observations what is it 2014
DESCRIPTION
Nature of Science, making observations and asking questions lecture/activity. Students learn about making observations, inferences and facts then work on the concept of hypothesis and questioning skills by using open-ended questions to determine whether initial hypothesis of image content is correct.TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Making Scientific ObservationsHow do scientists determine what something is?
What happens when you look closely at something?
How can you ask better questions?
![Page 2: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Getting the Facts
Scientist often do a lot of detective work by making observations. They hunt down clues. They carefully look at things (evidence). They ask lots of questions. They formulate hypothesizes based on evidence collected.
![Page 3: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Observations 1
1. Observation is contact with the world through the use of the senses.
2. Observation equips us with the material for thought, reflection and judgment.
3. Observers exposed to the same sense impressions do not necessarily see, hear, feel, taste or smell the same things.
4. Observation is influenced by experience, knowledge and emotion.
5. Attention plays an important part in observation.
![Page 4: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Observations 2
6. One can be trained to be a more effective observer.
7. Some people are more reliable witnesses than others.
8. The trained observer sees significant details.
9. A sharp eye for details is an important skill for many professions: scientists, physicians, artists, instructors, accountants, among others.
![Page 5: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Observations 3
There are two types of observations: Qualitative — descriptive observations without
measurements or numbers. Quantitative — descriptive observations with
measurement or numbers in it.
Quantitative observations are considered more reliable.
![Page 6: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
So just what is a fact?
A fact is an observation or an inference that is widely agreed upon by a group of people.
Fact: the glass has water in it.
![Page 7: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
So how is a fact different from an observation?
An observation is any information received directly by seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting or touching.
A fact is an observation which appears the same to all careful Observers, and therefore assumed to actually exist.
![Page 8: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
What’s an Inference?
It is a way of resolving doubt or solving a problem based on a reasonable conclusion from a small amount of data.
Inferences are explanations requiring thinking about observations.
Inference: This teen just got her driver’s
license.
![Page 9: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Inference 1
1. We draw inferences on the basis of observations, or on conclusions drawn from previous observations.
2. Inference is the interpretation of facts. (Remember: A statement of fact is an observation statement that can be verified by the use of the senses.)
3. Valid inferences are based on sufficient and relevant evidence.
4. Do not confuse inferences with observations.
![Page 10: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Comparing Facts & Inferences
Statement of fact Statement of inference
Made after observation or experience
Made anytime—before, during or after observation
Confined to what one observes; cannot be made about the future
Goes beyond what one observes; may concern the past, present or future
Limited number possible Unlimited number possible
High probability (not certainty as perception dependent on individual interpretive processes)
Represents some degree of probability
Tends to bring people together and further agreement
Tends to create distance between people and more likely to cause disagreement
![Page 11: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
What’s a hypothesis?
It is a prediction of the outcome of a given situation based on prior knowledge and prior observations.
![Page 12: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Example
1. You may say, "My car does not start because the battery is low."
2. This is your first hypothesis.
3. You may then check whether the lights were left on, or if the engine makes a particular sound when you turn the ignition key.
4. You might actually check the voltage across the terminals of the battery.
5. If you discover that the battery is not low, you might attempt another hypothesis ("The starter is broken"; "This is really not my car.")
http://www.articlesweb.org/automotive/how-to-tune-up-a-car
http://www.thenewstrans.com/technology/tip-for-emergency-charge-dead-car-battery/
What’s a hypothesis?
![Page 13: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
How do you ask a question? Closed ended questions
Can be answered yes or no. Have a limited number of answers. These questions are restrictive and can be answered in a
few words.
Examples: Can you give me an example? Could you be more specific? Are you looking for [topic]? Would you tell me more about [topic]? Is that correct/right/ok? How is this? Is it red?
![Page 14: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
How do you ask a question? Open ended questions
Cannot be answered yes or no These are questions that will solicit additional information
from the inquirer. Sometimes called infinite response or unsaturated type
questions. By definition, they are broad and require more than one or
two word responses.
Examples: What kind of information are you looking for? What would you like to know about [topic]? What is it you want to know about? How will you use this information? Tell me how this problem arose? What are you trying to understand? What is your favorite memory?
![Page 15: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Setting up your paper
1. Using a sheet of notebook paper create a table with four columns.
2. Label them A, B & C
Macro Photographs
# A (1st Hypothesis)
B (2nd Hypothesis)
C (Correct Answer)
S
1
2
![Page 16: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Rules
You must ask open ended questions. Close ended question will not be
answered. “What is it?” will not be answered.
