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1 INFECTION OF BONE AND JOINT ธนพจน จันทรนุภาควิชาออรโธปดิกส โรงพยาบาลรามาธิบดี OBJECTIVE Make diagnosis and treatment in bone and joint sepsis li i f di d Prevent complications from disease and treatment Use and update on new evidence base CONTENT Osteomyelitis Septic Arthritis Septic Arthritis Case Male 3 yearold Thai Normal labour Hx and development Adequate immunization Ulceration with discharge from right forearm 10 days Case Febrile 38.5 0 Cry when touch his forearm Rest like paralysis=> Pseudoparalysis •Debridement was done with tissue and Debridement was done with tissue and pus culture => S. aureus pus culture => S. aureus •Repeat X Repeat X-ray in ray in 10 10 days later days later

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Page 1: OBJECTIVE BONE AND JOINT - Mahidol University · INFECTION OF BONE AND JOINT ... • Tumors – Osteosarcoma ... Microsoft PowerPoint - Infection bone & joint01อ.ธนพจน์

1

INFECTION OF BONE AND JOINT

ธนพจน จันทรนุม

ภาควิชาออรโธปดิกส โรงพยาบาลรามาธิบดี

OBJECTIVE

• Make diagnosis and treatment in bone and joint sepsis

li i f di d• Prevent complications from disease and treatment

• Use and update on new evidence base 

CONTENT

Osteomyelitis

Septic ArthritisSeptic Arthritis

Case

• Male

• 3 year‐old

• Thai

• Normal labour Hx and development

• Adequate immunization

• Ulceration with discharge from right forearm 10 days 

Case

• Febrile 38.50

• Cry when touch his forearm

• Rest like “paralysis” => Pseudoparalysis

••Debridement was done with tissue and Debridement was done with tissue and pus culture => S. aureuspus culture => S. aureus

••Repeat XRepeat X--ray in ray in 10 10 days laterdays later

Page 2: OBJECTIVE BONE AND JOINT - Mahidol University · INFECTION OF BONE AND JOINT ... • Tumors – Osteosarcoma ... Microsoft PowerPoint - Infection bone & joint01อ.ธนพจน์

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OSTEOMYELITIS

Classification

Pathogenesis

Diagnosis

Treatment

Signs & Symptoms Prognosis

OSTEOMYELITIS :CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION

• Acute (within 14  days of  onset)

b ( d f )• Sub  acute (> 14 days of  symptoms)

• Chronic ( > 28  days, sequestra)

ACUTE  OSTEOMYELITIS : DERMOGRAPHY 

• Decreased incidence

• Peak  incidence  in  childhood            ( Gilmour 5 6 yrs Trueta 10 11 yrs )Gilmour  5‐6 yrs, Trueta  10‐11 yrs )

• Male : Female = 2.5 ‐ 4 : 1

• Monostotic & Lower  extrem. = 90%

• Most  Common  Location                    =  Long  bone ( METAPHYSIS )

OSTEOMYELITIS

• Morbidity ~ 6 %

‐ Delay Rx , Inadequate RxDelay Rx , Inadequate Rx

‐ Failure of identifying organism

OSTEOMYELITIS : METAPHYSIS , WHY?

• Vascular  loop Theory 

• Immature Phagocyte Theory               (Rang  1969 , Ogden  1975)

• Injury   Theory                                  (Morrisy & Haynes 1989)

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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

• Bacteria  lodge

• Thrombosis

• Infection spread on  least resistanceleast  resistance

• Down  the  medullary canal, through the  metaphyseal  cortex

Course  of  Metaphyseal infection

• Expansion, temponade to  vessel, destroy  cortex

• Periosteal new bone “Periosteal new bone          Involucrum”

• Dead bone “Sequestrum”• Rupture  of  periosteum

Osteomyelitis:Pathology

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Trueta (1959):Pattern of blood supply of long bone

Metaphysis is Intraarticular structure in  .......joints.

