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FOUNDATION OF

ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOUR

An Organization is a consciously co-ordinated socialunit, composed of two or more people that functions on arelatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal ofthe organization as well as individuals.

Behaviour is anything a person does. Since our earlier years we have watched the actions of

others & attempt to interpret what we see.

We watch what others do & try to explain why they have

engaged in their behaviour. In addition we attempt topredict what they might do under different sets ofcondition.

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In early part of 20 th. Century it was thought that in the

working place workers were only interested for monetarygain .The workers were also thought of lazy type. Theproductivity was believed to be controlled by makingfinancial benefit of the workers.

However, due to decline of productivity and profitability in

some giant industries in the west it was thought that formaintaining discipline and welfare of the workers thepost of Labour officer and Welfare Officer wasintroduced under Personnel Management department.

Labour Officers are responsible for Wageadministration, Industrial disputes, Disciplinary actions,Formulation and Calculation of overtimes and incentives.

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Welfare Officers are responsible for Statutory and Non-statutory welfare, Leave record, Leave encashment etc.

After some period it has been noticed that the abovefactors are basically static and routine job. ThePsychologist and Human Managers on research foundthe following points for not getting uniform output

from the workers in industries-

Human is a complex mixture of Social, Economical,Political, Physiological, and Psychological product.He only comes to working place for earnings to survive

himself and his family. There is something, more,which is necessary to be achieved and nurtured withrespect to best kind of output from a human in workcondition.

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Thus, the idea of :

i)Man is a complex psychological product.

ii)They have needs and shifting of need is always playing.

iii) Organization should think for participating situation.Theyshould have some honors apart from wages in industry.

have emerged.

The above ideas further nurtured that in an organization there arefour inputs LAND, MACHINE, CAPITAL and HUMAN. Amongthese resources the first three can be best utilized by using the

human resource. Behaviour generally predictable & the systematic study of behaviour

is a means to making reasonably accurate prediction

Systematic study means looking at relationships, attempting toattribute causes & effects and basing our conclusions on scientificevidence i.e. on data gathered under controlled conditions and

measured and interpreted in a reasonably rigorous manner. Systematic analysis will enhance our effectiveness in accurately

planning & predicting behaviour

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Management has 3 major dimensionstechnical, conceptual andhuman. The technical dimension consists of managers expertise or

functional expertise in his area of specialization viz. Accounting,Engineering or marketing. The managers are well equipped to dealwith this area of specialization for which he has sufficient knowledgeand experience.

There is more needs for understanding conceptual and humandimensions of modern management. This is where the field oforganizational behavior comes into the picture. OrganizationalBehavior is directly related with the conceptual and human side ofmanagement.

Man management concept in the past was that employees are lazyand are interested in money out of his job. Therefore in order tomake them productive, management used to devise monitoryincentive, ensure job security, provide good working conditions sothat morale would be high and productivity would be improved andmaintained. However, this approach of monitory incentive to extractproductivity has changed.

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The new perspective of man-management assumes that employeesare extremely complex. Traditional human relations approach no

longer has dominant role in the behavioural approach tomanagement. There is a need for theoretical understanding backedby rigorous empirical research before application can be made formanaging people effectively.

It is therefore obvious that people are the key factors in todays

challenges of downsizing, re-engineering, IT explosion, globalcompetition, TQM etc. In all these activities, there is paradigm shiftin the approach of man management, which is the key activity in anyorganization.

A systematic approach to the study of behaviour can improve our

explanatory & predictive ability.

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Definition of OB --OB is UNDERSTANDING , PREDICTING ANDMANAGEMENT of human behavior in an organization.

All managers, regardless of their technical function,are human resource managers i.e. they deal withhuman behavior in the organization. Therefore allmanagers need to have an understanding andperspective of organizational behavior

OB represents the behavioural approach tomanagement. Other approaches to managementinclude process, quantitative, system and contingencyapproaches. OB does not portray total management.

OB attempts to provide specific, necessarybackground and skills to make the managers of today

and tomorrow as effective with the conceptual andhuman dimensions of management as they have beenin the past with technical and functional dimensions.

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Field of OB

Contributing disciplines.HR Movements.Hawthorne studies.S-O-B-C Models for OB.

Organization Behavior is the studies ofHuman behavior towards the organization i.e.1.How an individuals behavior affects an organization.2. Application of an individual in development of the organization byapplying his intelligence

Personality of human We have to study how personality develops

in an individual.

INDIVIDUALAs a member ofGROUPORGANIZATION

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However the main areas contributing in OB are :

Personality system Properties and traits of the individual, forexample perception, attitude, motives, feelings & process or as awhole the individuals psychology.

Social system Analysis of social structures and positions in thosestructures, for example the relationship between the behaviour of

leaders and followers.

Cultural system Beliefs, customs, ideas and values within asociety which affect the emphasis individuals place on certainactivities, for example the importance to Muslim women of wearingtrousers to work.

Behavioral Science will cover

OB --- Both theory and application

OT --- Organizational theoryPM --- Personnel Management, 100 application

HR --- Human Resource Management

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Framework of OB

Organizational Behavior relates the various theoretical frameworksthat serve as a foundation for a model of organizational behavior.

1.Cognitive Framework The cognitive approach to human behaviorhas many sources of inputs. This approach emphasizes the positiveand free will aspect of human behavior and uses concepts likeexpectancy, demand and incentive. COGNITION, which is the basicunit of cognitive framework, is an act of knowing an item of

information. Cognition proceeds behavior and considers thepersons thinking, perception, problem solving and informationprocessing. As per this theory every behavior is directed towards aparticular goal. An animal becomes restless when it is hungry. Therestlessness continues till its hunger is met. Cognitive approach isdependent on PERCEPTION, PERSONALITY and ATTITUDE,MOTIVATION and GOAL SETTING.

2.Behavioristic Framework This is based on the work of Pavlov andWatson. As per this theory, every human behavior is based onstimulus-response explanation. A stimulus generates a responsei.e. behavior.

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3. Social learning Framework This

approach suggests that people are selfaware and engaging purposeful behavior.

People learn about the environment to

make reinforces available and theimportance of rules and symbolic process

in learning.