explaininducedmagne

-tism;

•describemethodsofm

ag-

netisation;

•describemethodsof

dem

agnetisation;

•Po

larity.

•Attractionandrepulsion.

•Magneticfieldlines.

•Patternanddirection.

•Induction.

•Singleanddoublestroking,

usin

g a

sole

noid

•Dem

agnetisationbyham

-m

erin

g, h

eatin

g an

d el

ectri

-ca

l met

hods

. •

Relativeeaseofm

agneti-

satio

n an

d de

mag

netiz

atio

n te

mpo

rary

and

per

man

ent

mag

nets


to in

vest

igat

e pr

oper

ties

of m

agne

ts.


to d

emon

stra

te in

duce

d m

agne

tism

. •

Carryingoutexperiments

to d

emon

stra

te m

agne

ti-sa

tion.

•Magnets,pocketcom

pass,

cell,

sol

enoi

d/co

ils, d

iffer

ent

mat

eria

ls b

oth

mag

netic

andnon-magnetic,ironfil

-in

gs, p

aper

, hea

t, ha

mm

er.


29

FOR

M 4

TOPI

CO

BJE

CTI

VES

Lear

ners

sho

uld

be a

ble

to:

UN

IT C

ON

TEN

T (S

kills

, at

titud

es a

nd k

now

ledg

e)SU

GG

ESTE

D L

EAR

NIN

G

AC

TIVI

TIES

AN

D N

OTE

SSU

GG

ESTE

D R

ESO

UR

CES

•distinguishbetweenmag

-ne

tic a

nd

•non-magneticmaterials

•distinguishbetweenthe

mag

netic

pro

perti

es o

f iro

n an

d st

eel

tem

pora

ry a

nd p

erm

anen

t m

agne

ts•

Magnetisinganddemag

-ne

tisin

g pi

eces

of i

ron

and

stee

l.

•Ironandsteelrods/cores

12.2

App

licat

ion

of

mag

netis

m•

describeusesoftem

porary

mag

nets

•describeusesandapplica-

tion

of p

erm

anen

t mag

nets

•Temporarymagnetsand

thei

r use

s.•

Permanentm

agnetsand

thei

r use

s.

•Discussingusesoftem

po-

rary

mag

nets

.•

Discussingusesofperma-

nent

mag

nets

•Videoandaudiotapes,com

-pu

ter

dis

cs, e

lect

ric b

ell,

•Electricmotors,loudspeak-

ers,

gen

erat

ors,

tele

phon

e re

ceiv

ers

13.0

ELE

CTR

OM

AG

NET

ISM

13

.1 M

agne

tic e

ffect

of a

n

elec

tric

cur

rent


dem

onst

rate

that

a c

ur-

rent

-car

ryin

g co

nduc

tor h

as

amagneticfieldaroundit


plotmagneticfieldpatterns

due

to a

cur

rent

-car

ryin

g so

leno

id•

predictthedirectionof

magneticfieldofstraight

cond

ucto

r and

of a

sol

e-no

id

•Magneticfieldpatterns.

•Magneticfieldpatterns

of s

olen

oid.

•Directionofmagnetic

field.

•Righthandgriprule.

•Dem

onstratingfieldaround

curre

nt•

Carryingconductorusing

ironfillingsandplotting

com

pass

. •

Plottingmagneticfieldlines

due

to a

sol

enoi

d.

•Predictingdirectionoffield

lines

.

•Longstraightconductor,so-

leno

ids,

sw

itch,

lead

s, p

ocke

t /p

lotti

ng c

ampu

s, (c

ell),

DC

so

urce

, IC

T to

ols


30

FOR

M 4

TOPI

CO

BJE

CTI

VES

Lear

ners

sho

uld

be a

ble

to:

UN

IT C

ON

TEN

T (S

kills

, atti

-tu

des

and

know

ledg

e)SU

GG

ESTE

D L

EAR

NIN

G

AC

TIVI

TIES

AN

D N

OTE

SSU

GG

ESTE

D R

ESO

UR

CES

13.2

For

ce o

n cu

rren

t car

ryin

g co

nduc

tor

mag

netic

in a

m

agne

tic fi

eld

•describeanexperimenttoshow

th

at a

cur

rent

-car

ryin

g co

nduc

tor

inamagneticfieldexperiencesa

forc

e •

describethefieldpatternsbe

-tw

een

para

llel c

urre

nts

and

rela

te

thes

e to

the

forc

es w

hich

exi

st

betw

een

the

curre

nts

•predictthedirectionofmotionof

a cu

rrent

-car

ryin

g co

nduc

tor i

n a

mag

netic

•

describetheapplicationofthe

mag

netic

effe

ct o

f a c

urre

nt•

describetheoperationofad.c.

mot

or

•Flem

ing’slefthandrule.