Macro Photographs
![Page 17: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Procedure
1. In Column A you will write down your first hypothesis upon seeing the photograph.
2. After everyone has fill in Column A then instructor will answer questions.
3. After the question and answer session is over the fill your answer in Column B. It is okay if your answer is the same or if you have a new one.
4. When everyone is done instructor will give you the correct answer to write in Column C.
Macro Photographs
![Page 18: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Photo #Sample
Macro Photographs
![Page 19: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Photo #Sample
Macro Photographs
Zipper
![Page 20: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Photo #1
Macro Photographs
![Page 21: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Photo #1
Macro Photographs
Hairbrush
![Page 22: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Photo #2
Macro Photographs
![Page 23: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Photo #2
Macro Photographs
Plastic Cup Lips
![Page 24: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Photo #3
Macro Photographs
![Page 25: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Photo #3
Macro Photographs
Round Hairbrus
h
![Page 26: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Photo #4
Macro Photographs
![Page 27: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Photo #4
Macro Photographs
Safety Pin
Spring
![Page 28: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Photo #5
Macro Photographs
![Page 29: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Photo #5
Macro Photographs
Pencil
![Page 30: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Photo #6
Macro Photographs
![Page 31: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Photo #6
Macro Photographs
Flashlight Handle
![Page 32: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Photo #7
Macro Photographs
![Page 33: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Photo #7
Macro Photographs
Nail File
![Page 34: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Photo #8
Macro Photographs
![Page 35: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Photo #8
Macro Photographs
Battery Top
![Page 36: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Photo #9
Macro Photographs
![Page 37: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Photo #9
Macro Photographs
Safety Pin
Closure
![Page 38: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Photo #10
Macro Photographs
![Page 39: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Photo #10
Macro Photographs
Light Bulb Base
![Page 40: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Photo #11
Macro Photographs
![Page 41: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Photo #11
Macro Photographs
Tip of Kitchen
Matches
![Page 42: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Photo #12
Macro Photographs
![Page 43: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Photo #12
Macro Photographs
Corner Edge of
Old Biology
Book
![Page 44: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Photo #13
Macro Photographs
![Page 45: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Photo #13
Macro Photographs
Guitar String
Post
![Page 46: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Photo #14
Macro Photographs
![Page 47: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Photo #14
Macro Photographs
Barbwire Barb
![Page 48: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Photo #15
Macro Photographs
![Page 49: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Photo #15
Macro Photographs
Daffodil Ova
(Seeds)
![Page 50: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Photo #16
Macro Photographs
![Page 51: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Photo #16
Macro Photographs
Ice
![Page 52: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Photo #17
Macro Photographs
![Page 53: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Photo #17
Macro Photographs
Strawberry
![Page 54: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Photo #18
Macro Photographs
Big Leaf Maple
Leaf
![Page 55: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Photo #18
Macro Photographs
Big Leaf Maple
Leaf
![Page 56: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Photo #19
Macro Photographs
![Page 57: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Photo #19
Macro Photographs
$2Or 8
Quarters
![Page 58: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Photo #20
Macro Photographs
![Page 59: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Photo #20
Macro Photographs
Cotton Swabs
![Page 60: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Photo #21
Macro Photographs
![Page 61: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Photo #21
Macro Photographs
![Page 62: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Photo #22
Macro Photographs
Tire Tread
![Page 63: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Photo #23
Macro Photographs
![Page 64: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Photo #23
Macro Photographs
Sponge
![Page 65: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Photo #24
Macro Photographs
![Page 66: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Photo #24
Macro Photographs
Fork Prongs on Foil
![Page 67: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Photo #25
Macro Photographs
![Page 68: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Photo #25
Macro Photographs
Dragonfly Head
![Page 69: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Questions to answer:1. Did you have trouble asking questions that
were open-ended?
2. How often were your answers right before questions were asked?
3. How often were your answers right after asking questions?
4. Did your hypothesis change after questions were asked?
5. Would you have liked to ask more questions and if so, why?
Macro Photographs
![Page 70: Observations what is it 2014](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022103111/54beb5bf4a79596c2b8b46c8/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Questions to answer:
6. What is a hypothesis?
7. Why do you think scientists ask lots of questions?
8. Which kind of questions determined what the object was the quickest?
9. What is an inference?
10.What is a fact?
Macro Photographs
Photo Credits:Portraits by Krista BlytheMacro photos by Lorraine L. Stratton