objectives of the wt bref review - burondt.ru
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Environmental Aspects of the Industrial Development6 – 7 June 2018, St Petersburg European IPPC Bureau
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The European Commission’s
science and knowledge service
Joint Research Centre
The collection and analysis of
plant-specific emission data
for the review of
the Waste Incineration BREF
Frederik Neuwahl
European IPPC Bureau
Environmental Aspects of the Industrial Development6 – 7 June 2018, St Petersburg European IPPC Bureau
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Outline
1. The Waste Incineration (WI) sector in Europe: general aspects and applicable EU legislation
2. The WI BREF review
3. Highlights of the WI data collection compared to otherexamples
4. Highlights of the data analysis: determination of BAT and BAT-AELs
5. Conclusions: advantages and pitfalls of an increased level of data intensity
Environmental Aspects of the Industrial Development6 – 7 June 2018, St Petersburg European IPPC Bureau
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WI Sector: a cornerstone of municipal waste management in EU
Environmental Aspects of the Industrial Development6 – 7 June 2018, St Petersburg European IPPC Bureau
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The WI Sector: Waste-to-Energy Plants in Europe 2015
Environmental Aspects of the Industrial Development6 – 7 June 2018, St Petersburg European IPPC Bureau
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The WI Sector: legal framework and current review
• Directive 2008/98/EC on waste (Waste Framework Directive): legal framework and basic principles for the treatment of waste in the EU
• Directive 2000/76/EC on the incineration of waste (WID): technical requirements on incineration and co-incineration plants. Permit obligations, emission limit values and monitoring for pollutants (repealed by the IED)
• WID became the basis of Chapter IV and Annex VI in Directive 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions (IED)
• BREF for Waste Incineration (2006, under the IPPC Directive): BAT for the sector and associated emission level ranges (BAT-AELs)
• Current WI BREF review: first legally binding review of the emission limits of the IED, started 2014. Final TWG meeting in April 2018
Environmental Aspects of the Industrial Development6 – 7 June 2018, St Petersburg European IPPC Bureau
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The WI BREF review: the process
Industry(105) Member States (110)
+ EFTA and Accession Countries(3)TWG(246)
kick-off meeting
Draft 1 (D1)
Draft 2 (D2)*
Final TWG meeting (90)
Final draft
Bulk informationQuestionnaires
TWG comments
* optional
Pre-final draft
• Forum opinion on BREF
• Adoption of BAT conclusions through the IED Article 75 Committee
BREF BATconclu-
sions
Environmental Aspects of the Industrial Development6 – 7 June 2018, St Petersburg European IPPC Bureau
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Key objectives of the plant-specific data collection
• To support:• the determination of BAT
• the determination of the emission levels associated with BAT (BAT-AELs) and of other environmental performance levels
• BAT:• Best: most effective in achieving a high level of environmental protection
• Available: allowing economically and technically viable implementation, taking into conisderation costs and advantages
• Technique: both the technology and the way it is designed, built, maintained, operated…
• BAT-AEL: • the range of emission levels obtained under normal operating conditions
using a BAT or a combination of BATs
Environmental Aspects of the Industrial Development6 – 7 June 2018, St Petersburg European IPPC Bureau
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Some general principles of the data collection and analysis
• For each plant, to collect data on:• the techniques that are in place
• the emission levels that are achieved
• specific conditions and driving forces
• So as to be able to establish relationships between: • techniques
• emission levels
• applicability (including possible technical and economic restrictions)
Environmental Aspects of the Industrial Development6 – 7 June 2018, St Petersburg European IPPC Bureau
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36
7V
34
V
25
3V
14
1V
36
8V
17
V
21
9V
C
66
2V
41
5-1
V5
47
V4
15
-2V
12
3V
C1
31
V
19
7V
C1
98
VC
13
2V
C
12
1V
C1
00
5V
14
2V
C
13
4V
C
12
4b
VC
12
4fV
C3
66
V
26
VC
22
1V
C2
67
V2
68
V
13
8V
C2
23
V
13
9V
C
12
2b
VC
12
2a
VC
18
9V
10
1V
14
6V
77
V
37
6N
V
38
6-2
V
38
6-3
V
47
8-2
47
8-1
43
7V
44
4V 24
V
44
3-2
V4
43
-1V
21
2V
47
9V
38
8N
V4
96
VC
21
1V 38
4-2
V
38
4-1
V3
86
-4V
38
6-1
V3
84
-3V
38
0V
44
2V
43
5-2
V
43
4V
44
1-1
V
44
1-2
V
59
3-3
VC
43
8V
49
3V
C
61
7V
44
9V
43
5-1
V
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
NH
3-
mg
/Nm
3a
t 6
% O
2
NO
Xa
nd
CO
-m
g/N
m3
at 6
% O
2
Plant codes
Coal-fired boilers PC boilers of > 300 MWth
NOX - CO - NH3 emission concentrations - Yearly averages*BP 1.3.3.2.4 - BATc table 10.3
At least two primary techniques and SCR
One primary technique and SCR
SCR alone
Primary technique and SNCR
SNCR alone
Primary techniques (LNB+Air staging)
Other primary techniques
No information about technique for NOx
CO yearly average emissions
NH3 yearly average emissions
* 5th and 95th percentile of short-term values are represented as * 5th and 95th percentile of short-term values are represented as span
Two clearly distinguished groups of plants:• Fitted with SCR• Fitted with primary
techniques only
Typical data collection and analysis: an example from the LCP BREF
Min
imu
m
5th
pc
Ave
rage
95
th p
c
97
th p
c
Max
imu
m
Ave
ragi
ng
per
iod
Did
OTN
OC
occ
ur?
