object-oriented content: importance, benefits, and costs
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Object-Oriented Content: Importance, Benefits, and Costs. Cesar Bandera Director of R&D Creneaux. 145 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10013 [email protected] www.creneaux.com. Content Providers Face Growing Scalability Problems. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Object-Oriented Content: Importance, Benefits, and Costs
Cesar Bandera
Director of R&D
Creneaux145 Avenue of the Americas
New York, NY [email protected]
www.creneaux.com
Content Providers Face Growing Scalability Problems
• Diversity in demographics, content personalization, revenue models
• Distributed content management
• Diverse delivery, client platforms• Internet, removable media, broadcast, …• PCs, PDAs, kiosks/embedded devices,
entertainment consoles, …
Object-Oriented Principles Apply to Content
• Content is composed of media objects• Tailoring to demographics impacts few media
objects, not the entire content• ROI via reuse of labeled objects
• Delivery, interactivity @ individual objects• Optimized by object type (including DRM)• Conforming to different revenue models• Versus “baking” into single format, location
Object OrientedContent Standards
• SCORM• Courseware standard• Promotes interoperability of content among
different Learning Management Systems
• MPEG-4• Multimedia standard• Promotes interoperability of content among
different delivery channels and clients
Example of MPEG-4 Content and Delivery Benefits
• Objects:• Chromakeyed video• Slides• Text• Synthetic 3-D set• Total: 4.7MB, 2 min
• 13x smaller stream than MPEG-2 @ same quality (4Mb/s)• 7x smaller stream than WMv9 @ same quality (2Mb/s)• Similar significant bandwidth savings over other delivery
channels, narrowband and broadband
Example of MPEG-4
Personalization • Five MPEG-4 streams:Audio: 0.99 MbytesVideo: 3.48 MbytesGraphics: 5×0.23 Mbytes
Total: 5.62 Mbytes
• Five MPEG-2 streams:5×61 Mbytes = 305 Mbytes
• Savings in size translates to savings in production
and delivery expenses.
Similarity & Difference Between SCORM and MPEG-4
• Content is a hierarchy of labeled objects
• Standards that define how content is delivered, not how it is created• Quality set by tools, authoring practices
• An object (SCO) is a pedagogical unit
• Objects delivered sequentially
• An object is a media asset
• Tight spatiotemporal synchronization
Example of Tight Spatiotemporal Composition• Recorded audio,
pre-recorded head video, synthetic mouth video
• Synthetic audio, pre-recorded head video, synthetic mouth video
Nesting OO Architectures: Immersive Simulations
• Media asset < ? SCO ? < Training level• Media asset has no pedagogical value• Training level is too context-specific
• Learner is graded on end state and on intermediate state trajectory End
State
End State
End State
End State
End State
Start State
End State
Intermediate States
End State
End State
End State
End State
End State
Start State
End State
Intermediate States
OO Immersive Simulations: Milestone SCOs
• Decompose simulation objective into milestones• One per SCO (an MPEG-4 show in a SCORM wrapper)
• Consistency between SCO transitions is prerequisite• LMS instructs client to use initial state authored in
SCO, or final state of previous SCO (cached)
End State
End State
Start State
End State
End State
Start State
Start State
End State
End State
Start State
Start State
End State
End State
The Beneficiaries of Object Oriented Content
• The consumer• Greater interaction with relevant information
• The manager of content• Interoperability and reuse
• New markets• “Shareable content economy”
• E.g., Object developers, syndication
• New revenue models enabled by fine-grain DRM, pervasiveness of information
The Cost of OO Content Is Borne By The Author
• Context independence of objects• independence = reusability• But when creating a course (lecture, lab, etc.),
context drives the thinking process
• Object labeling• Which semantics?
• Conversion of legacy content• If possible
Policy Required to Achieve Shareable Content Economy in Academia?
• Current situation:• Rich media tools are difficult to use (well)• IT groups creates content, consult with SME• Some faculty obligated by grant• Incentive?
• Problem: faculty not paid to create content• E-learning research alone will not achieve
critical mass
