object positions henrik-tavsplan for the lecture the conventional concept of object the formal and...

ObjectObject PositionsPositions

TheThe FunctionalFunctional ApproachApproach

Tavs Bjerre & Henrik JørgensenTavs Bjerre & Henrik Jørgensen

Aarhus Universitet Nov. 8th, 2005Aarhus Universitet Nov. 8th, 2005

Plan for Plan for thethe lecturelecture

�� TheThe conventionalconventional conceptconcept ofof objectobject�� TheThe formal and formal and thethe functionalfunctional approachapproach�� ObjectObject positions in Danishpositions in Danish�� ObjectsObjects and and thethe texttext�� SubjectsSubjects in in objectobject positionspositions�� RevisingRevising thethe contentcontent fieldfield

ObjectsObjects

�� TraditionalTraditional conceptconcept: nominal : nominal complementcomplementofof a transitive a transitive verbverb

�� ConventionalConventional assumptionsassumptions ofof thethe semanticsemanticcontentcontent: ’UNDERGOER’, ’PATIENT’: ’UNDERGOER’, ’PATIENT’

�� More More advancedadvanced semanticsemantic approach: approach: involvedinvolved in in thethe action action withoutwithout beingbeing ableableto to commandcommand itit (”(”EE--rôlerôle”, ”, cpcp. Peter . Peter WidellWidell))

ObjectsObjects

Reservations:Reservations:�� ManyMany suchsuch semanticsemantic entitiesentities areare not not

objectsobjects in a in a syntacticsyntactic sensesense�� SomeSome kinds kinds ofof objectsobjects maymay not not belongbelong to to

thisthis spheresphere ofof semanticssemantics

TheThe functionalfunctional approachapproach

OurOur approach is approach is functionalfunctional, , becausebecause::�� WeWe investigateinvestigate howhow objectsobjects areare handledhandled

onon thethe textualtextual levellevel�� WeWe assumeassume thatthat sensesense relations relations areare

fundamental to fundamental to thethe structuringstructuring ofof thethelanguagelanguage

TheThe functionalfunctional approachapproach

�� WeWe useuse thethe Diderichsen Diderichsen sentencesentence model as model as ourourpoint point ofof departuredeparture for for reasoningreasoning

�� ThisThis is is usefuluseful becausebecause thethe model is model is wellwell--knownknownin a in a ScandinavianScandinavian contextcontext and and easyeasy to handleto handle

�� HoweverHowever therethere is is nono deeperdeeper commitmentcommitment in in thisthis. . AnyAny schematismschematism couldcould do, and do, and onon occasionsoccasions wewehandle handle ourour analysisanalysis withwith otherother meansmeans

WhereWhere to find to find objectsobjects in Danish?in Danish?

OOOOOOOO

den den dagdag

nogetnogetsigesigeikkeikkehanhankundekundesåså

EPEPAANNVVaannvvFF

IndholdsfeltIndholdsfeltNeksusfeltNeksusfeltFundaFunda--mentment--feltfelt

DefiniteDefinite and and indefiniteindefinite objectsobjects::

Pronominal Pronominal objectsobjects::�� WithinWithin thethe spacespace ofof normal perceptionnormal perception�� Given referentsGiven referents

E.gE.g. . den, han, hun, migden, han, hun, mig[[itit, , hehe, , sheshe, , meme]]


Nominal Nominal objectsobjects::�� WithinWithin thethe texttext so farso far�� Given referentsGiven referents

E.gE.g. . sætningsskemaet, objektetsætningsskemaet, objektet[’[’thethe sentencesentence model’, ’model’, ’thethe objectobject’]’]


Nominal Nominal objectsobjects::�� BelongingBelonging to to thethe actualactual contextcontext ofof

communicationcommunication�� Given referentsGiven referents

E.gE.g. . bordet, stolenbordet, stolen[’[’thethe deskdesk’ & ’’ & ’thethe chairchair’ in ’ in thisthis roomroom]]


Nominal Nominal objectsobjects::�� BelongingBelonging to a to a sharedshared culturalcultural backgroundbackground�� Given referentsGiven referents