NOx 78.3 129.8 137.8 150.5 151.1 264.5 Daily No
CO 1.7 22.7 62.3 85.9 87.1 217.7 Daily No
NH3 0.03 Periodic No
(mg/Nm3)
(mg/Nm3)
(mg/Nm3)
Environmental Aspects of the Industrial Development6 – 7 June 2018, St Petersburg European IPPC Bureau
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The WI BREF review: some key complexities (1)Waste has variable composition, which can substantially affectemissions (peaks). How far should such peaks be reflected in the BAT-AEL ranges?
Averaging periods:
• Specific events in the operation of the plant (e.g. malfunction of theabatement system) will affect the emission levels the most in theshort term, but, once normal operation has resumed, the longerthe averaging period, the smaller the effect (yearly averages are usually relatively insensitive to such events)
• Under current EU legislation, the WI sector only uses daily and half-hourly ELVs, without any long-term approach. This makes the data analysis potentially very sensitive to how the data is handled. Extreme care is necessary.
Environmental Aspects of the Industrial Development6 – 7 June 2018, St Petersburg European IPPC Bureau
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The WI BREF review: some key complexities (2)Compliance assessment:
• BAT-based permit conditions contain ELVs that ensure that, undernormal operating conditions (NOC), the emissions do not exceedthe BAT-AELs
• They also contain measures for other than NOC (OTNOC)
• The IED contains some examples of OTNOC (e.g. start-up, shutdown), but no comprehensive definition. This falls to thecompetent authorities
• However, Chapter IV and Annex VI of the IED also contain detailed provisions for the WI sector, requiring existing ELVs to be complied with under the Effective Operating Time (EOT), as well as certain operating conditions to be respected whenever waste is being incinerated
Environmental Aspects of the Industrial Development6 – 7 June 2018, St Petersburg European IPPC Bureau
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The most detailed data collection and analysis done for a BREF
Performance levels are usually derived from indicators as reported by operators
• Typical case: minimum, 5th percentile, average, 95th percentile, maximum (5 values)
• This case: half-hourly values for the entire year (17520 values) for 9 pollutants
• Including operating parameters (temperature, flow rate, wasteinput, fuel input) and qualitative descriptors
• For ~350 WI lines across Europe
• A data set of ~100 million data points
Environmental Aspects of the Industrial Development6 – 7 June 2018, St Petersburg European IPPC Bureau
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Analysing the performance of individual plants
0
200
400
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1000
1200
0
10
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30
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50
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0:0
0:0
0
2:3
0:0
0
5:0
0:0
0
7:3
0:0
0
10
:00
:00
12
:30
:00
15
:00
:00
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:30
:00
20
:00
:00
22
:30
:00
1:0
0:0
0
3:3
0:0
0
6:0
0:0
0
8:3
0:0
0
11
:00
:00
13
:30
:00
16
:00
:00
18
:30
:00
21
:00
:00
23
:30
:00
2:0
0:0
0
4:3
0:0
0
7:0
0:0
0
9:3
0:0
0
12
:00
:00
14
:30
:00
17
:00
:00
19
:30
:00
22
:00
:00
0:3
0:0
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0:0
0
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0:0
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:30
:00
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:00
:00
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:30
:00
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:00
:00
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:30
:00
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:00
:00
1:3
0:0
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0:0
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0:0
0
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:30
:00
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:00
:00
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:30
:00
19
:00
:00
21
:30
:00
Dust, mg/Nm3 Temperature, deg C
Example: Dust emissions from an incinerator fitted with bag filter over a five-day period
Stop Restart NOC/OTNOC?
