obsolete communism - the left-wing alternative - daniel cohn-bendit & gabriel cohn-bendit

7/27/2019 Obsolete Communism - The Left-wing Alternative - Daniel Cohn-Bendit & Gabriel Cohn-Bendit

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Oboete CoThe etW g Atete


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Obsolete Communism

The Left-Wing AternativeDal hn-dtandGabr ndt

Translated by

Arnold Pomerans

MG- Bk m

Nw k cc


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Obsolee Communism: The Left-Wng Alenaive

Frs published 6 by And Deusch Lmited05 Ge Russel See, onon WC1Copyrgh 6 Englsh Tnslaion by Ande Deusch Ld.Oignlly publshe n Gemn unde the tle o

Lnksdikasmus-Gewaltkur gege die Aesknkhei de Kommunismu

Copyigh Rowoh TaschenbuchVelg GMBH Renbek be Hambg 6an n ench unde he le o

Le gauchismeemde {) I m/adie snie du C01!ismeCopyigh Rowohl schenbuchVeg GBH Reinbek be Hambug 6Al ghs eserved. Pnte n he Uned Staes o Ameca

No pat o his publcaion may be eoucd soed in a

eev sysm o nsmite n any om o by any mens

eeconc mechnic photocopyng ecodng o ohewsewhou e por wrien permsson o the publshe.

bry o Congess Cog Cad umbe 6-irs ion 5


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Authrs t

Th uth wuld li t stss th whs h himslf hsbn givn P ttmnt b his gnus publishs ndubt in cgnitin his hlp in gsing th whs cpitst pductin hs p undpid tnslt hs hdt lbu bnd his n c dut Nt nl hs hhd t d th uhs gibl scwl t ll n th gps ndt m xplict wht his xt wttn in such hu, hs

i ld t d but h ust slv w d nd n ight t mt tpblishs pcptt ddln. Phps h is cnsld b thct tht n h s w h is cng th ssg ght thughth publ ishs ds

" trstor sus t utor wo lso i to xpss is ppprcio of l tos wo v work wi m - ig o gs iio qui prtcur of Ro Sro ii PisJu Yic ic og


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Publshrs t

The pbser cngrtltes the trnstr rnd Perns

n the gncent jb he hs dne in trnsltng th wr ns shrt tie. He wd s le t pint t tht whiethere re ts thi s b which relte prtclrl t nielhnBendts expeiences nd re theere wrten n the rstersn the b s whle is the reslt the cbnedbrs Dne nd hs brther Gbrel hnBendt


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Liteay ogues gea and smal have stuck god

wi the Commne, and ave exoited i to he full.

Tee is no a hack wo as no chned out his

sladash amhlet, book, o istoy . hee is a ge ile o Paris Bus Paris n Fames,

Red Books Black Books .

ubises ae ineesed in nohing bu e

Commnads ese days . hei witings iilae e

minds of the bogeoisie.

Lissagaay: Hstoire de Ia Commne de 87


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Contents

Itduct

I. TE STRTEG ND NTRE O TE

REVOLTONRY MOVEMENT

1

I he Studt Ret 23

rom Berkeey o Berin 3Te Srasborg Scana 25Lbr Crlan- Te Bate o e Dormores 29

Te Boycott a Nanes 3Te roes Grows 3gtaon a Nanerre 34Wy Socoogss? 35Stens and Socety 41Te 22 Marc Movemen 48Te Bale of e Strees 57