E.gE.g. . Århus. EuropaÅrhus. Europa


Nominal Nominal objectsobjects::�� BelongingBelonging to to thethe stockstock ofof identifiableidentifiable

referentsreferents�� New referentsNew referents

E.gE.g. . et glas, en flaskeet glas, en flaske[’a [’a glassglass’, ’a ’, ’a bottlebottle’ ’ withwith reference toreference tothethe reception reception afterwardsafterwards]]

DefiniteDefinite and and indefiniteindefinite objectsobjects

den, han, hunden, han, hunAreaArea ofof attention: attention: Given Given subjectssubjects

PronomiPronomi--nalnal formform

Sætningen, Sætningen, objektetobjektet

MentionedMentionedbackgroundbackground::

Bordet, stolenBordet, stolenActualActual backgroundbackground: : actualactual subjectssubjects

Århus, EuropaÅrhus, EuropaCulturalCultural backgroundbackground: : real real subjectssubjects

DefiniteDefiniteformform

Et glas, en Et glas, en flaskeflaske

Mental Mental stockstock: : possiblepossiblesubjectsubject

IndefiniteIndefiniteformform

ObjectsObjects in relation to in relation to thethe texttext

WeWe maymay distinguishdistinguish 5 types 5 types ofof objectsobjects in in thisthisfunctionalfunctional relation:relation:

�� UnstressedUnstressed pronominal pronominal objectsobjects�� DefiniteDefinite nominal nominal objectsobjects�� IndefiniteIndefinite nominal nominal objectsobjects�� SententialSentential objectsobjects�� ObjectsObjects in Fundamentfelt positionin Fundamentfelt position

Pronominal Pronominal objectsobjects

såså

FF

FundaFunda--mentment--feltfelt

sagdesagde

vv

NeksusfeltNeksusfelt

OO

han dethan det

nn

ikkeikke

aa VV

IndholdsfeltIndholdsfelt

NN

den dagden dag

AA EPEP

DefiniteDefinite nominal nominal objectsobjects

såså

FF


kundekunde

vv


hanhan

nn

ikkeikke

aa

sigesige

VV


OO

nogetnoget

NN

den den dagdag

AA EPEP

IndefiniteIndefinite nominal nominal objectsobjects

såså

FF


kundekunde

vv


hanhan

nn

ikkeikke

aa

sigesige

VV


OO

nogetnoget

NN

den dagden dag

AA EPEP

SententialSentential objectsobjects

såså

FF


kundekunde

vv


hanhan

nn

ikkeikke

aa

sigesige

VV


NN

den den dagdag

AA

OO

hvor han hvor han varvar

EPEP

ObjectsObjects in ’Fundamentfelt’in ’Fundamentfelt’

OO

DetDet

FF


kundekunde

vv


hanhan

nn

ikkeikke

aa

sigesige

VV


NN

den den dagdag

AA EPEP

TheThe ObjectObject and and thethe VerbVerb stemstem

�� ObjectsObjects occuroccur regularlyregularly afterafter thethe mainmainverbverb stem (VO stem (VO syntaxsyntax))

Note:Note:�� UnstressedUnstressed pronounspronouns cannotcannot precedeprecede thethe

mainmain verbverb stem (stem (cpcp. slide). slide)�� OnlyOnly exceptionexception: Fundament position: Fundament position

TheThe ObjectObject and and thethe VerbVerb stemstem

�� ObjectsObjects occuroccur regularlyregularly afterafter thethe mainmainverbverb stem (VO stem (VO syntaxsyntax))

�� TheThe more more contextuallycontextually boundbound, , thethe closercloserto to thethe verbverb

�� TheThe more more contextuallycontextually unboundunbound, , thethe more more removedremoved from from thethe verbverb

SubjectsSubjects (?) in (?) in objectobject positionspositions

�� Der var altid øller i køleskabetDer var altid øller i køleskabet((ThereThere werewere alwaysalways beersbeers in in thethe fridgefridge))

�� Der har engang stået en statue af Lenin i Der har engang stået en statue af Lenin i HørsholmHørsholm((OnceOnce therethere waswas a statue a statue ofof Lenin in Hørsholm)Lenin in Hørsholm)

