4th Group

BurhanudinDwi RuadiantoroSilvia Fatma Noor

RohimaSyafiq HibatullahWahid Wahyudin

Modal Verbs“Obligation and Necessity”

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English Lesson

Modals

•Modal verbs (also called modal auxiliary verbs, modal auxiliaries) usually express a speaker’s attitude or “moods”.

•For example, modals can express that a speaker feels something is necessary, advisable, permissible, possible or probable.

Structure of Modal Verbs

I

Modal Verb(can /should, etc.)

Bare Infinitive(without TO)

You

He

She

It

We

They

Modals “Must, Have tot to, and Have to”

• Must is the strongest modal verb of the three and is most common in writing. It is unusual to use must in questions and negative.

*to show very strong obligation that can’t be ignored.

• Have got to is most common in informal speech. It is not used in questions.

*Used in informal conversations. Rarely used as a negative.

• Have to is the most commonly used modal of obligation. It is useful for forming questions and negatives.

*Used in all forms and situations (formal and informal).

I must study tonight.

I have got to study tonight.

She has to study tonight.Does she have to study tonight?

PRESENT TIME

• We must show our passport at the airport.• I have got to pay my

phone bill soon.• They have to go to the

meeting today.

PAST TIME

• Last night, we had to show our passport at the airport.• I had to pay my phone

bill this morning.• They had to go to the

meeting yesterday.

Remember: “have got to” and “have to” are modal verbs and require a simple verb to follow the. The “to” is part of the modal; it is not an infinitive “to”.

There is only one way to express past time with these modal verbs: HAD TO (There is no past tense of must/have got to).

Must is also used when imposing an obligation on oneself: I must stop having strong drinks in the morning I must wake up earlier

Must is quite common in written instructions and notices: You must wear a helmet on the building site Filters must be changed every year

Strong personal opinions are frequently stated by using must: Terrorism must be stopped at any cost The peace process must be accelerated

Must is normally used when something needs to be done urgently: We must phone for an ambulance We must call the police

Remember that must is stronger than have to and can sound inappropriate, or even blunt and impolite.

MUST

Have got to

• Use have got to to tell when something is necessary for present and future tenses. It’s use for informal situation

Example: I have got to study tonight.

• Negative form of Have got to is very uncommon in English spoken.

• Use form of “have to” for question and for past instead of “have got to”.

• Have got to is often contracted as: I've got to and sounds like “I've gotta...”

Have to

• Use have to for all tenses

Examples: > I have to go now or  I’ll  miss the bus.

> We have to start now.

> We had to do a lot of homework.

> We will have to finish the project next week.

• Be careful! The subject and verb must agree for he/she/it subjects and the question form requires “Do/Does/Did”.

Example: > He has to study tonight.

Does he have to study tonight?

> She has to leave now.

Does she have to leave now? 

Have to in Negative and Question

• Use don’t / doesn’t have to when something is not necessary (when there is a choice) or is lack of necessity

Example: Today is Sunday, We don’t have to go to school this morning.

I can hear you, you don’t have to shout.

•We can use “Have to” form for questionExample : Do you have to go to the beach?

• NOTE: MUST and HAVE TO have different meanings in questions. - Do I have to pay the full amount now? (Is it necessary for

me…?)-Must I stay for the whole meeting? (Do you insist that I…?)

MUSTN’T and DON’T HAVE TO

• Although must and have to both express obligation, mustn’t and don’t have to have different meanings.

• MUSTN’T means “don’t do it” and DON’T HAVE TO means “it’s not necessary to do it”:

• We mustn’t make a lot of noise (= it is wrong to do this and it isn’t allowed)

• You don’t have to stay at school until you’re 18. (= you are not obliged to but you can if you want)

SHOULD/OUGHT TO

•SHOULD/OUGHT TO: express duty, weak obligation. These are less emphatic than MUST/HAVE TO:

You should think about it before you make a final decision.

Necessity with Need

Need is used in the sense of 'require'. It has the usual forms needs and needed. Usually, need is followed by an infinitive with to.Example : > Everyone needs to be punctual.

