objective: chapter 13- biotechnology. biotechnology the use of organisms to perform practical tasks...
TRANSCRIPT
Objective: Chapter 13- Biotechnology
Biotechnology
• The use of organisms to perform practical tasks for humans.
Recombinant DNA Technology
• Putting a gene from one organism into another (plasmid). “AKA gene splicing”
PlasmidCircular piece of bacterial DNA that replicates
separate from the larger chromosome (in bacteria only)
Making a Recombinant DNA Molecule
• Restriction enzymes: found only in bacteria and is harvested to cut DNA at specific locations
How does it work?Human DNA DNA of Bacteria
How does it know where to cut?
Restriction enzymes recognize and cut (splice) the DNA only at specific nucleotide sequences
How does it work?
Once the DNA is cut, there are sticky ends:
Sticky ends: unpaired bases at the ends of the DNA where the enzymes have cut
DNA Ligase:
The “glue” that joins the 2 different DNA strands together
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x2jUMG2E-ic
Gene TherapyHuman DNA DNA of Bacteria
Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)
• Any organism that has aquired one or more genes by artificial means. (ex: a plant that contains a gene to delay ripening) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TpmNfv
1jKuA
Cloning
• A technique used to make genetically identical organisms called clones–Easy to clone bacteria, difficult to clone
multicellular organisms like animals
• First cloned mammal was Dolly, a sheep cloned in 1997
• Cloning humans raises serious ethical concerns (is it right or wrong?)
What happened to Dolly?
Dolly was the first organism that was successfully cloned.
Born: 1998Died: 2003Cause: lung
disease
SummaryWhat are the steps in cloning
a sheep?1. Take a nucleus from the
cell of one sheep2. Take an egg cell from
another sheep and take the nucleus out
3. Fuse the nucleus and the egg cell
4. Grow the cells5. Insert the cells in the
uterus of a foster mother
Do these cells look alike? Do they function alike?
Gene Expression
• Gene expression is the transcription and translation of genes into proteins (genes are “turned on” and a protein is made)
-All cells in the body have the same 30,000 genes on the same 46 chromosomes
Cellular Differentiation
• Cells become specialized in structure and function (heart cell, brain cell, lung cell)
Differentiation
Blastula
EmbryoEmbryo
Zygote
Stem Cells
• Undifferentiated Cells• Have the potential to differentiate into
various types of cells