• ShoulderElb• Elbow

• Hip• Ankle

Acute  Hemato. Osteomyelitis : Clinical  Features

Early acute

• 2/3 ‐‐>Febrile 

• Avoid using the i li

Late acute

• Febrile(4‐7days)

• Obviously sick,sepsis extremity,limps, pseudoparalysis

• localize tenderness, swelling

esp. Neonates

• Sympathetic effusion(knee)

Acute  Hemato. Osteomyelitis :             Lab.& Routine Investigation

• CBC, ESR, CRP

• Blood C/S +50%

• X‐ray changes 

• Aspiration

No abscess ‐>ATB,observe

after 7 days,look for new bone, mottling

Abscess

‐>ATB, surgical drainage

Osteomyelitis:X‐ray Osteomyelitis:X‐ray

• 5% of radiographs were abnormal initially

• 33%were abnormal by 1 week

• 90%were abnormal by 4 weeks

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Osteomyelitis:X‐ray Acute osteomyelitis:Special studies

• Bone scan: 

– Technetium

– Gallium

I di– Indium

• CT / MRI

• Ultrasound

Bone Scan

Early, sensitive, show Early, sensitive, show extension & multiple lesionsextension & multiple lesions

NonNon--specific, only in centerspecific, only in center

Technetium  Bone Scan

• Uncommonly needed

• If  diagnosis is equivocal

If  result would  alter therapy

• Three phase: Sensitivity‐0.9 to 0.95

Specificity‐ 0.75 to 0.95

• Needle aspiration dose not affect  for 72 hours

MRI

• Most  accurate  imaging study

• Sensitivity‐ 0.97,   Specificity ‐ 0.92

• T1 ‐ low  to  intermediate  signal

T2 ‐ high  signal  intensity

• Rarely needed  in  acute  osteomyelitis

• Reserve  for ‐ pre‐op  planning of  chronic

‐ atypical cases: spine,pelvis

Ultrasound (US)

Current  knowledge / Consensus

• US detects changes  sooner  than X‐ray

• US  can localize subperiosteal abscess

• Stages 

‐ earliest sign ‐ deep soft tissue  swelling

‐ periosteal elevation,fluid  underneath

‐ periosteal  abscess

• May  detect  concurrent  septic  arthritis

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DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSISof osteomyelitis

• Trauma

• Tumors – Osteosarcoma

• Cellulitis

• Tropical Pyomyositis

• Necrotizing fasciitis

• LeukemiaOsteosarcoma

– Ewing’s sarcoma

– Metastasis neuroblastoma

– Eosinophilic granuloma

• Leukemia

• Bone Infarction

Acute osteomyelitis: Diff.  Diagnosis

• Cellulitis

• Pyomyositis

• OsteosarcomaOsteosarcoma

• Ewing’ sarcoma

• Leukemia

• Sickle  cell with bone infarction

ETIOLOGY

• Neonate– Strephylococcus  group B

– Staphylococcus aureus

– Gram Negative

• Infant & Preschool– Staphylococcus aureus

– Strephylococcus  group A

– Haemophilus influenzae

• Children to Adult– Staphylococcus aureus

– Vary

Etiology:Common Bacterial organism

1. Neonate : Staphylococcus aureus

Strep. Gr. B

Gm.  negative

2. Infant & : Staph.  aureus, H.influenzae

Preschool

3.Children  :  Staph. aureus

Acute  osteomyelitis : Management

• Aspiration

• Conservative

• Surgical

Acute osteomyelitis:Aspiration

• 16‐18 gauge needle inserted  at area  of maximal tenderness

Pus Aspirate, Gm stain     OR

hild iNo Pus Young child       into    

metaphysis       C/S

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Acute Hemato. Osteomyelitis:Conservative treatment

• Admission

• Intravenous fluidIntravenous fluid

• Bed rest, splinting, traction

• Antibiotics

ACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS : ANTIBIOTIC  THERAPY

• Initial  with intravenous route

• Dose – maximum in range e.g.  50‐100 mg/kg/d

• Criteria  for switching  to  oral  medication          ‐ vary  

in  each  institute

Osteomyelitis: Antibitic 

HematogenousHematogenous--empiric treatmentempiric treatment

EtiologiesEtiologies Primary RxPrimary Rx Alternative RxAlternative Rx CommentsComments