Te con Commtees 8

The rkrs 9

Te Cae of te G 93Te TS Works a Bres 97

Te tomc Energy Cenre a Saclay 99

Te Rne- oenc Works Te So oor Commtees 1Te atern for e re 13

II. TE STRTEG O TE STTE

I Itduct

2 The Stae ad the Uersty

5

16


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ntens

3 The Auhiy f he Sae a he Vueailiy fSciey 19

4 The Gaulli Phem

III STALNIST BUREAUCACY AND THE

CLASS STRUGGLE IN FRANCE

1 . c

33

45

2 The ech Cmmus Pay a he C G T ui

Ma ad Jue 47The Commnist Party and te Revoluionary

Movemen in he Universiies 4Te Communis Anayss of e Genea Srke

Te Commnst Pay in Search of Voters 6General Anayss 6

3 The Naue f e Cmmui Bueaucacy 70

IV THE STRATEGY AND ATURE OF

BOLSHEVISM

1 Iuci 99

The Re f he Blsheik Pay ui he Russiaelui 202

3 The Mkh Meme a Oppsii ihi he

4 Ksa 234

V BY WAY OF CONCLUSON

q a 4


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Introduction

wer s pouive worer not on beuse heproues es bu lso beuse he enrhe he

pbishe o his boos n othe wos beuse hewos o piis. : Th f S V

Hd ddd t wrt b n th rnh ltl snnd n th hns rvlutnry uprsng nly tw rthr nths g n ublshr wuld hv tn th slghtst

nt . But suh ws th t th vnts ynd Jun nd s wldly hs th n hnBndt bnbndd but tht r r y hvng t g dwn n yns t th th ublshrs nw hsng tr bggng t wrt but nythng I hs gd r bdxtng r dull ll thy wnt s sthng thy n sll

rvlutnry gdgt w th rtbl qults.trng sn't t ths hnBndt yth ths lgnd f thhrub Dntn'. trng tht vnt psd t llldrs shuld hv ndd u wth n l l th s tht thswh shun th l lght shuld b sngld ut r th ull glr ublty.

n ny s ll slrstng publshrs r llng vrthslvs t sh n n th y vnts n ur rlwrld ndvdl tlsts r rtly wllng t v thwy r thr wn dstrutn t brdst rvlutnryds rvdd nly tht ths hl t ll thr pts. nxus r thy n t tht thy r rrd t y r thprvlg thrugh th ns n th shrt run (rng vst

su ny br hv wrttn sngl ln). Thy dnt vn s t b bthrd by th t tht thr sh wllb usd r th nxt rund ltv tls Thy hp


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ntrodtion

prhps tht th rvoltion wil l b bortiv my rdrsmy b mong thos to prov thm wrong.

Why thn did did to writ this boo? Who ws tors this goldn opportnity o ting im ginst or who

soity o sying wht no on hs bn bl to sy or so longo xplining th ll importn o th rnh rvoltionrymovmnt not ony in th immdit pst bt lso in thtr? or s r s m onrnd th rvoltion is notyt ovr. Ce es quu du cus le cma

mst lso m lr wht this boo is not t dos not

prtnd to b n historil trts i ony bs th vntsr too rnt or nyon to ronstrt thm obtivly ntilr tr history o or movmnt nnot b bsdsimply on th oil sttmnts o th thoritis o thopposition th Trd Unions or vn o th rvotionristhmslvs s thy wr prolimd rom thosnd

plrds wllslogns nd trts bt mst b rnning ommntry on th dytody prtil nd thortil tvi-tis o th tdnts nd worrs o l l thos who bl ivdor slogn Sus le pa a plage bnth th pving stonsth bh This ind o history nnot b writtn in oplo ws spposing i t old b writtn t )

Nor dos this boo prtnd to giv simplid thortilont o th vnts. Hving prtiiptd in thm nd obsrvd thm t los rtrs m nbl to stn sid ndt dthd viw o th ovrll sittion. Th movmntwill hv nd o sh thd obsrvr thr will nodobt b thortil boos nd do not wish to dny thirnssity bt or my prt o not l pbl o prodin g

on nd rtinly not t this momnt. Othrs w i o i t nd nodobt r bttr thn old mys. This boo lims to bno mor thn n ttmpt to prtiipt in ontining snwith ll its rmrb spontnity. rom th vry otstth movmnt sdd in librting or lngg rom itsborgois stritjt nd my boo i s bt n ho o th grt

dilog tht ws bgn in th orm o th Ltin Qrtr.Both in orm n ontnt it will try itlly to rt tmood o th movmnt inlly loo pon this boo s

2


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ntductn

prpgnd pphlt n tht thn t th hlp ybnvnt pubhr w rch r widr udnc thnit culd in ny thr r.