•Forcebetweenparallelcur

-rents,fieldpatterns.

•Factorsaffectingmagnitudeof

forc

e.

•Actionofanelectricbelland

a si

mpl

e re

lay

Elec

trica

l to

mec

hani

cal e

nerg

y.

•Experim

entsonfield

patte

rns

betw

een

para

llel

curre

nts.

•Dem

onstratingtheeffect

ofamagneticfieldona

curre

nt c

arry

ing

cond

ucto

r.

•Experim

entstoshowrela

-tio

nshi

p be

twee

n di

rect

ion

ofcurrent,fieldandmotion

Con

stru

ctin

g a

sim

ple

d.c.

m

otor

•

Field,currentandmotion,

turn

ing

effe

ct c

omm

utat

or

•Tw

oLongstraightconduc-

tors

, sw

itch,

lead

s, p

ocke

t /pl

ottin

g ca

mpu

s, c

ell.

•Electricbell,relay,reed

switc

h, m

icro

phon

e, s

peak

-er

etc

.•

DCmotormodel,insulated

wire

, blo

ck o

f woo

d, le

ads

13.3

El

ectr

omag

netic

in

duct

ion

•describeanexperimentw

hich

show

s th

at a

cha

ngin

g m

agne

tic

fieldcaninduceane.m.f.ina

circ

uit o

r con

duct

or•

statethefactorsaffectingthe

mag

nitu

de o

f ind

uced

e.m

.f.

•usethefactthatdirectionof

an in

duce

d e.

m.f

oppo

ses

the

chan

ge p

rodu

cing

it

•Thegeneratorprinciple.

•Strengthofm

agnet,relative

mot

ion,

num

ber o

f tur

ns, a

rea

of c

oil.

•Lenz’slaw.


to s

how

gen

erat

or p

rinci

-pl

e. •

Carryingoutexperiments

to in

vest

igat

e fa

ctor

s w

hich

af

fect

e.m

.f.

•Carryingoutexperimentto

show

Lenz’slaw.

•Coilswithdifferentnum

ber

of tu

rns

and

cros

s se

ctio

nal

area

of c

oils

, sol

enoi

ds, b

ar

mag

nets

, gal

vano

met

er,

CR

O.

•ICTtools


31

FOR

M 4

TOPI

CO

BJE

CTI

VES

Lear

ners

sho

uld

be a

ble

to:

UN

IT C

ON

TEN

T (S

kills

, atti

-tu

des

and

know

ledg

e)SU

GG

ESTE

D L

EAR

NIN

G

AC

TIVI

TIES

AN

D N

OTE

SSU

GG

ESTE

D R

ESO

UR

CES

•predictthedirectionofinduced

curre

nt in

a c

ondu

ctor

•

describetheoperationofana.c.

and

d.c.

gen

erat

ors

•Flem

ing’srighthandrule.

•mechanicaltoelectricalener-

gy.

•differencesbetweena.c.and

d.c.

•UsingFlemming’sright

hand

rule

to m

ake

pred

ic-

tions

. •

Identifyingsliprings,com

-m

utat

or, b

rush

, coi

l and

m

agne

ts.

•Sketchingvelocitytime

grap

hs.

•Discussingthefactors

affe

ctin

g ou

tput

vol

tage

.

•Com

paringa.c.andd.c.

gene

rato

rs.

13.4

Tra

nsfo

rmer

s•

describethestructureand

prin

cipl

e of

ope

ratio

n of

a b

asic

iro

n-co

red

trans

form

er•

usetransformerequations

•describetheuseoftransformer

in h

igh-

volta

ge tr

ansm

issi

on

•discusstheenergylossincables

•giveadvantagesofhighvoltage

trans

mis

sion

•Primaryandsecondarycoils,

lam

inat

ed c

ore,

vol

tage

.•

Transformerefficiency,cooling

and

eddy

cur

rent

s.