Newborn (0Newborn (0--4 mos.)4 mos.) S. aureus, GmS. aureus, Gm--neg neg bacilli, Gr. B strepbacilli, Gr. B strep

Anti staph Pen Anti staph Pen + Ceph 3+ Ceph 3

Vanco + Ceph 3Vanco + Ceph 3 Rx minimum 21 dRx minimum 21 d

Children (>4 mos.)Children (>4 mos.) S. aureus, Gr. A strep, S. aureus, Gr. A strep, coliforms rare coliforms rare

Anti staph Pen Anti staph Pen /Ceph 1 /Ceph 1 +/+/ Ceph 3Ceph 3

Vanco/ClindaVanco/Clinda IV then oral until IV then oral until 33--6 wks.6 wks.

+/+/-- Ceph 3Ceph 3

Adult (>21yrs)Adult (>21yrs) S. aureus, +variesS. aureus, +varies Anti staph Pen 1Anti staph Pen 1--2 2 gm q6 h IV gm q6 h IV /Cefazolin 1/Cefazolin 1--2 2 gm IV q8 hgm IV q8 h

Vanco 1 gm q12h Vanco 1 gm q12h IVIV

Empiric RxEmpiric Rx

AdultAdult--Drug abuse, dialysisDrug abuse, dialysis

S. aureus, P. aeruginosaS. aureus, P. aeruginosa Anti staph Pen Anti staph Pen + CIP+ CIP

Vanco + CIPVanco + CIP

AdultAdult--compromisecompromise

Salmonella sp.Salmonella sp. FluoroquinoloneFluoroquinolone Ceph 3Ceph 3

Splint & Traction

ACUTE  OSTEOMYELITIS : INDICATION  FOR  OPEN  DRAINAGE

1. Present  with  abscess

2. Present  with osteomyelitis  adjacent to   the 

joint – hip, shoulder, ankle & elbow

3. No  improvement  after  48 hrs. of    

conservative  treatment

4. To  rule  out  malignancy

OSTEOMYELITIS :SURGICAL  TREATMENT

• Incise periosteum

• Avoid additional elevation of periosteum

• Suction / copious irrigation of pus

• Tiny drill hole in metaphysis ??• Tiny drill hole in metaphysis, ??

• Small  abscess ‐ close over drain

• Large  abscess ‐ leave open

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ORAL  THERAPY : NELSON  CRITERIA

• Prerequisites

‐ adequate response to I.V. Rx

‐ able to swallow medication

‐ compliance assured‐stable home situation p

‐ established etiologic agent

‐ lab  to perform  bactericidal titers (1:8)

• Dosage‐ 2 ‐3 times  usual oral dosage

‐ 45‐60 min. after suspension

‐ 11/2‐2 hrs. after capsule

ORAL  THERAPY: GREEN, U. Missouri/ Columbia

• Early acute

* I.V. therapy for 2 to 5 days

* If response, discharge on oral ATB

without obtaining titerswithout obtaining titers

• Late acute

* Surgical  drainage, almost universal

* I.V. therapy for 7 to 14 days* Switch to P.O. therapy (Nelson ) 

Mornitoring  Response  of  Treatment

Early ‐ fever, constitutinal  symptoms,tenderness

Intermediate C ‐ reactive protein better than ESRCRP normal ESR normal  

Osteomyelitis only 6  + 3  days             17 + 10  daysOsteo+septic jt.    11 + 7 days              25 + 12 days

Late(6weeks)persistent tenderness ‐ need more therapyX‐ray, ESR

COMPLICATIONS  OF OSTEOMYELITIS

Concomitant  Septic Arthritis– Typically, present like  septic arthritis

With younger age (<

Distant seedingDistant seedingpneumonia,pericarditispneumonia,pericarditisPathological fracturePathological fractureChronic osteomyelitisChronic osteomyelitis