Th wrld idnt th rcnt rvutinry vnt

with th tudnt truggl th brricd th ccuptin th univriti nd nlly th gnrl tr nd th ccu-ptn th ctri by th wrr r th rvlutinry vnt w brn uch rlir nd t th r uncl tri tudnt unrt th ctivity tiny lftwngplint gr th cld gss h vnt My

nd Jun wr ry n ntnctin wht wnt brlbit n vt cl tht thy pnd up n ndrtpibi ty th prpct rvutn Thi b ghtprhp b bi nt rctin i n thi grt hi triclprc

Tht i why d nt ddr yl t rdr r t th

public but ny t th wh wr wth u ight hv bnwth u r y b wth n th utur nd ut prticurlyt th wrr nd pnt r wh th Etblihntrid t prt u duy nw tht th nychnc rung th trggl i t put n nd t th div iinbtwn ntllct wrr nd pnt Evry rvlutnvry rdicl trnrtn city nd th cnciund crtv prtciptin th wrng nd pnt clnd nt ipy thr prticiptin lbl whnly uuln i thr trngth nd nuricl wght

nw tht thr r ny thr wy nding urdvi in wvr inc hppn t b writng b hlltry t u thi prticulr thd. Hr th prbl ln

gug bc undnt Th wr philphrcilgit nd prinl plitcin t quit utpn rticulrly tr th ctn . ) r writtn in ty which i nt intndd r th wrr nd pnt ndwhich n ny c thy cnnt ndrtnd. Thi i dngr hll d y bt t v d

tiltd lngug i nt rvr nply th bur-gii it crp int th writing th Ltit wh thlv th ldr th lppintd vngurd

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ntrodution

a wokngclass oeent whose anguage they hae ceasedo speak and which once it has becoe eolutionay as tdd in May and June, is ony too happy to dispense wthleades and a anguard altogether

know that a theoretical language s necessay and egetthat the witngs o Marx are at least in pat hard going eenor scholars and in thei pesent or a closed book to osto the working class whch does not ean that they cannotbe undestood once they are tansated into siple languageBut as it is they are accessble only to the bourgeos intellec

tua cutual inequal ity s no accident, but part and pace othe oppesse stuctue o both captalist and counistsocieties and in act ensures ther surial. This is pecseywhat the eoutionay students wee tyin to say when theydecried th nses nd schools as acores o rileghe esent educatonal stuctue ensues hat he ajoi

o wokingclass chldren are bared not only ro the bourgeois society we ae tyng to oerthow but also ro theintellectual eans o seeng though it No wonder that thebougeois dectos o education ae so hoste to unierstyand school reo

Tue we hea a great deal o talk about the subect todaybut the eal pupose o the Fouchet plan* is clea to tnpeople into eer ore protable packhoses.

The ideas o the uling class ae in eey epoch the ulingidea i .e the cass which is the ruling ateial oce o scietyis at the sae tie the ruing intellectual orce. The lasswhch has the eans o ateial production at its disposa,has contro at the sae te oe the eans o enta pro

dcon al Ma ran dyThe diision o society into anua and intellectual wokers

is a undaental aspect o all expoitate societies Eeyreolutionay oeent ust ty by its actons and aso byits ey structue to narow this gul whe eebering thatonly a socalist socety can nally end it. It s ony by woking

or a sociaist eoluton that the exploited asses can take* govrt p or taoig th ucioa io atchocrc o b to th of o oc

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Inoduction

contol of tei own futue and tat of societ at lage. obook can ep te to aciee tis te can onl learn bei own eolutiona endeaous. In a reolution, wente asses eupt on to te po itical stage, tei r classconscious

ness becoes pactical and actie Hence one ea of eolution gae te Russian poletaiat te kind of education attit eas of paiaentar and tade union strugge faiedto gie te Geran oeaiat osa uxebug heGea Sike )

Tis book wi l be diided into four ain pas ( 1 an

analsis of t e pincipal factos of e Ma June stugge(tis fo te oeign eade 2 an attept to sow ow teFenc State dealt wit e uising and to analse epenoenon of Gaulis (3 an anasis of te oe o teFrenc Counist pat and its essentiall bueaucaticnatue and 4 a stud of te failure of te eolution i n

