objective: you will be able to describe the structure and function of carbohydrates do now: read...
DESCRIPTION
Inorganic versus Organic compoundsTRANSCRIPT
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Objective: You will be able to describe the structure and function of carbohydrates
Do Now: Read “Macromolecules” on p. 45 Differentiate between monomers and
polymers
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Figure 5.2 The synthesis and breakdown of polymers
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Inorganic versus Organic compounds
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6
CCarbon
Section 2-1
An Element in the Periodic Table
H1
Hydrogen+
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Types of Organic Compounds Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
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Functions
– Readily available source of energy
– Energy storage
– Strong building materials
Carbohydrates
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Structure
– Consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
– Hydrogen and oxygen are always in a 2:1 ratio
– Can have a linear or a ring structure
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Starch
Glucose
Section 2-3
Figure 2-13 A Starch
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Figure 5.5 Examples of disaccharide synthesis
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Figure 5.6 Storage polysaccharides
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Figure 5.9 Chitin, a structural polysaccharide: exoskeleton and surgical thread
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Benedicts tests for Monosaccharides like Glucose
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Iodine tests for Polysaccharides like starch
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Objective: You will be able to describe the structure and function of lipids. Do Now:Read “Lipids” pages 46 and 47Give the functions of lipids
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Lipids have several functions: Long term energy storage Make up cell membranes Work as steroids
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Structure of Lipids
Consists of one glycerol and three fatty acids
Fatty acids are long chains of carbon and hydrogen
Greater than 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
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Figure 5.10 The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol
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Figure 5.11 Examples of saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids
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Figure 5.14 Cholesterol, a steroid
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Objective: You will be able to describe the structure and function of proteins.
Do Now:Read “Proteins” on pages 47 and 48Give ALL of the functions of proteins
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Protein Functions
•Enzymes
•Hormones
•Makes up muscle tissue
•Transport materials
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Protein Structure•Made up of amino acids
– Proteins have 1000’s of amino acids joined together
– But there are only 20 different amino acids– The order you place them determine what
protein you make
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Protein Structure cont…•Contain the elements:
– Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen
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An Amino Acid
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Building a protein from amino acids
OH
DESMOSOMES
DESMOSOMESDESMOSOMES
OH
CH2
C
N
H
C
H O
H OH OH
Peptidebond
OH
OH
OH
H H
HH
H
H
H
H
H
H H
H
N
N N
N N
SH Side chains
SH
OO
O O O
H2O
CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2 CH2
C C C C C C
C CC C
Peptidebond
Amino end(N-terminus)
Backbone
(a)
Figure 5.18 (b) Carboxyl end(C-terminus)
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Objective: You will be able to describe the structure and function of nucleic acids.
Do Now:Read “Nucleic Acids” on page 47 Give the function of nucleic acids
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids are contain genetic information that is passed on to the next generation.
There are two types:– DNA– RNA
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids are made up of blocks called nucleotides
Nucleotides have A:– Phosphate group– Sugar– Nitrogenous Base
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Figure 5.29 The components of nucleic acids
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Figure 16.3 The structure of a DNA stand
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Figure 16.5 The double helix
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TRANSCRIPTION RNA is transcribedfrom a DNA template.
DNA
RNApolymerase
RNAtranscript
RNA PROCESSING In eukaryotes, theRNA transcript (pre-mRNA) is spliced andmodified to producemRNA, which movesfrom the nucleus to thecytoplasm.
Exon
Poly-A
RNA transcript(pre-mRNA)
Intron
NUCLEUSCap
FORMATION OFINITIATION COMPLEX
After leaving thenucleus, mRNA attachesto the ribosome.
CYTOPLASM
mRNA
Poly-A
Growingpolypeptide
Ribosomalsubunits
Cap
Aminoacyl-tRNAsynthetase
AminoacidtRNA
AMINO ACID ACTIVATION
Each amino acidattaches to its proper tRNAwith the help of a specificenzyme and ATP.
Activatedamino acid
TRANSLATION A succession of tRNAsadd their amino acids tothe polypeptide chainas the mRNA is movedthrough the ribosomeone codon at a time.(When completed, thepolypeptide is releasedfrom the ribosome.)
Anticodon
A CC
A A AUG GUU UA U G
UACE A
Ribosome
1
Poly-A
5
5
3
Codon
2
3 4
5
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Figure 16.6 Base pairing in DNA
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Objective: You will be able to describe the structure and function of enzymes.
Do Now:Read “Enzyme Action” on pages 52-53 What do we call the area where the substrate fits?
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Enzymes•Catalysts can speed up or slow down a reaction
•Organic catalysts are called enzymes.
Why do we refer to enzymes as being organic?
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Enzymes•Enzymes are a type of protein.
What do we call the small units that we put together to make proteins?Where would you place enzymes on your concept map?
•An enzyme is usually used to make a chemical reaction go faster
•The enzyme does not get used up during the reaction so that it can be reused again and again.
Why do you think it is an advantage of the cell to be able to reuse enzymes?
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EnzymesEnzymes work on molecules called substrates
The substrate actually fits into a spot on the enzyme called the active site
Each enzyme has a VERY specific shape to their active site
Usually only one substrate can fit into the active site of a specific enzyme
Why do you think that scientists refer to enzymes as being specific?
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The catalytic cycle of an enzyme
Substrates
Products
Enzyme
Enzyme-substratecomplex
1 Substrates enter active site; enzymechanges shape so its active siteembraces the substrates (induced fit).
2 Substrates held inactive site by weakinteractions, such ashydrogen bonds andionic bonds.
3 Active site (and R groups ofits amino acids) can lower EA
and speed up a reaction by• acting as a template for substrate orientation,• stressing the substrates and stabilizing the transition state,• providing a favorable microenvironment,• participating directly in the catalytic reaction.
4 Substrates are Converted intoProducts.
5 Products areReleased.
6 Active siteIs available fortwo new substrateMole.
Figure 8.17
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What can affect Enzymes doing their jobs?
•Temperature
•pH
•These two factors affect enzymes because they change its shape
•The substrate will not fit into the active site anymore