�� Der må stå et vindue åbent et stedDer må stå et vindue åbent et sted((ThereThere must must bebe an an openopen windowwindow somewheresomewhere))


åbent åbent et et stedsted

et et vinvin--duedue

ståståmåmåDerDer

i i HørsHørs--holmholm

en en LeninLenin--statuestatue

ståetståetenen--ganggang

harharDerDer

i k.i k.øllerølleraltidaltidvarvarDerDer

AANNVVaannvvFF

IndholdsfeltIndholdsfeltNeksusfeltNeksusfeltFundamentFundament


�� SuchSuch subjectssubjects areare attachedattached to intransitive to intransitive verbsverbs�� WhenWhen downrightdownright definitedefinite theythey maymay occuroccur in in thethe

true true subjectsubject position:position:

Øllen stod i køleskabetØllen stod i køleskabetDengang havde Dengang havde LeninstatuenLeninstatuen stået i Hørsholm i ti stået i Hørsholm i ti

årårVinduet står åbentVinduet står åbent


�� WhenWhen downrightdownright definitedefinite theythey maymay occuroccurin in thethe true true subjectsubject position:position:

Øllen stod i køleskabetØllen stod i køleskabetDengang havde Dengang havde LeninstatuenLeninstatuen stået i stået i

Hørsholm i ti årHørsholm i ti årVinduet står åbentVinduet står åbent


ConditionsConditions onon suchsuch subjectssubjects::�� TheyThey areare contextuallycontextually unboundunbound�� IfIf theythey areare definitedefinite oror pronominal, pronominal, theythey

must must representrepresent new information in new information in thetheclosercloser contextcontext


ConditionsConditions onon normal normal subjectssubjects::�� TheyThey areare contextuallycontextually boundbound�� IfIf theythey areare indefiniteindefinite, , theythey must must representrepresent

specimensspecimens thatthat maymay bebe deduceddeduced from from thethecontextcontext


� Der var så meget at se nede ved åen. Somme tider stak en fisk hovedet op over vandfladen, men skyndte sig at dykke ned igen, da den fik øje på de tre venner. En frø sad på en sten i vandkanten, og da de nærmede sig, sprang den i vandet og skyndte sig væk. (Benny Andersen)

SubjectsSubjects (?) in (?) in objectobject positionposition

IfIf thethe verbverb is transitive, situations is transitive, situations withwith suchsuch’’pragmaticallypragmatically indefiniteindefinite’ ’ subjectssubjects give rise give rise to to cleftsclefts::

�� Der var en dreng der slog migDer var en dreng der slog mig(A (A boyboy hit hit meme))

�� Der var ti tog der kom for sent i gårDer var ti tog der kom for sent i går(Ten (Ten trainstrains werewere latelate yesterdayyesterday))


�� TheThe subjectsubject slot in slot in thesethese constructionsconstructions is is filledfilled withwith thethe expletiveexpletive derder, , mostlymostlythoughtthought to to bebe a a locallocal adverbadverb

�� HoweverHowever derder maymay bebe leftleft out so out so thatthat thethesubjectsubject position position remainsremains openopen::


På hotel Prinsen har gennem årene boet På hotel Prinsen har gennem årene boet mange interessante gæstermange interessante gæster

[At [At thethe Hotel Prinsen has over Hotel Prinsen has over thethe yearsyearsstayedstayed manymany interestinginteresting guestsguests]]

På min fars skrivebord lå gennem alle årene På min fars skrivebord lå gennem alle årene firmaets hovedbogfirmaets hovedbog

[[OnOn mymy father’sfather’s deskdesk laylay all all thethe yearsyears thethemainmain accountaccount book book ofof thethe firm]firm]


SomeSome theoreticaltheoretical questionsquestions arisearise from from thisthis::�� AreAre thethe apparentapparent subjectssubjects in in objectobject slots slots

reallyreally subjectssubjects, , oror shouldshould theythey ratherrather bebedescribeddescribed as as somesome kind kind ofof objectobject??