Russia under te leadesip o enin and TotskTue, no one witing about te Fenc Reolution can ex-lain w e exlosion cae in Ma 968 ate an npi l : t [wold isto] would be o f a e stical natueif accidents paed no pat in it Tese accidents eseesall natual into te geneal couse of deeopent and aecoensated gain b oter accidents al Max Lete tougelann, 1 7 i 1 87

Fo tee o ou eas e sudent oeent as beenecognized as a reolutiona oce b a poitical obsees,and it will teefoe be pat of task to explain te istoof tis oeent to ecount te ao ideas proclaied fooe tan ten eas n te eoutiona stud goups of

Pais and elsewere Tese clubs wic were deided assplinter groups b te ocia and patented epesentatiesof te reoution tei etters patent were deposited bMauice Toez te Son of te Fenc Peole wit JosepStali n e Fate of al e Russias tese goups of wicno one ook te sligtest notice, wee neeteless so eectie

tat teir ideas and eoutiona expeience eentual spilledoe into te steets and factoies and so elped to wite anew capter in te iso of te eoluionar oeent

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Intoducton

the pemanent stuggle to end the expotaton o man byman

Ths bngs me to the queston o the oganaton not onlyo capta st o bueaucatc socety o ths must be the

statng pont n any dscusson o poducte elatonshps' but also o a nonauthotaan and nonheachcal socastsocety should the new socety be oganzed along Bolshe klnes o aong the nonBolshek lnes o the 22 Mach Moeent?

Ths ntoduces the lage poblem o the elatonshp be-

tween the eolutonay mnoty and the socalled masses'What pecsely ae these masses, and why ae thee massesn the st place? How can the masses tansom themeesnto somethng moe than an amophous mass? nd whatsot o mnoty oganzaton s capable o challengng anexpotate socety and unmaskng ts eal natue? To that

end, I shall ty to show how the masses dscoeed the meanso takng the own desny n the hands, o exampe dungthe Pas Commune o 1 871 , dung the Russan Reoluonso 19 and 917 dung the ansh Reouton o 196 andnally dung the ungaan Reoluton o 96 These mo-ments n the eolutonay stuggle o the wokng cass aemoe mpotant than a the teatses that hae been and wbe wtten on ths subject Ths book, o one, does not tyto do moe than hold up to the wokng cass the mo ots own eolutonay expeence, an expeence that ancounte to a the tenets and pactces o ts wouldbe leadesThs expeence and the chance that t may be wdely copedae pehaps the most poste aspects o the May eents as

wel l. Thus whle eot, Mon and Couday ae ght o camM 198 brch that the month o May saw a beach omoden captalst socety and also o the old authoty o theLet t dd a moe than that t epesented a etun to aeolutonay tadton these pates hae betayed. encethe 22 Mach Moement was no bllant nenton o a

goup o nae podges but the esult o aduous eseach nto eoutonay theoy and pactce.It would be wong to thnk that what happened n Fance

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Intodction

cold ony hae happened thee, st as t s a istaken ideathat concentaton caps cold only hae occed in itlesGeany o n Stalins Rssia Reolton as well as conte-eoltion ae intenatonal, and ch as the stdent oe

ents n Spain, eca, Japan, Italy etcetea inenced theFench stdent oeent, so the Fench stdent oeent,which was the st to spill ot o the nesty into theacto es, can see as an exaple elsewhee

The eents in Fance hae poed that eoltion is possiben een a highy indstalized capitalist socety Those who

aged that the wokng class had otgown eoltion stoodconcted o theoetcal and pactica ncopetence, a actthat sggests it s high te to discoe why the woking casshas eained so passie o so ong

In conclsion, ths book will necessay intepet the eents n the ght o the athos etist conctons hence ts

tite The hstoy o etis s n act the hstoy o allthat s tly eoltionay n the wokng class oeent.Max was to the let o Podhon and Banin to the let oMax enin was a etst when he oposed socal deocaticeois, and agan when he oposed his own Cental Cottee and Potbo dng the 1917 Reotion te theReotion the Woes poston a go o letwingdeiationsts aong the Bosheiks, becae the osteoltionay eleent inside the paty whle the Ukanananachst Makhno epesented the ost eotonay oeent otsde This stgge between ts et and Right wingscontnes to dide the wokngclass oeent to this day.

