OBESITY RELATED TO COMPLICATIONS OF PREGNANCY, INFERTILITY, POOR FEMAL REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, AND MENSTRUAL

IRREGULARITIES

“Over one-third of

U.S. adults are

obese”

35.5 % of women

are obese

Complications of pregnancy include: -miscarriage -premature labor and birth·  -low amniotic fluid (oligohydramnios)- preeclampsia-diabetes- ectopic pregnancy- placenta previa-Increasess perinatal mortality-many more!

Low Apgar scores, macrossomia, and neural tube defects are more frequent in infants of obese mothers. The distribution of fast modulate the effects of weight on the carbohydrate tolerance, hemodynamic adaption, and fetal size. Long term complications include worsening of maternal obesity and development of obesity in the infant.

Obesity is tied to infertility, and a new study suggests a possible reason why: the brain's pituitary gland may be sensitive to the increased insulin levels that occur with obesity, and in turn, may impair fertility.

Obese women have poor female reproductive heallth which include menstrural irregularities, infertility, and irregular ovulation.

A menstrual cycle is usually every four weeks and lengths from 3 to 7 days. Obese women tend to have inconsistant periods that come too late or too early.

“Biological reasons for infertility

include:  Tubal factors 36%,

Ovulatory Disorders 33%,

Endometriosis 6%, and No Known

Cause 40% “These are problems

are related to obesity!

Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Disease in Relation to Obesity

Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease

in which the arteries harden and narrow

Coronary Artery Disease is when plaques

build up in the blood vessels

Atherosclerosis is the usual cause of heart attacks, strokes, and cardiovascular disease and the #1 killer in America

Most cases of atherosclerosis have no symptoms associated with them, however, sometimes the plaque build-up in the heart can cause chest pain and exertion

In a 2007 study, 262 people were tested for atherosclerosis. 51.9% of those people had the disease with no symptoms

Obesity is a risk factor for

adult coronary heart

disease and is increasing in

young adults. It is also

linked to accelerated

coronary atherosclerosis in

adolescent men

Consumption of tans fat raises LDL or “bad” cholesterol, which leads to plaque buildup on the

artery walls

10 grams of saturated fat

or 1 gram of trans fat

increases carotid artery

thickness by .03 mm

Recent studies have shown that obesity can cause a loss of sleep. Ironically a lack of sleep can lead to obesity

Risk factors that contribute to 90% of all heart attacks include high cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes, abdominal obesity, and not exercising regularly

TYPE 2 DIABETES

Warning signs: Increased hunger, unexplained weight loss, frequent urination,

fatigue, and areas of darkened skin.

Obesity is a factor of type 2 diabetes because

when you are obese there is a higher chance

you will get type 2 diabetes because it is caused from lack of physical

activity, lack of a healthy diet and being overweight.34% obesity rate in America

People with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of heart attack or stroke,

can suffer from extreme dehydration, and damage to small nerves and blood

vessels, it can make the body more vulnerable to skin infections and other illnesses.

It affects the way your body metabolizes sugar. The consequences of type 2 diabetes can be life-threatening.

There's no cure for type 2 diabetes, but you can manage or prevent it by eating healthy foods, exercising and maintaining a healthy weight.

One out of five people with type 2 diabetes is morbidly obese

About 30% of children who have been newly diagnosed with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is becoming more and more

common in children in the United States

Type 2 diabetes is caused when your pancreas doesn’t

produce enough insulin. This is caused from being

overweight and lack of physical activity.  

Puberty may play a major role in the development of type 2 diabetes in children.

• Obesity and body fat are major factors which increase the risk of gout. • Extra pressure on body joints and chemical changes in the body due to the

fat tissue (obesity) increase your risk in gout.• People with higher BMI have increased uric acid levels, which increases

the risk of gout. • An obese person is 4 times more likely to get gout than a non-obese

person.

““More than 2 More than 2 million Americans million Americans are associated are associated with this painful with this painful condition.”condition.”

““Adult obesity is found to be Adult obesity is found to be rising in 23 states with no rising in 23 states with no single state registering a single state registering a decline in the rate from the decline in the rate from the year 2008year 2008.”

