Objective: To examine the immediate causes of the U.S. Civil War.

Do Now: p. 446 Map, Graph, and Chart Skills #2

John Brown’s Raid:

• In 1859, John Brown and his followers seized a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia.

John Brown in August, 1859.

Interior view of the engine house at Harpers Ferry during the siege.

View photos of eight members of Brown’s raiding party.

John Brown painting at Harper's Ferry

Engine house at Harpers Ferry.

Marines storm the engine house.

• Brown was caught and sentenced to death by hanging.

Brown as a wounded prisoner after his capture.

Brown being carried from court to prison.

Last Moments of John Brown

(painting by Thomas Hovenden)

The hanging of John Brown.

Brown's grave in North Elba, New York

"Now, if it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life

for the furtherance of the ends of justice, and mingle my

blood further with the blood of millions in this slave country

whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust

enactments, I say, let it be done."

 --John Brown, statement at his sentencing on Nov. 2, 1859

"[John Brown is] that new saint, than whom none purer or more brave was ever led by love of men into conflict and death,--the new saint awaiting his martyrdom, and who, if he shall suffer, will make the gallows glorious like the cross."--Ralph Waldo Emerson, from his lecture "Courage," delivered in Boston on Nov. 8, 1859

Election of 1860:Main Candidates

Abraham Lincoln

(Republican)

Stephen Douglas

(Northern Democrat)

John Breckinridge

(Southern Democrat)

John Bell(Constitutional

Union)

* Lincoln won the election.

• In response to Lincoln’s victory, the southern states seceded from the Union in 1861, forming the Confederate States of America.

Secession:

Original Confederate flag Eventual Confederate flag

• Jefferson Davis was named the president of the Confederacy.

Civil War: Union v. Confederacy

• Fort Sumter, South Carolina, was important because it guarded Charleston harbor

* The Civil War had now begun!

Fort Sumter

• Therefore, the Confederates attacked, defeating the Union soldiers.

Ruffin, Pvt. Edmund, Confederate soldier who fired the first shot against Fort Sumter

Anderson, Maj. Robert, defender of Fort Sumter

Bombardment of Fort Sumter, Charleston Harbor April 12 and 13, 1861

Fort Sumter, S.C., April 4, 1861, under the Confederate flag.