SomeSome theoreticaltheoretical questionsquestions arisearise from from thisthis::�� AreAre thethe apparentapparent subjectssubjects in in objectobject slots slots reallyreally

subjectssubjects, , oror shouldshould theythey ratherrather bebe describeddescribed as as somesome kind kind ofof objectobject??

�� IfIf thesethese constructionsconstructions areare takentaken intointo accountaccount, , contextualcontextual boundnessboundness and and unboundnessunboundness teams teams upup withwith respresp. ’. ’beingbeing subjectsubject’ and ’’ and ’beingbeing objectobject’. ’. With With whatwhat consequencesconsequences??


More problems:More problems:�� WhatWhat areare thethe rulesrules for for derder--insertioninsertion reallyreally? ?

StylisticsStylistics oror grammargrammar??


More problems:More problems:�� WhatWhat areare thethe rulesrules for for derder--insertioninsertion reallyreally? ?

StylisticsStylistics oror grammargrammar??�� WhatWhat is is thethe difference difference betweenbetween existentialexistential

constructionsconstructions and and additionaladditional statements statements (”tilføjelsesudsagn”)?(”tilføjelsesudsagn”)?

RevisingRevising thethe ContentContent FieldField

DistinguishingDistinguishing betweenbetween::

�� objectsobjects�� coco--predicatespredicates�� adverbialsadverbials

AdverbialAdverbial

Diderichsen’sDiderichsen’s definition:definition:

�� ClauseClause element element whichwhich is is neitherneither verbialverbial, , nominal nor nominal nor subjectsubject oror objectobject complementcomplement

�� ClauseClause element element expressingexpressing lessless importantimportantcircumstancescircumstances

ud i havenud i havenout out intointo gardengarden--thethe’’

Peter løbPeter løb’Peter ran’Peter ran

under kontrolunder kontrolunder under controlcontrol’’

Situationen komSituationen kom’’SituationSituation--thethe camecame

under bordetunder bordetunder under tabletable--thethe’’

OttoOttoOttoOtto

Hans drakHans drak’Hans ’Hans drankdrank

på at rejsepå at rejseonon to to traveltravel’’

Peter tænktePeter tænkte’Peter ’Peter thoughtthought

AANNVVF F vnavna

Præpositionsforbindelser regnes også for Præpositionsforbindelser regnes også for

adverbialeradverbialerGalbergGalberg Jacobsen & SkyumJacobsen & Skyum--Nielsen: Dansk Sprog, 1996, p. 78Nielsen: Dansk Sprog, 1996, p. 78

’’PrepositionalPrepositional phrasesphrases areare alsoalso consideredconsidered

adverbials’adverbials’

AdverbialAdverbial

Certain ‘adverbials’ behave differently Certain ‘adverbials’ behave differently

from other adverbials from other adverbials wrtwrt.:.:

�� CoordinationCoordination�� AgreementAgreement�� TopologyTopology�� ProsodyProsody

CoordinationCoordination

A subclass of ‘adverbials’ may be A subclass of ‘adverbials’ may be

coordinated with complements:coordinated with complements:

Han Han varvar raskrask, , oppeoppe ogog i god i god bedringbedring‘He was well, up and in good recovery’‘He was well, up and in good recovery’

AgreementAgreement

Certain ‘adverbials’ agree with subject or Certain ‘adverbials’ agree with subject or

object:object:

DetDet lillelille barn barn varvar blevetblevet tiltil en en voksenvoksen mandmand

‘The little child had become (to) a grown man’‘The little child had become (to) a grown man’

De små børn var blevet De små børn var blevet til voksne mændtil voksne mænd

’’TheThe small small childrenchildren had had becomebecome (to) (to) growngrown men’men’

TopologyTopology

UnlikeUnlike otherother adverbials adverbials thisthis subclasssubclass ofof ’adverbials’ ’adverbials’

nevernever occursoccurs in in thethe ’a’ slot:’a’ slot:

Peter havde Peter havde ude i skovenude i skoven gået sig en lang turgået sig en lang tur’Peter had out in ’Peter had out in woodwood--thethe walkedwalked himselfhimself a a goodgood

longlong walkwalk’’

*Peter var *Peter var ud i skovenud i skoven gåetgået’Peter had out ’Peter had out intointo woodwood--thethe walkedwalked’’