““Prevalence Prevalence of Gout is of Gout is nearly 840 nearly 840 out of out of 100,000 100,000 people.”people.”

recommended level of uric acid: less than 6 mg/dL recommended level of uric acid: less than 6 mg/dL

Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis caused by high levels of uric acid that build up in your bloodstream (hyperuricemia).The uric acid in your blood comes from purines. Most of your uric acid (2/3) is produced naturally by your body, while the rest (1/3) comes from your diet.

Excess uric acid Excess uric acid forms crystals forms crystals

that accumulate that accumulate in your joints, in your joints,

causing causing inflammation inflammation that leads to that leads to swelling and swelling and

pain. pain.

What is Psoriasis?

Psoriasis [suh-rye-uh-sis] is a chronic disease that appears on the skin. It occurs when the

immune system sends out faulty signals that speed up the growth cycle of skin cells.

Psoriasis is not contagious and is categorized by scaly patches on the skin

In 2009, child obesity in the United States were at the high rate of thirty percent; moreover this has risen to thirty-five percent. Teenage obesity in the United States stands at a constant14%

Many treatments can have serious

adverse side effects, including death,

liver toxicity, renal failure, suppression

ofthe immune system, cancer, birth

defects, and opportunist infections such

as tuberculosis.

Just as obesity is linked to many other health dangers, it is established that individuals who are overweight are at greater risk of developing psoriasis.

Psoriasis affects roughly 2% of the U.S.

population

Psoriasis results red, thickened, scaly patches of skin may appear on any part of the body and can be disabling in extreme cases.

The deepened skin folds present in overweight/obese individuals leads to increased

chafing and sweating. Both of these hamper the healing of psoriasis lesions. This

causes the treatment of these lesions to be problematic.

Psoriasis related to Obesity

-In 2009, no state met the Healthy People

2010 obesity target of 15%, and the self-reported overall

prevalence of obesity among U.S. adults had

increased 1.1 percentage points from

2007.-Blacks had 51 percent higher prevalence of

obesity, and Hispanics had 21 percent higher

obesity prevalence compared with whites.

Most common form of dementia, incurable,

degenerative, terminal disease, mostly

diagnosed in people over the ages of 65, but can

occur much earlier

Alzheimer's disease is caused by a build-up of proteins in the brain, Autopsies have shown that most people

develop some plaques and tangles as they age, but people with Alzheimer’s

develop far more than others who are not developing the

disease.

Confusion, mood swings, irritability and

aggression, language breakdown, long term

memory loss, their senses decline, bodily

functions are lost

-A new person develops Alzheimer's disease every seventy seconds: this is projected to increase to

every 33 seconds by 2050.

-Alzheimer's affects up to 10 percent of people 65

and over and increasing to 50 percent at 85 and older.

They found a strong correlation between body

mass index and high levels of beta-amyloid, the sticky

protein substance that builds up in the Alzheimer’s

brain. The high levels of beta-amyloid play a major role in destroying nerve

cells and in cognitive and behavioral problems

associated with the disease. Obesity increases the risk of

dementia because it can lead to damage of the blood vessels in the brain which in

turn leads to the death of brain cells.

Healthcentral.com; americanhear.org

Heart attacks and strokes

are caused by a blockage

in the heart's arteries. This

blockage can cut off the

blood supply to a part of

the heart, resulting in a

blood clot.

Some symptoms

of a heart attack

or stoke may

include

uncomfortable

pressure and

pain, increased or

irregular heart

rate, trouble

walking,

speaking, seeing,

and

understanding,

and paralysis or

numbness.

In 2009, only Colorado and the

District of Columbia had a

prevalence of obesity less than

20%.

In the United States

425,425 were caused by

a heart attack. That’s

about 1/6 of deaths.

Obesity raises the risk of heart disease

because it's associated with high blood

cholesterol levels, high blood pressure and

diabetes. Cholesterol is one of the most

significant causes. Cholesterol deposits

can narrow arteries in your body, like the

ones that run to your heart. LDL

cholesterol (more commonly

known as “the bad cholesterol” ) narrows

arteries, which makes it easier to receive a

blood clot.

OBESITY RELATED TO COMPLICATIONS OF PREGNANCY, INFERTILITY, POOR FEMAL REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, AND MENSTRUAL

IRREGULARITIES

“Over one-third of

U.S. adults are

obese”

35.5 % of women

are obese

Complications of pregnancy include: -miscarriage -premature labor and birth·  -low amniotic fluid (oligohydramnios)- preeclampsia-diabetes- ectopic pregnancy- placenta previa-Increasess perinatal mortality-many more!

