observation systematic data collection approach. characteristics of observation prolonged engagement...
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Observation
Systematic Data Collection Approach
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Characteristics of Observation
• Prolonged engagement in a setting or social situation in order to:– become oriented to the situation so that the
context is appreciated and understood– be able to detect and account for distortions that
might be in the data– The researcher can rise above his or her own
preconceptions– The researcher builds trust
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Characteristics of Observation
• Clearly expressed, self-conscious notations of how observing is done– Positionality (Biases)– Researcher impact– Ethics
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Characteristics of Observation
• Clearly expressed, self-conscious notations of how observing is done– Positionality (Biases)– Researcher impact– Ethics
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Observation
Researcher
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Observation
Researcher
When does researcher proximity affect the behavior
of those observed?
When does observation become participant observation?
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Characteristics of Observation
• Clearly expressed, self-conscious notations of how observing is done– Positionality (Biases)– Researcher impact
• Recording observations• Prolonged engagement
– Ethics
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Characteristics of Observation
• Clearly expressed, self-conscious notations of how observing is done– Positionality (Biases)– Researcher impact
• Recording observations• Prolonged engagement
– Ethics• DO NO HARM!
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Characteristics of Observation
• Methodical and tactical improvisation in order to develop a full understanding of the setting of interest
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Characteristics of Observation
• Imparting attention in ways that is in some sense standardized– Observing something specific
• Driven by the problem statement• Driven by prior observation
– Observing from a model• Using a pre-existing coding structure
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Observing from a Model
Classroom observation
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Every act involving a choice or decision in teaching may be analyzed on three levels.
Technical: What exactly is going on? What is observed? What actions and behaviors are involved? What techniques are being used? This is a technical description of what you see.
Interpretive: What meaning did it have for whom? How is what is happening being experienced by individuals or groups? This is a description of the impact of what you see on the people involved.
Critical: Is this the best choice and for whom? Why is it good or not good? Is it ethical? Is it just? Does it have merit, value? By whose criteria or philosophy? This is a description of the value (ethics) of what is being observed.
These reflections are the basis for decisions you make as a teacher. Effective reflection—especially critical—is a key to understanding your own philosophy of education.
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Characteristics of Observation
• Recording observations– Context– Action– Narrative– Memoing
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Context
• Describe the environment– You may have to adjust the description
afterward– Make a drawing– Annotate the drawing during the observation– Take a picture– Gather anything you may need for later analysis
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How to Observe
• Writing neutral narratives– Keeping them neutral– Including enough detail– Using a focus
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Memos
• Don’t lose process thoughts while observing
• Memo types– Theoretical notes
• Constructivism requires a student centered curriculum
– Methodological notes• I should talk to Johnny as example of a low achiever
– Analytic memos• Bobby and Sally both wore expensive shoes
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Narrative Memos
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O.C. Observer Comment
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Observation Strategies
• Good observation notes read like the text of a stage play: blocking and dialog
• If you have a good enough recorder, consider recording– Describe action without dialog – More focus on writing field notes
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Observation Strategies
• If you can’t take notes while observing, write them immediately afterwards
• Even if you can take notes while observing, review notes immediately after you write them
• Taking notes– Hand written– Typing (Word or Excel documents)
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Excel
format/cells/alignment/wrapped
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Excel
Time stampsMac command-semicolonPC clt-shift-semicolon
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Creswell’s Data Collection CircleLocating site or individual
Gaining access and making rapport
Purposefully sampling
Collecting dataRecording information
Resolving field issues
Storing data
Coding
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Your assignment due later …
• Design a system for taking notes during an observation
• Decide on something to observe for 15 or 20 minutes that includes dialog– Be careful you have permission to do this
• Include description of the environment, memos, and time stamps
• Transfer all of your notes to a Word document and send them to me
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Right Now…
• Go practice observing• Possible foci
– Interactions of two people– Interactions within a group– Someone doing his or her job– Movements in a space
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Assignment
• Select an environment to observe and select a focus for the observation
• Do a 20 minute observation• Use the split sheet design• Try to write a description of what is going on in
front of you• If you want to write thoughts that aren’t
description they will be memos• Afterward, revise notes• Send me the written results by tomorrow