> Everybody needs to be loved. > You need to work until late tonight.

NOTE: NEED can be used as a modal verb or as a main verb with no change in meaning:

> Need I put more oil in my car?> Do I need to put more oil in my car?

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• We can use NEED like a normal verb in all the tenses, but it can also be used as a modal verb in questions and in the negative:

Need I come with you? (=Do I need to come with you?)I needn’t come. (if I don’t want to) (=I don’t need to come. /

I don’t have to come)• In positive statements, we say:I need to come. (not I need come.)

I needn't buy any more bread; I have plenty here.But I need to buy some vegetables.

Absence of necessity/obligation

Don’t have to and don’t need to indicate absence of necessity/obligation; don’t need to (as well as needn’t) tend to express the personal opinion of the speaker more than don’t have to.

He doesn’t need to wear a tie at work *it is not necessary for him to wear a tieWe don’t have to wash the dishes, there’s a washing

machine! *it is not necessary to wash the dishes

Modal verb needn’t is used, especially in British English, to say that something is unnecessary. It is much less common than need to or have to used as ordinary verbs:

You needn’t worry. I’ll be fine.We needn’t bring snowshoes. We can rent them there.

Modal Verb Meaning Expressing Example

must

to have to 100 % obligation I must stop when the traffic lights turn red.

to be very probable logical conclusion (deduction)

He must be very tired after such enormous work

must not not to be allowed to prohibition You must not smoke in the hospital.

can

to be able to ability I can swim

to be allowed to permission Can I use your phone please?

it is possible possibility Smoking can cause cancer !

could

to be able to ability in the past When I was younger I could stay up all night and not get tired..

to be allowed to more polite permission

Excuse me, could I just say something?

it is possible possibility It could rain tomorrow!

mayto be allowed to permission May I use your phone

please?it is possible, probable

possibility, probability It may rain tomorrow!

might

to be allowed to more polite permission

Might I use your phone please?

it is possible, probable

weak possibility, probability

I might come and visit you in America next year, if I can save enough money.

Modal Verb Meaning Expressing Example

neednecessary necessity Need I say more?

need not

not necessary lack of necessity/absence of obligation

I need not buy any tomatoes. There are plenty in the fridge.

should/ought to

used to say or ask what is the correct or best thing to do

50 % obligation I should / ought to see a doctor. I have a terrible headache.

to suggest an action or to show that it is necessary

advice You should / ought to revise your lessons

to be very probable logical conclusion (deduction)

He should / ought to be very tired after such enormous work

had betterto suggest an action or to show that it is necessary

advice You 'd better revise your lessons

Exercise

1. Mom: You .... Finish your homework before you go and play. Udin : Ok, mom. a. Should c. Must e. Need b. Have to d. Need to2. Dwi : I .... Finish mowing the grass soon. Syafiq: Yes, it’s already getting too dark. a. Have to c. Need to e. Should b. Must d. Could

3. Mother: You .... Eat the spinach if you don’t like it. Wahid : Oh, thank God. a. Musn’t c. Don’t have to e. Couldn’t b. Wouldn’t d. Shouldn’t4. Jacob: Shall I help you with your shopping? Silvia : No, you .... . I can manage by myself. a. Shouldn’t c. Couldn’t e. Wouldn’t b. Musn’t d. Needn’t5. You .... the animals in the zoo. a. feed c. Must feed e. Couldn’t feed b. Musn’t feed d. Can feed

6. Adam: How about going out for movie? Yusuf: Sounds great, but I .... Fix my bicycle. a. Shall c. Must e. Have to b. Will d. Need to7. Salma : Would you like to go to the flower shop? Adinda: Sounds great, but I .... Take care my sister’s pet. a. Have to c. Need to e. Should b. Must d. Will 8. Where’s the toilet? I ..... go. a. Should c. Musn’t go c. Can b. Might d. Have to

9. You .... do your homework on Saturday morning. That way you have the rest of the week-end free. a. Might c. Ought to e. Needn’t b. Must d. Shouldn’t10. Tomorrow’s holiday. We .... get up early. a. Should c. Have to e. Need b. Might d. Don’t have to