Low Apgar scores, macrossomia, and neural tube defects are more frequent in infants of obese mothers. The distribution of fast modulate the effects of weight on the carbohydrate tolerance, hemodynamic adaption, and fetal size. Long term complications include worsening of maternal obesity and development of obesity in the infant.

Obesity is tied to infertility, and a new study suggests a possible reason why: the brain's pituitary gland may be sensitive to the increased insulin levels that occur with obesity, and in turn, may impair fertility.

Obese women have poor female reproductive heallth which include menstrural irregularities, infertility, and irregular ovulation.

A menstrual cycle is usually every four weeks and lengths from 3 to 7 days. Obese women tend to have inconsistant periods that come too late or too early.

“Biological reasons for infertility

include:  Tubal factors 36%,

Ovulatory Disorders 33%,

Endometriosis 6%, and No Known

Cause 40% “These are problems

are related to obesity!

Whereas 4% of Childhood

diabetes was type II in 1990,

that number has risen to

approximately 20%

40% of women with PCOS

have insulin resistance, and

10% get type 2 diabetes by

the time they reach age 40

PCOS is a hormonal imbalance affecting 1 in 15 women worldwide. It can cause irregularities in a woman’s menstrual cycle and makes it difficult to become

pregnant. PCOS is characterized by enlarged ovaries that contain numerous small cysts along their outer edges. Also, in PCOS, the ovaries produce more androgens

(male sex hormones) which is why this condition may also be called hyperandrogenemia.

MAIN SYMPTOMS:

-menstrual problems (cycle is either too

frequent or too sporadic)

-excess facial and body hair (as a result of the

androgens)

-polycystic ovaries

-infertility; androgens can prevent ovulation

CAUSES:

PCOS is believed to be caused by a

glitch in the pituitary gland

which secretes the hormone that

controls what goes on in the ovaries.

It’s also widely accepted that it is

genetic.

RELATION TO OBESITY:

There is a vicious cycle between obesity, insulin resistance, and PCOS/hyperandrogenemia. All of which deal with a

general hormonal imbalance. Obesity can cause PCOS and PCOS can cause obesity. Insulin resistance can occur due to

obesity, and obesity can occur due to insulin resistance. Obesity and insulin resistance, are significant risk factors

for the development of type 2 diabetes. Also, several studies have shown that women with PCOS have high levels of LDL cholesterol and lowered levels of HDL cholesterol in

the blood, which doesn’t really help prevent obesity.

Hypertension (high blood pressure)

Americans spend an estimated $33 billion each year on reduced-fat foods, diet aids and weight-loss programs

High blood pressure is when the force of the blood against your artery walls is high enough that it may eventually cause health problems, such as heart disease

Causes: old age, race (more likely in African Americans), socioeconomic status (lower and less educated), heredity, gender (more likely in men), obesity, alcohol use, lack of exercise

Symptoms: headache, dizziness, blurred vision, shortness of breath, chest pain

• 74.5 million people age 20+ in the US have high blood pressure

• 1 in 3 adults has high blood pressure

• The cause of 90-95% of cases is unknown

• From 1990-1996, the death rate from blood pressure rose by 19.5%

Being obese doubles the risk of raised blood pressure. 70% of obese people suffer from hypertension. Obesity increases insulin production which thickens the blood vessels which makes the blood vessels more rigid, which contributes to higher blood pressure

OsteoarthritisOsteoarthritisTwenty-seven million Americans have osteoarthritis

21.4% of overweight and 31.1%

among obese Americans report

doctor-diagnosed arthritis.

In 2009, no state met the

Healthy People 2010 obesity

target of 15%, and the self-

reported overall prevalence of

obesity among U.S. adults had

increased 1.1 percentage points

from 2007.

Osteoarthritis is a condition in which the cartilage of one or more joints in gradually eroded away, possibly being lost completely.

It has been shown that being obese greatly increase a person’s chances of developing knee osteoarthritis due to increase pressure on joints cause by excess weight. The diagram on the right shows the pressure applied to joints of someone with normal weight in comparison to the pressure of an obese personSymptoms include various types

of joint pain, including swelling,

warmth, and creaking of the

affected joints. Pain and

stiffness of the joints can also

occur after long periods of

inactivity.