s Len in nee tied o epeatng, the asses ae geatly to

the et o the Paty jt as the Paty is to the et o its Cental Coittee (Totsy ry f san vn)

The qestion o ets becae a ajo sse dng theeents o May and Jne Who is the athentic epesentateo the et today : the oth ntenatonal, the S tationistIntenational o the nachist Fedeation? Letis s eey

thng that is new n Reoltionay hstoy and is oeebeing challenged by the old. Ths new acto s what we stly deend in the pesent, lest it be cshed by what IS

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ntoducton

obsoete n Lets tsel . Let the dead buy the deadThe tansoaton and deeopent o Letist deas e

ect not ony the tansoaton and deelopent o captalstsocey but also the tansoaton and deelopent o the

Russian Reolution io a bueaucac counteeolutonsustained and deended by Counst paties thoughout thewold. o one do not thnk that the Fench CounistPaty betayed ts own pncies dung May and June itsiply acted n deence o ts bueaucatc nteests as a paty,ad o the bueaucatc neests o he USSR as a state

No doubt this last eak wll stke any people as aee coonplace, but t s not yet, unotunatey a co-onplace aong a ll sections o the people. Now snce I lybelee that untl they appecate the tue natue o Coun ist bueaucacy they w nee be able to ae at aeolutionay spit, I think that t s essental to de ths

coonpace' hoe To that end, I could siply hae co-pied an anthology o the ost ncise atcles to hae ap-eaed n such adca jouals as Sa Bararnana sann nfran rrpndan

vr r g as and to a lesseextent in Toskyst publicatons But such an anthologywoud be o no nteest to a publishing house that nssts on abook signed by CohnBendt. nd t ost onica thateot in his book shoud hae seen t to wite o ypat, what I nd n the seeches o soe o the oe abdstudents and paticulaly o CohnBendit, is a pnch o ealis and a ae dose o iudece ow hae been heaingths sot o eak o any yeas, and can only say that the

pudence and the eas ae based in alia, on thetheses whch eot aong othes publshed in Sas Barbari. The eades, unotunately a too ew n nubeo this and ohe etist eiews wll appecae how uchths book owes to the s o the est, they ought to betod that CohnBendit is sy the anonyous autho o all

thes eews and pehas the jounals in and the Caird ai as well a not and do not want to be, anything buta pagast when t coes to the peaching o eolutonay


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ntodction

theoy and pactice I hae siy had the good otne to beaond when the oce o citicis was tansoed intociticis by oce

Pc e dc

his book was witten in e weeks and beas the aks othis scable. I had intended to exaine to wha extentwokes contol as it has been appied in Spain in 96 in

Ageia and today in goslaia cold see as a ode o anew socialist society. It was aso y intention to descibe thediect action and os o oganization deeoped by heRssian wokes in 19 and 197 by the Gean wokes in198 by the talians in 192, and by the Hngaians in 96In the eent, I hae ony had tie to look at Rssia I hae

sed this exale o deontate the conteeotionaynate o the Bolsheik Paty As I wote, I began to eelthat y chie task st be to exose a those oces thatstand i n the way o eotion o the State the Tadenions and the Stalinists down to all the aet spintegops with a Bolsheik otook nce this was done I codpoceed to exaine the basic obes acing the odeneoltionay and these o ack o tie I cold only ot-line in bie hose who wish to be shown the oyal oad tosocialis o hae a clea bleint o the te ay takecoot o the wods o Coandant Gaeas indct-ent o the Intenational Association in 1871 wods whchpeecty saize y own point o iew : To aze the old

and bild he new o scatch that s how the sppoteso the Intenationa Association intend to constct a statethat ecognizes neithe the goenent no the ay no eigion that beiees in egislation by the people o the peoplein he collecte owneshi o a things n the abolition othe ight o inheitance and aiage wants to disband the

peanent ay, and by beaking down all onties to eplace the Fatheland with the idea o ntenational solidaity.


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I

The Strategy and Nature of theRevolutionary Movement


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'he accused who hae been bough beore ou today

hae al aken a leadng part n the nsureconary

moement that swept Pas om 1 8 ach untl 28 ay,

threatenng o plunge the whole o ance no heabss o Cl War eoe d etemnng he

responsbt o each o he accused or s el crme

we must rs ook a he orgns o her moement

seek ts causes .