•Magneticflaxheating.

•Jouleheating.

Vp/N

s=Np/NsandVp

Ip=V

sIs

•Currentandpotentialdiffer

-en

ce in

ste

p-up

and

ste

p-do

wn

trans

form

ers

•Dem

onstratingtheopera-

tion

of a

sim

ple

trans

form

er.

•So

lvingproblemsusingthe

trans

form

er e

quat

ion

•Discussingefficiency(ener-

gy lo

ss).

•Discussingtheadvantages

of h

igh-

volta

ge tr

ansm

is-

sion

.

•Coilswithmultipletapings,

iron

core

s, v

oltm

eter

s,

mul

ti-m

etre

s, C

.R.O

, ac

sour

ces,

Hal

l pr

obe

•ICTtools


32

FOR

M 4

TOPI

CO

BJE

CTI

VES

Lear

ners

sho

uld

be a

ble

to:

UN

IT C

ON

TEN

T (S

kills

, at

titud

es a

nd k

now

ledg

e)SU

GG

ESTE

D L

EAR

NIN

G

AC

TIVI

TIES

AN

D N

OTE

SSU

GG

ESTE

D R

ESO

UR

CES

14.0

ELE

CTR

ON

ICS

14.1

Ther

mio

nic

e

mis

sion

•explainthatahotfilament

emits

ele

ctro

ns

•describehowtheseelec

-tro

ns c

an b

e di

rect

ed in

to

an e

lect

ron

beam

des

crib

e th

e ef

fect

of a

mag

netic

or

electricfieldonanelectron

beam

•Em

issionofelectrons

from

hot

met

als.

•

Accelerationandcollim

a-tio

n of

ele

ctro

ns.

•Reflectingofelectron

beam

.

•Dem

onstratingthermionic

emis

sion

. •

Discussingacceleration

and

collim

atio

n of

ele

c-tro

ns.

NOTE

:Directionofdeflection

of e

lect

ron

beam

. •

RelatingtoTVtubesand

CR

O.

•CRT,tubesandkits,com

put-

er,m

agneticfieldsource

•ICTtools

14.2

Dio

des

•describethefunctionof

diod

es•

Functionofdiodes

•Sw

itchandrectification

•Circuitsym

bol/LE

Ds


to d

emon

stra

te th

e fu

nc-

tion

of a

dio

de.

•LE

Dcells,diodes,circuit

boar

ds, e

lect

roni

c ki

ts

14.3

Rec

tifica

tion

•definerectification

•explainhalfandfullwave

rectification

•Conversionofa.c.tod.c.

•Useofdiodes,voltage–

time

grap

hs.


onrectificationand

smoo

then

ing.

•Voltagtimegraphs

•Electronickit,diodes,A

C

sour

ce, c

apac

itor,

CR

O•

Powersupplies

14.4

Ele

ctro

nic

Com

pone

nts

•describethebehaviourof

resi

stor

•

useagivencolourcode

for r

esis

tanc

e va

lues

•

choosecom

ponentswith

suita

ble

pow

er ra

tings

•describetheactionofa

varia

ble

pote

ntia

l div

ider

•describetheactionofther

-m

osta

ts a

nd li

ght d

epen

-de

nt re

sist

ors

•describetheactionofa

capa

cito

r •

explaintheuseofreed

switc

hes

in c

ircui

ts

•Colourandcoding.

Pote

ntio

met

er u

se a

s in

put

trans

duce

rs

Ener

gy s

tore

•

Timedelaycircuits

•Readingcolourcodesand

tole

ranc

e.•

Measuringresistance


with

resi

stor

s ca

paci

tors

, thermistors,LED

,potenti-

omet

er

•Codedcarbonresistorsof

vario

us ra

tings

and

rang

es•

Potentialdividers/rheostat,

ther

mos

tats

/ther

mis

tor

•capacitors,bulbs,reed

switc

hes,

stra

in-g

auge

, po-

tent

iom

eter

s, b

uzze

rs


33

FOR

M 4

TOPI

CO

BJE

CTI

VES

Lear

ners

sho

uld

be a

ble

to:

UN

IT C

ON

TEN

T (S

kills

, at

titud

es a

nd k

now

ledg

e)SU

GG

ESTE

D L

EAR

NIN

G

AC

TIVI

TIES

AN

D N

OTE

SSU

GG

ESTE

D R

ESO

UR

CES

14.5

Lo

gic

Gat

es

•describelogicgates

•Logicgates:OR,AND,

NO

T, N

AND

and

NO

R

Trut

h Ta

bles

•Com

binationoflogic

of n

ot m

ore

than

thre

e in

puts

.