– With  younger age              (<  10 months)

– Longer duration, prior Rx  for  oteitis media,etc

– Sequelae common :‐ hip, shoulder

Growth disturbanceGrowth disturbanceMorbidity/mortalityMorbidity/mortality

SUBACUTEOSTEOMYELITIS CHRONIC OSTEOMYLITIS

• Clinical Manifestation

– Sinus Tract–Bone Pain–Acute Inflammation

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CHRONIC OSTEOMYLITIS CHRONIC OSTEOMYLITIS

CHRONIC OSTEOMYLITIS Chronic Osteomyelitis

• Factor for Predisposing– Degree of bone necrosis

– Nutrition

Age– Age

– Infecting organism

– Comorbidity

– Drug abuse

Posttraumatic Osteomyelitis 

• Factors that contribute– Presence of hypotension 

– Inadequate debridement of the fracture site

Malnutrition– Malnutrition

– Alcoholism

– Smoking 

SEPTIC ARTHRITIS

•Hematogenous spread

•Direct inoculation•Contiguous spreadContiguous spread

• Shoulder ‐ proximal humerus

• Elbow ‐ radial neck• Hip ‐ proximal femur

• Ankle ‐ distal fibula

• Infection from surgical wound

Page 10: OBJECTIVE BONE AND JOINT - Mahidol University · INFECTION OF BONE AND JOINT ... • Tumors – Osteosarcoma ... Microsoft PowerPoint - Infection bone & joint01อ.ธนพจน์

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SEPTIC ARTHRITIS: Dx

• History and physical examinations

• Classic triad – fever , swelling and tenderness (effusion)

• Limitation of joint motion

• Resting position e.g. Hip‐ abduction, ext. rotation, flexion

• Laboratory studies

• CBC ‐ PMN in acute infection

• ESR ‐ occur at 3‐5 d , return to normal 3 wk.

• CRP ‐ within 6 hr. , return to normal 1 wk.

• Synovial fluid analysis

• Microbiologic studies

Joint Fluid Analysis

Disease WBC NeutrophilNormal <200 <25%Trauma <5000 <25%Trauma 5000 25%Toxic Synovitis 5000-15,000 <25%RF 10,000-15,000 50%JRA 15,000-80,000 75%Septic >80,000 >75%

Pathology

• Hyperemia

• Infiltrate c PMN

• Cell death , degrade cartilage B i l i l i• Bacterial toxin , proteolytic enzymes

• Destruction of cartilage• 4 ‐ 6 d after infection

• Complete in 4 wk.

• Joint dislocation / subluxation / osteomyelitis

Pathophysiology

Bacterial inoculationBacterial inoculation MacrophageMacrophage

Inflammatory ResponseInflammatory Response

Metalloproteases EnzymeMetalloproteases Enzyme

ILIL--11

Collagen and Cartilage damageCollagen and Cartilage damage

ChondrocyteChondrocyte

Site of Aspiration

Page 11: OBJECTIVE BONE AND JOINT - Mahidol University · INFECTION OF BONE AND JOINT ... • Tumors – Osteosarcoma ... Microsoft PowerPoint - Infection bone & joint01อ.ธนพจน์

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Treatment

• 3 essential principles• Joint must be adequately drained• ATB must be given to diminish the systemic effects of sepsis

• Joint must be rested in a stable positionJo t ust be ested a stab e pos t o

• Initial ATB ‐ base on age and risk factor• S. aureus .‐ requiring 4 ‐ 6 wk • Neisseria, Streptococcus, H. influenza 

• Rapid response to ATB , short duration ( < 2 wk.)

• Drainage should be perform for all septic arthritis

SEPTIC ARTHRITIS: Complications 

• Pathologic dislocation 

• Osteomyelitis

• Persistent infection• Persistent infection

• AVN

• Destruction of epiphysis

• SCFE

Prognosis

• Duration before diagnosis

• Extreme age

• Virulence of organisms

• Adequate surgical treatments

THE END