objective 2 living systems & environment objective 2 living systems & environment middle...

48
Objective 2 Objective 2 Living Systems & Living Systems & Environment Environment Middle School Science Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know Science STAAR Need to Know

Upload: peter-patrick

Post on 26-Dec-2015

217 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

Objective 2Objective 2Living Systems & Living Systems &

EnvironmentEnvironmentMiddle School ScienceMiddle School Science

Science STAAR Need to KnowScience STAAR Need to Know

Page 2: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

All living things are made up of cells.

Unicellular (Single-celled)- organisms that are made up of only one cell.

Multicellular- organisms made up of many cells. (Some have billions & trillions of cells!)

Page 3: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

•All living organisms are composed of cells. They may be unicellular or multicellular.

•The cell is the basic unit of life.

•Cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Page 4: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

CellsCells Most basic part of a living systemMost basic part of a living system

““Cells are Building Blocks”Cells are Building Blocks”

Cells contain organelles Cells contain organelles Animal & Plant cells Animal & Plant cells bothboth contain: contain:

nucleusnucleus- command center of the cell- command center of the cell cell membrane-cell membrane- protective outer layer protective outer layer cytoplasmcytoplasm- gelatin-like substance that fills inside of cell - gelatin-like substance that fills inside of cell

(contains other organelles that are vital to the (contains other organelles that are vital to the processes of life)processes of life)

mitochondriamitochondria- to provide power for cell activities- to provide power for cell activities vacuolevacuole – holds waste products or substances needed – holds waste products or substances needed

by the cellby the cell

Page 5: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

Only plant cells have cell walls for support & chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis.

Page 6: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

Prokaryote – one-celled organism that does not have a nucleus – only bacteria

Eukaryotic – made up of cells that have a membrane covered nucleus

Page 7: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

Page 8: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

Feedback Feedback mechanismmechanism

A response of an organism to a given change, such as temperature or the amount of light.

Example: Sweating

If the body temperature gets too high, sweat glands open up, causing a person to sweat.

The sweat then evaporates, carrying heat energy away from the body. This cools the skin.

When the body temperature returns to normal, another nerve signal is sent out to close the sweat glands.

Page 9: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

HomeostasisHomeostasisThe body has ways of adjusting to different conditions. Keeping conditions such as body temperature constant is called equilibrium or homeostasis. Equilibrium occurs when a system is balanced.

AdaptationsAdaptationsWhat if a change is too extreme & an organism can’t maintain equilibrium? The organism may die!!

However, most organisms are adapted to the environments where they live. Their body systems & behaviors adjust or change to allow them to survive in the new environment.

Page 10: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

Genetic traitsGenetic traits

Genes- a segment of DNA on a chromosome that contains information for specific genetic traits. Genes are passed from parents to offspring.

Genetic trait- a characteristic passed on from a parent to offspring.

Genetic traits that help organisms to survive in their environment are called adaptations. Adaptations can be either physical characteristics or behaviors.

Page 11: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

Process by which the characteristics that help a species to survive are passed on to the next generation.

Page 12: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

the process of breeding plants and animals for particular traits. 

Page 13: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

A dichotomous key is a method for determining the identity of something (like the name of a butterfly, a plant, a lichen, or a rock) by going through a series of choices that leads the user to the correct name of the item. Dichotomous means "divided in two parts".

Page 14: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know
Page 15: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

Ecosystem – includes the living & nonliving parts of an environment.

Nonliving- water, soil, light, air

Living- plants, animals & other living organisms (makes up the community)

Community – a group of different types or populations or plants, animals, & other organisms living & interacting with one another in an environment.

Each population in a community lives in a particular part of that environment called a habitat.

A habitat is the specific place in which an organism makes its home. As you move up the diagram,

each level is more complex.

Page 16: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

Each part of the community has its own function, but together they form the entire pond ecosystem.

Organisms are connected by the energy that flows through the pond community. Both plants & animals require energy.

This flow begins with the plants using energy from the sun and continues through all the organisms in an ecosystem.

Page 17: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

The variety of organisms in a

specific environment, or on Earth as a whole.

Page 18: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

Plants change radiant energy from the sun into chemical energy.

Carbon dioxide and water are converted into sugar and oxygen.(Sugar is very important in an ecosystem- it’s food for plants & for other organisms. When plants are eaten, the energy in the plant matter is passed on to other organisms in the food chain.)

Page 19: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

Chemical energy passes Chemical energy passes from plants to animals from plants to animals through a food chainthrough a food chain

Producers- (plants) organisms that make their own food

Primary consumers- animals that get their energy from eating plants

Secondary (second-order) consumers- animals that eat primary consumer animals.

Page 20: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

Animals can be both a primary & secondary consumer.

Page 21: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

Types of Types of consumersconsumers

HerbivoresHerbivores- animals that - animals that eat only plantseat only plants

CarnivoresCarnivores- animals that - animals that eat only other animalseat only other animals

OmnivoresOmnivores- animals that - animals that eat both plants & other eat both plants & other animalsanimals

Page 22: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

An animal that kills and eats other animals

Organism that is killed and eaten by another organism

Page 23: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

Organism, such as a tick, that feeds on cells, tissues, or fluids of another living organism (host)

Organism that supports a parasite

Page 24: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

DecomposersDecomposers

Organisms that feed on dead plants & animals. This releases the chemical energy and nutrients in the dead plants and animals back into the environment.

Decomposers play an important role in recycling nutrients & energy.

Page 25: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

Biotic factors are all of the living things in the community

Abiotic factors are essentially non-living components that effect the living organisms of a community.