•ConstructingTruthTables.

•Electronickits,logicgate

tuto

r, c

ompu

ter

•(2inputgate)

15.0

ATO

MIC

AN

DN

UC

LEA

R P

HYS

ICS

15.

1 R

uthe

rfor

d’s

Ato

mic

M

odel

•describethestructureof

an a

tom

in te

rms

of n

ucle

-us

and

ele

ctro

ns

•explainprotonandnucle

-on

num

bers

•

explainisotopes

•Nucleusandelectrons.

•Com

positionofnucleus.

•Protonnum

berZ

and

nucl

eon

num

ber A

. •

A=Zn

•NuclidenotationAZX

.•

Isotopes.

•Drawingdiagramsofthe

atom

ic s

truct

ure.

•

Calculatingprotonand

nucl

eon

num

bers

. •

Givingexam

plesofiso

-to

pes

•Com

puter,atom

icmodels

•ICTtools

•Pe

riodictable

15.2

Rad

ioac

tivity

•describeradioactivity

•statetypesofradioactive

emis

sion

•

describethenatureand

prop

ertie

s of

radi

atio

n

•Radioactivity.

•Stabilityofnuclei,and

parti

cles

and

ray

s, d

etec

-tio

n .

•Natureofradiation

•Describingdetectionof

radi

atio

n.

Car

ryin

g ou

t exp

erim

ents

of

cha

nces

of r

adio

-act

ive

deca

y.•

Discussingnatureand

prop

ertie

s of

radi

atio

n.

•Discussingionisingef-

fect

s, p

enet

ratin

g po

wer

anddeflectionbymagnet-

ic a

nd

•Com

puter,radiationdetec-

tors

•ICTtools,simulationsoft-

war

e

•Dice.Coins


34

FOR

M 4

TOPI

CO

BJE

CTI

VES

Lear

ners

sho

uld

be a

ble

to:

UN

IT C

ON

TEN

T (S

kills

, at

titud

es a

nd k

now

ledg

e)SU

GG

ESTE

D L

EAR

NIN

G

AC

TIVI

TIES

AN

D N

OTE

SSU

GG

ESTE

D R

ESO

UR

CES

•describethemechanism

of

radi

o-ac

tive

dec

ay

•explainthemeaningof

half-

life

•distinguishbetweenfusion

andfission

•describetheusesofradio

-ac

tive

isot

opes

•Nucleardecay;decay

radi

atio

n.

•Decaycurve.

•Half-life.

Fusionandfission,nuclear

reac

tions

. i)

carbon–14dating

ii) B

ioch

emic

al tr

acer

s iii)

Rad

ioth

erap

y.

electricfields.

•Plottingdecaycares.

•Carryingoutcalculations

on h

alf l

ife.

•Calculatingnucleonand

prot

on n

umbe

rs o

f bal

-an

ced

equa

tions

. •

Drawingandinterpreting

deca

y cu

rves

.

•Writingnuclearequations.

•Discussingusesofradio

-ac

tive

mat

eria

ls.

•Conductingeducational

tour

s.

•C.Tscans.

•ICTtools

15.2

Rad

ioac

tivity

•Describehowradioactive

mat

eria

ls a

re h

andl

ed,

used

and

sto

red

in a

saf

e w

ay.

•describetheeffectsofra

-di

oact

ive

emis

sion

on

the

envi

ronm

ent

•Detectionofleaksinpipes

•Determinationof

thic

knes

s of

mat

eria

ls

•Po

wergeneration

•Sterilisation

•Use,storage,handling

•So

il,water,air,plantand

anim

al li

fe

•Sa

fedisposalofradio-ac-

tive

was

te

•Useofphotographicfilm

badg

es fo

r exp

osur

e de

-te

ctio

n.

•Theimpactofradioactive

emis

sion

on

the

envi

ron-

men

t

•Ph

otographicfilms,com

put-

ers


35

9.0 ASSESSMENT

9.1 ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES

The scheme of assessment is grounded in the principle of inclusivity and equalisation of opportunities hence does not condone direct or indirect discrimination of learners.