4 April 5 April 6 April 7 April 8 April
Flow rate Operating Dust TOC HCl HF SO2 NOx NH3 Hg CO Temperature Waste input
Support fuel
input
Day Hour Nm3/h Condition mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 Additional information deg C t/h MJ/h
29 March 2014 22:00 17092.103 STOP analyser out of operation 94.72516683 0 0
29 March 2014 22:30 97913.378 STOP analyser out of operation 213.0316427 0 0
29 March 2014 23:00 84035.881 AUX analyser out of operation 184.9281031 0 234.564511
29 March 2014 23:30 64438.385 AUX analyser out of operation 545.2173197 0 59062.1971
30 March 2014 00:00 84324.48 WSTART analyser out of operation 644.3633016 2.6301647 74999.9928
30 March 2014 00:30 88729.745 WSTART analyser out of operation 674.358903 8.24431529 77932.8016
30 March 2014 01:00 33517.89 WSTART analyser out of operation 670.0787069 15.1317423 52488.9841
30 March 2014 01:30 51860.018 WSTART 0.285408 7.841046 0.623142 12.68368 72.19995 0.664078 301.4057 793.2023885 28.0297474 31850.2857
30 March 2014 02:00 74901.214 WSTART 0.306542 1.568916 0.883806 0 122.6483 0.906981 16.64876 865.8425741 42.0536385 2349.71005
30 March 2014 02:30 99655.812 1.838987 0.85715 0.823453 0 36.69942 0.842529 10.08386 855.1158936 51.2777341 0
30 March 2014 03:00 108930.87 1.110442 0.707345 0.668074 0 55.69817 0.888425 8.937527 854.012736 57.7825713 0
30 March 2014 03:30 111107.93 0.588161 0.643348 0.581129 0 75.17733 0.862429 8.790571 842.0087118 51.3124092 0
Environmental Aspects of the Industrial Development6 – 7 June 2018, St Petersburg European IPPC Bureau
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Objectives of the "data filtering" analysis
Comparing the performance levels that are derived when including or excluding certain categories of operating conditions, which could in principle be considered OTNOC and excluded from the compliance assessment framework
Assessing how much difference this makes, and building confidence in the level of discretion that the Member States and their competent authorities will have in setting permit conditions, while ensuring that the BAT-AELs are achievable under technically and economically viable conditions
Environmental Aspects of the Industrial Development6 – 7 June 2018, St Petersburg European IPPC Bureau
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Comparing different methods to calculate performance levels
Larger variability
Small variability
Example: Maxima of daily HCl emissions from Non-Hazardous Waste Incinerators
No data filter
Exclude when minimum T is not fulfilled, or flow rateis near zero
Exclude SU-SD when no waste is on the grate
Exclude extended SU-SD, malfunctions, and breaches of the ½ hourly limits
A smaller variability should in principle reflect stable plant operation, enabling theplant to keep low emission levels throughout a broad range of operating conditions
But could also reflect some limitations in the data collection. Also when thevariability is large
Environmental Aspects of the Industrial Development6 – 7 June 2018, St Petersburg European IPPC Bureau
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Associating performance levels to techniques: BAT-AELs Example: Maxima of daily HCl emissions from Non-Hazardous WasteIncinerators
When higher levels are reported, theseare associated with dry techniques
Plants fitted with wet scrubbers always <8 mg/Nm3
And mostly much below
Does this mean that only wet scrubbers should be considered BAT?
Environmental Aspects of the Industrial Development6 – 7 June 2018, St Petersburg European IPPC Bureau
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Conclusions (1)
Usually, the data collection supporting a BREF review relies on plant operators to provide a limited number of key indicators for the plant´s performance
With the WI BREF review, a much more data-intensive approach was undertaken, allowing for an in-depth analysis of how the emission levels are influenced by specific operating conditions of the plantThis was found to be particularly relevant when the emphasis is on BAT-AELs expressed for a short-term averaging period, and when there are specific issues related to the assessment of compliance with the emission levels
Environmental Aspects of the Industrial Development6 – 7 June 2018, St Petersburg European IPPC Bureau
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Conclusions (2)This also comes at a substantial additional cost in terms of resources: • From each plant operator: filling in an additional questionnaire
with continuously measured emissions, process parameters and feeding crane weight signals. And checking the control roomlogs for all available information on what was happening at eachmoment
• From EIPPCB side: development of a bespoke software tool for data analysis (several months of programming); detailed manual checks, for each plant, of the specific reasons for any substantial differences in emission levels obtained with different data filters
Complete data is very hard to obtain, and without complete data much of the analysis is not possible. A big additional effort, which requires the dedicated cooperation of all parties involved.
Environmental Aspects of the Industrial Development6 – 7 June 2018, St Petersburg European IPPC Bureau
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