Studies have shown that this typically

develops with age, and doesn’t have

specific correlations with race or gender.

Daniela Caro-Esposito

The loss of cartilage takes away any cushion between joints, causing them to rub together

Symptoms: The main symptom is abdominal pain that is located on the upper right side or upper middle of the abdomen. The pain may: * Be sharp, cramping, or dull * Come and go * Spread to the back or below the right shoulder blade * Occur within minutes of a mealCholecystitis: is a sudden inflammation of the gallbladder that causes severe abdominal pain.Other symptoms that may occur include: * Abdominal fullness * Clay-colored stools * Fever * Nausea and vomiting * Yellowing of skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice)

Types of gallbladder disease include: Cholecystitis, Gallstones, Gangrene or abscesses, Growths of tissue (polyps) in the gallbladder, Defects of the gallbladder that are present at birth (congenital) Sclerosing cholangitis, Tumors of the gallbladder and bile ducts.

•The gallbladder is a sac located under the liver. It stores and concentrates bile produced in the liver. Bile aids in the digestion of fat, and is released from the gallbladder into the upper small intestine (duodenum) in response to food (especially fat).

Being overweight is a Being overweight is a significant risk factor significant risk factor for gallstones. In such for gallstones. In such cases, the liver over-cases, the liver over-produces cholesterol, produces cholesterol, which is delivered which is delivered into the bile and into the bile and causes it to become causes it to become supersaturated. supersaturated.

Nearly 34 percent of adults are obese, more than double the percentage 30 years ago. The share of obese children tripled during that time, to 17 percent

68 percent of adults and nearly one-third of children are considered at least overweight

Obesity-related

Cancer

In Women:

•Endometrial

•Cervical

•Ovarian

•Breast

•Colon

Obesity increases the risk of developing

cancerIn Men:

•Colorectal

•Prostate

•Kidney

The American Cancer Society conducted a study and found that 90,000 cancer deaths per year could be prevented if Americans maintained a healthy weight

Endometrial Cancer•Caused by an increased level in

estrogen

•Obese women 2-4 times more likely to develop it

•Symptoms include abnormal uterine bleeding, lower abdominal pain/cramping

•Approx. 40% of diagnoses related to obesity

Colorectal Cancer•Begins in the large intestine or the rectum

•Associated with high-fat, low-fiber diet

•One of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths

•Some symptoms include abdominal pain/tenderness, blood in the stool, changes in bowel habits

•Obesity and physical inactivity may account for 25 to 30 percent of several major cancers

How obesity is related: •Preventing weight gain

can reduce the risk of many cancers •High-fat diets leads

to higher risk of developing types of cancers

Psychological Disorders are mental disorder or mental illness. It is usually associated with distress or disability. There are many types but three are especially associated with obesity. There is depression, which is characterized by a pessimistic sense of unimportance, self loathing and a concerning lack of activity, energy and interest; Distorted body image, which is when ones view of their body is significantly different from reality and low self esteem, which is when one thinks negatively about them self and or views themselves as inadequate.

• Depression and obesity are both linked to low serotonin levels. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that influences feelings of well being both calmness and euphoria. A lack of serotonin causes depressed feelings. Because carbohydrates cause an increase in serotonin levels it is often hard for someone who is depressed to avoid eating excess carbohydrates.•Many cases of excess weight gain and obesity have Insulin resistance as an underlying cause. High levels of glucose and insulin in the blood stream lower the number of insulin receptors on the cell walls and prevent the conversion of glucose into energy. Glucose is then carried in the blood stream to the liver where it is redistributed as fat throughout the body. If left unmonitored excess glucose and insulin in the body can lead to weight gain and/or obesity. Depressed people who seek comfort in carbohydrate-rich food may be especially vulnerable to developing Metabolic Syndrome which is a group of risk factors that occur together and increase the risk of coronary artery disease, stroke and type two diabetes.•Lethargy(Fatigue) is often a major component of depression, which results in the loss of both the psychological and physiological benefits of regular exercise. If and when people feel rejected, unattractive or hopeless, the emotional strain can lead to further weight gain.