Modificationsofarrangementstoaccommodatecandidateswithspecialneedsmustbeputinplaceinbothcontinuousandsummativeassessments.Thesemodificationsmustneithergivethesecandidatesanundueadvantageoverothers nor compromise the standards being assessed.

NB:Forfurtherdetailsforarrangements,accommodationsandmodificationsrefertotheassessmentprocedurebooklet.Thethreeassessmentobjectivesin‘O’LevelPhysicsare:

1: Knowledge with understanding2: Handling information and problem solving3: Experimental skills and investigations

1: Knowledge with understanding

Candidates should be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of:

•scientificphenomena,facts,laws,definitions,concepts,theories•scientificvocabulary,terminology,conventions(includingsymbols,quantitiesandunits)•scientificinstrumentsandapparatus,includingtechniquesofoperationandaspectsofsafety•scientificquantitiesandtheirdetermination•scientificandtechnologicalapplicationswiththeirsocial,economicandenvironmentalimplications.

2: Handling information, problem solving, synthesis, analysis and evaluation

In words or using other written forms of presentation (e.g. symbolic, graphical and numerical), candidates should be able to:

•locate,select,organiseandpresentinformationfromavarietyofsources•translateinformationfromoneformtoanother•manipulatenumericalandotherdata•useinformationtoidentifypatterns,reporttrendsanddrawinferences•presentreasonedexplanationsofphenomena,patternsandrelationships•makepredictionsandhypotheses•solveproblems,includingsomeofaquantitativenature.

3: Experimental skills and investigations

Candidates should be able to:

•knowhowtousetechniques,apparatus,andmaterials(includingfollowingasequenceofinstructions,whereappropriate)

•makeandrecordobservationsandmeasurements•interpretandevaluateexperimentalobservationsanddata•planinvestigations,evaluatemethodsandsuggestpossibleimprovements(includingtheselectionoftechniques,

apparatus and materials).


36

9.2 SCHEME OF ASSESSMENT

The assessment scheme for Physics comprises ofa) Continuous assessment, andb) Summative assessment.

ThefinalgradeinPhysicsis20%continuousassessmentand80%summativeassessment.The assessment shall be administered as follows:

Paper 1: Multiple choice questionsPaper 2: Structured theory questionsPaper 3: Practical TestPaper 4: Continuous AssessmentLearnersarerequiredtoenterforallthe4papers

Paper Tye of Paper Duartion Marks Paper Weighting

1 Multiple choice 1 hr 40 19

2 Theory 2 hrs 15 min 100 483 Practical Test 2 hrs 30 14

4 Continuous Assessment ....... 40 19

SKILL Paper 1 Paper 2 Paper 3 Paper 41.0 KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING

15% 15% 15%

2.1 COMPREHENSION, PROBLEM SOLVING

40% 50% 40%

2.2 ANALYSIS, SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION

45% 45% 45%

3.0 PRACTICAL 100%TOTAL 100% 100% 100% 100%

Paper 1: Theory : the paper consists of 40 compulsory multiple choice items of the direct choice type.Each question shall have 4 response items.

Paper 2: Theory. The paper has 2 sections.Section A will carry 40 marks and will consists of a number of compulsory structured questions of variable mark value.Section B carries 60 marks and will consist of 4 structured questions .Each question will carry 20 marks. Candidates will be required to answer any 3 questions.

Paper 3: Practical TestThis paper will consist of 2 compulsory questions each carrying 20 marks

Paper 4: Continuous AssessmentThis paper will consist of standardised tests in Practical, Theory and a Project during the 5 terms.

9,3 SPECIFICATION GRID


37

APPENDIX

SUMMARY OF KEY QUANTITIES, SYMBOLS AND UNITS

Learnersshouldbeabletostatethesymbolsforthefollowingphysicalquantitiesand,whereindicated,statetheunitsinwhichtheyaremeasured.Learnersshouldbeabletodefinethoseitemsindicatedbyanasterisk(*).Quantity Symbol Unit

4

APPENDIX SUMMARY OF KEY QUANTITIES, SYMBOLS AND UNITS Learnersshouldbeable to state the symbols for the following physical quantities and, where indicated, state the units in which they are measured. Learnersshouldbeabletodefinethoseitemsindicatedbyanasterisk(*).