Page 26: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

Food Chain- shows the flow of energy from one organism to another to yet another.

Page 27: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

Food WebFood Web A complex system of energy flow through overlapping food chains.

Energy passes in many different directions through all the organisms.

Page 28: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

SuccessionSuccession

Succession can happen in any environment where change occurs.

Other examples: a plowed farm field, a burned forest, or a grassland that gradually receives less rainfall.

Rebuilding of populations in a community or ecosystem that has been changed.

Page 29: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

• Affected by run-off of fertilizers and pollution• Artificial reefs used to create environments for different species• Most valuable natural resource  

-provides food about 200 billion pounds are caught each year. - used for transportation—both travel and shipping. - provides a treasured source of recreation for humans. - is mined for minerals (salt, sand, gravel, and some manganese, copper, nickel, iron, and cobalt can be found in the deep sea)-drilled for crude oil. -plays a critical role in removing carbon from the atmosphere and providing oxygen. -- regulates Earth's climate.

Page 30: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

Systems in the Human BodySystems in the Human BodyThe human body includes systems such as:The human body includes systems such as:

CirculatoryCirculatoryRespiratoryRespiratoryDigestiveDigestiveExcretoryExcretoryMuscularMuscularSkeletalSkeletalNervousNervous

IntegumentaryIntegumentaryEndocrineEndocrine

ReproductiveReproductive

Page 31: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

Circulatory Circulatory systemsystem ArteriesArteries are tubes that are tubes that

carry blood carry blood awayaway from from the heartthe heart

VeinsVeins are tubes that are tubes that return bloodreturn blood to the to the heartheart

CapillariesCapillaries connect connect arteries and veins. arteries and veins. They are tiny tubes They are tiny tubes that exchange food, that exchange food, oxygen and wastes oxygen and wastes between blood and between blood and body cells. body cells.

Page 32: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

RespiratorRespiratoryy BREATH IN -- your body gets oxygen from the air. Rib muscles BREATH IN -- your body gets oxygen from the air. Rib muscles

contract to pull ribs up and out. The DIAPHRAGM muscle contract to pull ribs up and out. The DIAPHRAGM muscle contracts to pull down the lungs. Tissue expands to suck in air. contracts to pull down the lungs. Tissue expands to suck in air.

BREATH OUT -- you get rid of other gases that your body does BREATH OUT -- you get rid of other gases that your body does not need. Rib muscles relax. The Diaphragm muscle relaxes. not need. Rib muscles relax. The Diaphragm muscle relaxes. Tissue returns to resting position and forces air out. Tissue returns to resting position and forces air out.

Page 33: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

Digestive Digestive systemsystem

Breaks down and Breaks down and absorbs food to absorbs food to provide energy provide energy for the bodyfor the body

Page 34: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

ExcretoryExcretoryGets rid of body wastes Gets rid of body wastes

and excess fluidsand excess fluids

Page 35: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

MusclesMuscles

Muscle contracts to move bones and body parts Muscle contracts to move bones and body parts Muscles look either striated or smooth: Muscles look either striated or smooth:

StriatedStriated muscle has stripes or striations in it. muscle has stripes or striations in it.

SmoothSmooth muscle does not. muscle does not.

Page 36: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

Voluntary or Involuntary Voluntary or Involuntary MusclesMuscles

VoluntaryVoluntary muscles are muscles that muscles are muscles that you can move whenever you want to. you can move whenever you want to.

InvoluntaryInvoluntary muscles contract and muscles contract and relax automatically inside your body. relax automatically inside your body. We can not control our involuntary We can not control our involuntary musclesmuscles

Page 37: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

Did you know?????Did you know?????

There are more than 600 muscles in There are more than 600 muscles in your bodyyour body

That nearly 35-40% of your body That nearly 35-40% of your body mass is musclemass is muscle

The smallest bones are in your ear. The smallest bones are in your ear. The largest bone, the femur, is found The largest bone, the femur, is found in your thighin your thigh

Page 38: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

Skeletal systemSkeletal system

Function of bonesFunction of bones protect protect internal organs support the body support the body make blood cells make blood cells store minerals store minerals provide for provide for muscle

attachment attachment

Page 39: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

JointsJoints

A point where one bone attaches to A point where one bone attaches to another bone. another bone.

There are two different types of joints in the There are two different types of joints in the body:body:

Movable jointsMovable joints (like (like ball-and-socket, , hinge, , gliding and pivot joints) and pivot joints)

Immovable jointsImmovable joints (like the bones of (like the bones of the skull and the skull and pelvis) which allow little or no ) which allow little or no movement movement

Page 40: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know
Page 41: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

Nervous systemNervous system

collects, transfers and processes information with brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and nerves

Page 42: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

is the organ system that protects the body from damage, comprising the skin and its appendages

(including hair, scales, feathers, hoofs, and nails).

Page 43: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

is the system of glands, each of

which secretes a type of hormone directly into the bloodstream to

regulate the body

Page 44: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

 a system of organs within an organism which work together for the purpose of reproduction.

Page 45: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

SystemsSystems A group of parts that form a complex A group of parts that form a complex

whole- work together to achieve goals whole- work together to achieve goals that the parts could not reach alone.that the parts could not reach alone.

Parts can interact, be related to one another, Parts can interact, be related to one another, or depend on each other.or depend on each other.

Example:

Circulatory and Respiratory systems work together

Page 46: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

Type of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single parent, and inherit the genes of that parent only

Page 47: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

An organism, such as a plant, that makes its own food

An organism that obtains the energy it needs by feeding on other organisms

Page 48: Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Objective 2 Living Systems & Environment Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know