TopologyTopology

UnlikeUnlike otherother ’adverbials’ ’adverbials’ thisthis subclasssubclass ofof

’adverbial’ ’adverbial’ cannotcannot bebe leftleft behindbehind ifif thethe

materialmaterial in V and N in V and N areare movedmoved to F:to F:

TopologyTopology

Hun havde skubbet Peter ud af værelsetHun havde skubbet Peter ud af værelset’’SheShe had had pushedpushed Peter out Peter out ofof roomroom--thethe’’

*Skubbet Peter havde hun ud af værelset*Skubbet Peter havde hun ud af værelset

Hun havde skubbet Peter ude på gangenHun havde skubbet Peter ude på gangen’’SheShe had had pushedpushed Peter out Peter out onon corridorcorridor--thethe’’

Skubbet Peter havde hun ude på gangen Skubbet Peter havde hun ude på gangen

Unit accentuationUnit accentuation

TheseThese ’adverbials’ ’adverbials’ oftenoften give rise to unit give rise to unit

accentuation:accentuation:

Peter Peter oogikgik ’ud i haven’ud i havenPeter Peter walkedwalked out out intointo gardengarden--thethe

Peter ’gik ’ude i havenPeter ’gik ’ude i havenPeter Peter walkedwalked out in out in gardengarden--thethe

ConclusionConclusion

TheseThese ’adverbials’ ’adverbials’ areare not adverbials but not adverbials but coco--

predicatespredicates contributingcontributing to to thethe corecore meaningmeaning

ofof thethe clauseclause

OftenOften ((thoughthough not not alwaysalways) ) theythey describedescribe a a

resultresult statestate

SemanticsSemantics

Peter Peter løbløb udud i i skovenskoven‘Peter ran out into wood‘Peter ran out into wood--the’the’

Paraphrase: Paraphrase:

Peter ran and this resulted in Peter being in Peter ran and this resulted in Peter being in

the woodthe wood

SemanticsSemantics

Peter løb ud i skovenPeter løb ud i skovene1 e1 ≤ e2≤ e2

e1e1 e2e2

run(peterrun(peter)) in(peter,woodin(peter,wood))

SemanticsSemantics

Peter løb Ole træt Peter løb Ole træt e1 e1 ≤ e2≤ e2

e1e1 e2e2

run(peterrun(peter)) tired(oletired(ole))

SemanticsSemanticsSemanticsSemantics

Peter spiste sin mor ud af husetPeter spiste sin mor ud af husete1 e1 ≤ e2≤ e2

e1e1 e2e2

eat(peter,yeat(peter,y)) outout--of(mother,houseof(mother,house))

Hansen 1970Hansen 1970

denne gangdenne gang

thisthis time’time’indind

(in)(in)enstemmigtenstemmigt

unanimouslyunanimouslyDe valgte jo JensenDe valgte jo Jensen

’’TheyThey electedelected as as youyou knowknow JensenJensen

i går?i går?

yesterdayyesterday’’adad

apartapartomhyggeligt omhyggeligt

carefullycarefullySkilte han så uretSkilte han så uret

’’TookTook hehe thenthen clockclock--thethe

klar?klar?

readyready’’Gør de straks bådenGør de straks båden

’’MakeMake theythey immidiatelyimmidiately boatboat--thethe

mere?mere?

anymoreanymore’’tilbagetilbage

backbackMen sender du aldrig pengeneMen sender du aldrig pengene

’But send ’But send youyou nevernever moneymoney--thethe

a2a2AdvAdva3a3PPKsKs F V S L a1 F V S L a1 OiOi OdOd

HeltoftHeltoft 1993 & 19991993 & 1999

rektorrektor

headmasterheadmaster’’for længefor længe

tootoo longlongDu har været Du har været

’’YouYou have have beenbeen

turtur

(for a) (for a) walkwalk’’De ville bare gåDe ville bare gå

’’TheyThey wouldwould just gojust go

ud?ud?