Quantity Symbol Unit

QUANTITY SYMBOL UNIT

Length L,h Km.m,cm,mm

Area A M2,cm2

Volume V M3,cm3

Weight W N

Mass M Tones, Kg, g, mg

Time T h, mini,

Period T S

Density p Kg/m3, g/m3

Speed U,v Km/h, m/s,cm/s

Acceleration A m/s2

Force F N

Acceleration of free fall g m/s2, N/kg

Moment of a force M N/m

Work done W, E J

1

Energy E J, kWh

Power P W

Pressure P Pa, n/m2, mmHg

Temperature Θ, T ᶿC, K

Heat capacity C J/⁰C, J/k

Specific heat capacity C J/(g⁰), J/(gk)

Latent heat L J

Specific latent heat l J/kg, j/g

Frequency F Hz

Wave length λ m,cm

Angle of incidents I Degree(⁰)

Angle of reflection, refraction r Degree(⁰)

Critical angle c Degree(⁰)

Potential difference/voltage V V,mV

Current I A,mA

Charge Q Q/C,As

e.m.f. E V

Resistance R Ω


38

1

Energy E J, kWh

Power P W

Pressure P Pa, n/m2, mmHg

Temperature Θ, T ᶿC, K

Heat capacity C J/⁰C, J/k

Specific heat capacity C J/(g⁰), J/(gk)

Latent heat L J

Specific latent heat l J/kg, j/g

Frequency F Hz

Wave length λ m,cm

Angle of incidents I Degree(⁰)

Angle of reflection, refraction r Degree(⁰)

Critical angle c Degree(⁰)

Potential difference/voltage V V,mV

Current I A,mA

Charge Q Q/C,As

e.m.f. E V

Resistance R Ω

MATHEMATICAL REQUIREMENTS

ArithmeticLearnersshouldbeableto:(a)recogniseanduseexpressionsindecimalandstandardform(scientific)notation(b) use appropriate calculating aids (electronic calculator or tables) for addition, subtraction,multiplication and division. Find arithmetic means, powers (including reciprocals and square roots),sines, cosines and tangents (and the inverse functions)(c)takeaccountofaccuracyinnumericalworkandhandlecalculationssothatsignificantfiguresareneitherlostunnecessarilynorcarriedbeyondwhatisjustified,roundinganswerscorrectlywhennecessary(d) make approximations and estimates to obtain reasonable answers

AlgebraLearnersshouldbeableto:(a) change the subject of an equation(b) solve simple algebraic equations, including linear simultaneous equations(c) use direct and inverse proportion(d) substitute physical quantities into physical equations using consistent units(e) formulate simple algebraic equations as mathematical models of physical situations and to represent information given in words

Geometry and trigonometryLearnersshouldbeableto:(a) understand the meaning of angle, curve, circle, radius, diameter, square, parallelogram, rectangleand diagonal(b) calculate areas of right-angled triangles and circles, areas and volumes of rectangular blocks,volumes of cylinders(c) use the angle sum of a right angle and adjacent angles on a straight line(d) use sines, cosines and tangents(e) use usual mathematical instruments (rules, compasses, protractor, set square)(f) recognise and use points of the compass (N, S, E, W)

GraphsLearnersshouldbeableto:(a) translate information between graphical, numerical, algebraic and verbal forms


39

(b) select appropriate variables and scales for graph plotting(c) for linear graphs, determine the slope and state the intercept and intersection(d) choose, by inspection, a straight line which will serve as the best straight line through a set of datapoints presented graphically(e) recall standard linear form y = mx + c and rearrange relationships into linear form where appropriate(f) understand, draw and use the slope of a tangent to a curve as a means to obtain the gradient

GLOSSARY OF TERMSIt is hoped that the glossary will prove helpful to learners as a guide, although it is not exhaustive. The glossary has been deliberately kept brief not only with respect to the number of terms included but also to the descriptions of their meanings.Learnersshouldappreciatethatthemeaningofatermmustdependinpartonitscontext.Theyshouldalso note that the number of marks allocated for any part of a question is a guide to the depth of treatment required for the answer.

1.Define(theterm(s)...)isintendedliterally.Onlyaformalstatementorequivalentparaphrase,suchasthedefiningequationwithsymbolsidentified,beingrequired.