Obesity increases the risk of depression by 55% and depression

increases the risk of developing obesity by 58%

•In 30 states, 30% of children between ages 10 to 17 are obese or overweight.•Less than 1/3 of all children in the United States ages 6 to 17 engage in vigorous activity. (physical activity for at least 20 minutes that makes the child breathe hard and sweat)

Though difficult to identify here is a list of various potential causes or triggers of psychological disorders; other mental

illness, serious illnesses, substance abuse, isolation, major life events, genetics,

physical and emotional abuse and certain medications.

Diabetes is one of the Diabetes is one of the most common chronic most common chronic diseases in children diseases in children and adolescentsand adolescents

About 151,000 people About 151,000 people below the age of 20 below the age of 20 years old have diabetesyears old have diabetes

About a third of all About a third of all people who have type 2 people who have type 2 diabetes don't know diabetes don't know they have itthey have it

Children with type 2 diabetes have insulin Children with type 2 diabetes have insulin resistance; the body must work harder to resistance; the body must work harder to produce insulin to maintain normal blood produce insulin to maintain normal blood sugar levels, this wears out the pancreas sugar levels, this wears out the pancreas resulting in abnormal blood sugar levelsresulting in abnormal blood sugar levels

It is hard to detect type 2 It is hard to detect type 2 because it is possible that because it is possible that little to no symptoms occurlittle to no symptoms occur

Symptoms could occur very Symptoms could occur very graduallygradually

High blood pressureHigh blood pressure Increased thirstIncreased thirst Increased hunger (& after Increased hunger (& after

eating)eating) FatigueFatigue Frequent urinationFrequent urination

Insulin resistance could Insulin resistance could be inheritedbe inherited

People with type 2 People with type 2 diabetes usually have a diabetes usually have a strong family history of strong family history of itit

Unhealthy eating Unhealthy eating patternspatterns

Lack of physical activityLack of physical activity Being very overweightBeing very overweight

Blood tests are neededBlood tests are needed

The greatest risk factor for type 2 The greatest risk factor for type 2 diabetes in children is excess diabetes in children is excess weight. In the U.S. almost one out weight. In the U.S. almost one out of every five children is considered of every five children is considered to be overweight. Once a child is to be overweight. Once a child is overweight, chances are more than overweight, chances are more than doubled that the child will develop doubled that the child will develop diabetes. The risk of type 2 diabetes diabetes. The risk of type 2 diabetes also appears to be associated with also appears to be associated with excess abdominal weightexcess abdominal weight

American Indian youths American Indian youths have highest prevalencehave highest prevalence

50.9 per 1000 for Pima 50.9 per 1000 for Pima Indians from ArizonaIndians from Arizona

4.5 per 1000 for all U.S. 4.5 per 1000 for all U.S. American Indian American Indian populations populations

SLEEP APNEA/ASTHMA/RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS/OHSSLEEP APNEA/ASTHMA/RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS/OHS

Disorder of which ones air way is blocked while sleeping. This causes frequent nighttime awakening.

Symptoms:HeadachesFatigueMoodiness

Most common in people with obesity; primarily in obese people with neck fat

Obesity does not cause asthma. But obesity can cause shortness of breath causing an attacks.

Symptoms:Shortness of breathNeck size greater than 16.5’’Headaches

Obesity does not cause asthma. But obesity can cause shortness of breath causing an attacks.

Symptoms:Shortness of breathNeck size greater than 16.5’’Headaches

Respiratory problems in the severely obese are caused by shortness of breath during physical activities because of the heaviness in the chest wall due to excess fat.

Obese people need more oxygen while doing physical activities.

Because of respiratory problem obese people are limited in the physical activities, which restrains recovery.

Symptoms:Trouble breathing after activity

Caused by breathing problems and a build up of toxic levels of CO2 on the blood.

Effects all obese people over 350 pds

Symptoms:Sudden weight gainnausea

Caused by breathing problems and a build up of toxic levels of CO2 on the blood.

Effects all obese people over 350 pds

Symptoms:Sudden weight gainnausea

In 2009, no state met the Healthy People 2010 obesity target of 15%

All of these disorders can be completely rid of by weight loss and gastric bypass surgery (78% success rate)

Obesity causes Respiratory Problems which increases Asthma which increases Sleep Apnea which triggers

OHS.

Obese people with asthma are five times more likely to be hospitalized because of their weight and asthma than asthmatics who are not obese