out’out’Vil de så rejse Vil de så rejse

’’WillWill theythey thenthen traveltravel

senilsenil

senile’senile’tidligt tidligt

earlyearlyHan er blevetHan er blevet

’’HeHe had had becomebecome

FAFABABAPPMAMA

HeltoftHeltoft 1993 & 1999 1993 & 1999

om samtalenom samtalen

aboutabout conversationconversation--thethegrundigtgrundigt

thoroughlythoroughlyDe har ikke afhørt chefenDe har ikke afhørt chefen

’’TheyThey have not have not interrogatedinterrogated bossboss--thethe

i langdragi langdrag

out’out’trukkettrukket

draggeddraggedmeget bevidstmeget bevidst

veryvery deliberatelydeliberatelySagen er jo blevetSagen er jo blevet

’’MatterMatter--thethe has as has as youyouknowknow beenbeen

i håndeni hånden

by by handhand’’færdigtfærdigt

finishedfinishedomhyggeligtomhyggeligt

carefullycarefullyHun har gjort tæppetHun har gjort tæppet

’’SheShe had made had made carpetcarpet--thethe

af en skomageraf en skomager

by a by a shemakershemaker’’sammensammen

upupsmukt smukt

beautifullybeautifullyAli Ali BabaBaba fik syet ham fik syet ham

’Ali ’Ali BabaBaba had had sownsown himhim

FAFABABAPPMAMA

PPsPPs likelike af en skomageraf en skomager and and i håndeni hånden cancan

occuroccur in in thethe ’a’ slot:’a’ slot:

A.B. fik A.B. fik af en skomageraf en skomager syet ham smukt syet ham smukt

sammensammen

Hun har Hun har i håndeni hånden gjort tæppet færdigtgjort tæppet færdigt

CannotCannot precedeprecede otherother elements in BA:elements in BA:

Sagen er jo meget bevidst blevet trukket i Sagen er jo meget bevidst blevet trukket i

langdrag langdrag af myndighederneaf myndighederne

*Sagen er jo meget bevidst blevet trukket *Sagen er jo meget bevidst blevet trukket af af

myndighedernemyndighederne i langdragi langdrag

ThisThis type type ofof PP PP shouldshould thereforetherefore bebe

classifiedclassified as adverbial. as adverbial.

As As itit must must precedeprecede time and time and placeplace

adverbials adverbials itit cancan bebe placedplaced firstfirst in FA in FA oror

given a given a specialspecial slot in front slot in front ofof FA.FA.

TheThe otherother PPsPPs cannotcannot bebe placedplaced i ’a’:i ’a’:

*De har *De har om samtalenom samtalen afhørt chefenafhørt chefen

*Sagen er *Sagen er i langdragi langdrag blevet trukketblevet trukket

And And theythey shouldshould thereforetherefore not not bebe regardedregarded as as

adverbialsadverbials

Om samtalenOm samtalen is a is a prepositionalprepositional objectobject

whichwhich meansmeans thatthat samtalensamtalen denotesdenotes an an

argumentargument

I langdrag I langdrag is part is part ofof thethe predicatepredicate

PProposalroposal

samtalensamtalenomomgrundigtgrundigtchefenchefenDe har ikke afhørtDe har ikke afhørt

trukket i trukket i langdraglangdrag

meget bevidstmeget bevidstSagen er jo blevetSagen er jo blevet

senilseniltidligttidligtHan er blevetHan er blevet

i håndeni håndenfærdigtfærdigtomhyggeligtomhyggeligttæppettæppetHun har gjortHun har gjort

af en af en skomagerskomager

sammensammensmuktsmukthamhamA.B. fik syetA.B. fik syet

AAOO22PPMAMAOO11

PProposalroposal

trættræt

tiredtired’’hurtigthurtigt

fastfastAGFAGF

AGFAGFBrøndby havde løbetBrøndby havde løbet

’Brøndby had run’Brøndby had run

under kontrolunder kontrol

under under controlcontrol’’hurtigthurtigt

fastfastboldenbolden

ballball--thetheElmanderElmander havde fåethavde fået

’’ElmanderElmander had had hadhad

boldenboldenoveroverhurtigthurtigtkontrolkontrol**ElmanderElmander havde fåethavde fået