2.Explain/Whatismeantby...normallyimpliesthatadefinitionshouldbegiven,togetherwithsomerelevantcommentonthesignificanceorcontextoftheterm(s)concerned,especiallywheretwoormoretermsareincludedinthe question. The amount of supplementary comment intended should be interpreted in the light of the indicated mark value.

3. State implies a concise answer with little or no supporting argument, e.g. a numerical answer that can be obtained ‘by inspection’.

4.Listrequiresanumberofpointswithnoelaboration.Whereagivennumberofpointsisspecified,thisshouldnotbeexceeded.

5. Describe requires learners to state in words (using diagrams where appropriate) the main points of the topic. It is often used with reference either to particular phenomena or to particular experiments. In the former instance, the term usually implies that the answer should include reference to (visual) observations associated with the phenomena. The amount of description intended should be interpreted in the light of the indicated mark value.

6. Discuss requires learners to give a critical account of the points involved in the topic.

7. Predict or deduce implies that candidates are not expected to produce the required answer by recall but by making a logical connection between other pieces of information. Such information may be wholly given in the question or may depend on answers extracted in an earlier part of the question.

8. Suggest is used in two main contexts. It may either imply that there is no unique answer or that learners are expect-ed to apply their general knowledge to a ‘novel’ situation, one that formally may not be ‘in the syllabus’.

9. Calculate is used when a numerical answer is required. In general, working should be shown.

10. Measure implies that the quantity concerned can be directly obtained from a suitable measuring instrument, e.g. length, using a rule, or angle, using a protractor.

11. Determine often implies that the quantity concerned cannot be measured directly but is obtained by calculation, substituting measured or known values of other quantities into a standard formula.

12. Show is used when an algebraic deduction has to be made to prove a given equation. It is important that the terms


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being used by learners are stated explicitly.

13.Estimateimpliesareasonedorderofmagnitudestatementorcalculationofthequantityconcerned.Learnersshould make such simplifying assumptions as may be necessary about points of principle and about the values of quantities not otherwise included in the question.

14. Sketch, when applied to graph work, implies that the shape and/or position of the curve need only be qualitatively correct. However, learners should be aware that, depending on the context, some quantitative aspects may be looked for, e.g. passing through the origin, having an intercept, asymptote or discontinuity at a particular value. On a sketch graph it is essential that candidates clearly indicate what is being plotted on each axis.Sketch, when applied to diagrams, implies that a simple, freehand drawing is acceptable:nevertheless, care should be taken over proportions and the clear exposition of important details

.SPECIAL NOTE

NomenclatureThe proposals in ‘Signs, Symbols and Systematics (The Association for Science Education Companion to 16–19Science,2000)’willgenerallybeadopted.Units,significantfiguresLearnersshouldbeawarethatmisuseofunitsand/orsignificantfigures,i.e.failuretoquoteunitswhere necessary, the inclusion of units in quantities definedasratiosorquotinganswerstoaninappropriatenumberofsignificantfigures,isliabletobe penalised.CalculatorsAn approved calculator may be used in all papers.Geometrical InstrumentsLearnersshouldhavegeometricalinstrumentswiththem for Paper 1 and Paper 2.Apparatus listThis list below details the apparatus expected to be generally available for examination purposes. Thelist is not exhaustive: in particular, items that are commonly regarded as standard equipment in a physics laboratory are not included. The apparatus listed should be available for each candidate:•ammeterFSD1Aor1.5A•voltmeterFSD1V,5V•cellsandholderstoenableseveralcellstobejoined•connectingleadsandcrocodileclips

•d.c.powersupply–variableto12V•metrerule•converginglenswithafocallengthf=15cm•lowvoltagefilamentbulbsinholders•asupplyofmassesandholders•newtonmeter/forcemeter•plasticorpolystyrenecup•modellingclay(Plasticine)•variousresistors,includingavariableresistor

(rheostat)•switch•thermometer,–10°Cto+110°Cat1°Cgradua-

tions•woodenboard•glassorperspexblock,rectangularandsemi-cir-

cular•measuringcylinder,25cm3,100cm3•beaker,250cm3•springs•stopwatch•raybox.

o- level physics syllabus · o level physics syllabus forms 3 - 4 acknowledgements the ministry of...

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