boldenbolden

ballball--thethe’’kontrol overkontrol over

controlcontrol overoverhurtigthurtigt

fastfastElmanderElmander havde fåethavde fået

’’ElmanderElmander had had hadhad

i gåri går

yesterdayyesterday’’værelsetværelset

roomroom--thetheud afud af

out out ofofhurtigthurtigt

fastfastPeterPeter

PeterPeterHun havde skubbetHun havde skubbet

’’SheShe had had pushedpushed

AAOO22PPMAMAOO11

FutureFuture workwork

�� TheThe sentencesentence model vs. model vs. treestrees�� HowHow areare variousvarious complexcomplex predicatespredicates

licensedlicensed::�� ResultativesResultatives�� Support Support verbverb constructionsconstructions�� ConstructionsConstructions withwith auxiliariesauxiliaries

�� Argument Argument structurestructure, , thematicthematic rolesroles�� Information Information structurestructure

ReferencesReferences

Diderichsen, P. (1957). Elementær Dansk Grammatik. 2Diderichsen, P. (1957). Elementær Dansk Grammatik. 2nd nd edition. edition. København: Gyldendal.København: Gyldendal.

GalbergGalberg Jacobsen, H. and P. SkyumJacobsen, H. and P. Skyum--Nielsen (1996). Dansk Sprog. En Nielsen (1996). Dansk Sprog. En Grundbog. København: Schønberg.Grundbog. København: Schønberg.

Hansen, E. (1970). Sætningsskema og verbalskemaer. Hansen, E. (1970). Sætningsskema og verbalskemaer. NySNyS Nydanske Nydanske Studier & Almen Studier & Almen komunikationsteorikomunikationsteori 2, 1162, 116--37.37.

HeltoftHeltoft, L. (1987). , L. (1987). TheThe pragmaticpragmatic syntaxsyntax ofof Danish Danish derder--constructionsconstructions. . In In LiliusLilius, , PirkkoPirkko & & MaijaMaija SaariSaari (eds.): (eds.): TheThe NordicNordic LanguagesLanguages and and ModernModern LinguisticsLinguistics 6, 1776, 177--192.192.

HeltoftHeltoft, L. (1993). Revision af indholdsfeltet. In M. , L. (1993). Revision af indholdsfeltet. In M. KunøeKunøe and and E.V.LarsenE.V.Larsen (eds.), 4. Møde om Udforskningen af Dansk Sprog, 119(eds.), 4. Møde om Udforskningen af Dansk Sprog, 119--133. Aarhus Universitet.133. Aarhus Universitet.

ReferencesReferences

HeltoftHeltoft, L (1999). Hierarki og rækkefølge , L (1999). Hierarki og rækkefølge –– skandinavisk ledstilling i skandinavisk ledstilling i funktionel grammatisk betydning. In P. A. Jensen and P. funktionel grammatisk betydning. In P. A. Jensen and P. SkadhaugeSkadhauge(eds.), Sætningsskemaet i generativ grammatik, 31(eds.), Sætningsskemaet i generativ grammatik, 31--62. Syddansk 62. Syddansk Universitet Universitet –– Kolding.Kolding.

Nordentoft, A. M. (1970). Hovedtræk af dansk grammatik. Syntaks.Nordentoft, A. M. (1970). Hovedtræk af dansk grammatik. Syntaks.København: Gyldendal.København: Gyldendal.

Oxenvad, Erik 1934: ”Om nogle upersonlige Konstruktioner i DanskOxenvad, Erik 1934: ”Om nogle upersonlige Konstruktioner i Dansk”. ”. Studier tilegnede Verner Dahlerup.Studier tilegnede Verner Dahlerup. Aarhus & København.Aarhus & København.

Togeby, Ole 2003: Togeby, Ole 2003: Fungerer denne sætning?Fungerer denne sætning? København: Gad.København: Gad.WidellWidell, Peter 1996:, Peter 1996: “Aspektuelle verbalklasser og semantiske roller -

Den dobbelte aspektkalkule”. Schack Rasmussen: Semantiske Roller= Odense Working Papers in Language and Communication No. 10, May 1996.

object positions henrik-tavsplan for the lecture the conventional concept of object the formal and...

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