Indcmen o the Communards by Commandan aea


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The Suden Revolt

om Beeey to Be

secte is au g uoe he secte o studet eolt l l the owes o od Euope hae eteed nto a holy a l anceto exocize this specte Pope ad Cental CotteeKesge and de Gaule Fench Counsts ad Geapol icespes

But now t has becoe woldwde Bekeley Beln okyoMadid Wasaw the studet ebellon s speadng like wlde and authotes eeywhee ae aticaly askng the-

seles what has h t the. The answe s eal ly qu te sple .Let us take just oe exape the student stuggle at

Bekeley n 1 9 6 ou yeas beoe the eents n Pas. Howuch ust eadig the newspapes ght hae helped theFench autho t es

t Bekeey 1 96 well i adance o Ben o Pais

the students deeded thei ght to patcpate in potcsand i paticula to potest agaist the wa n ietna un-hapeed by nteal ules ad egulatons

It stated with a deciso by the adinstaton to ban allundaising and opagada o any political o soca daso wh ch they dd ot appoe

hs iept oe by the bueaucats stung a sa goup ostudets into actio ad the nubes apdly ncased asthe adnstaton tied with typcal bluste to asset tsauthoty The studets put the pot o ew n the bionthly F-Spch Mmn Nw Ltts which boughthudeds ad late thousands o studets without peiouspoitcal expeence ito the oeent The ensung stugge

taught the a ew undaeta tuths about the natue o theState and n patcula about the elatioshp o the uniesty with the wold o busess local poltcs and the police

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The Sraegy and Nare of he Reolonary oemen

hs sden srggle a Berkeley was sgnan n ha helped o nderlne he dlemma of a h b nreasnglybeara soey.

The Berkeley model was oped a Berln nesy a few

years laer wh Pars folowng s soon aferwads erewe shall look heefoe no so mh a he spe ases ofhe olen proes of he SDS (he lefwng German sdenUnon) b a he way nened eens n ane

In Germany he all for nersy efom beame a rallyng ry for sdens and a srong one n he absene of an

eee parlamenary opposon o Wes Geman apalsm s a esl he German sden moemen beame hesandad bearer of essane o boh he Geman sae andalso o meran aoes n enam

Whle he German sdens were hallengng he sysemhe enh olleages were beomng nreasngly ale o

he oal fale of he reorms poles adoaed by heUNEF (Naonal Unon of renh Sdens) Unfornaelyhe exreme Lef was deong all s eneges o makng sen Marxs analyses of he saon whh despe herleaned haraer dd lle o moble he sdens for hiwn srggle.

oweer as opposon o he enam war assmed nenaonal poporons renh sdens palary n arswere nreasngy noled n amps demonsraons hemoe so as her hared of hs wa wen hand n hand wh hedawnng ealaon ha her own nerses wee nohngb ogs n he apals mahne

These sdens now nslher professors They shold be

loked p . . . For he momen hs l legal agaon s benglosely wahed by he Mnsry of he Inero (LAu,26 Noembe 1966).

Ths parla boadsde was ed no a he noorossdens of Nanerre b a hose of Srasborg who n 966,had go hemseles oo he oal UNEF ommee. Ther

nexpeed eleon hogh perfely eglar was only possble bease he maory of sdens wee ompleely nneresed n he plades of sden pols and bease he

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Te Suden Reol

bueaucac achney of he od UEF had boken downhe new coee decded o expose unesy fe fowha ealy was. he esu was wha he pess and UEFcalled he Sasboug scandal

The 'Stou Scd

o begn wh, he coee used a nube of unohodoxehods o daw he sudens aenon o a paphle hey

wee poducng n coaboao wh he Suaons Inenaonal, a paphle ha aed a gea sep fowad nFench suden aas. n 26 cobe 966 Moles Pofesso of psychosocoogy n e Unesy of Sasbougwas bobaded wh oaoes dung hs naugua lecueSoo afewads, ebes of he FGES (Fedeal ssoca

on of Sasboug Sudens saed a bllsckng capagn,paly o adese he new paphle hey plaseed hewas wh a coc sp caled e Reun of he DuuColun, n whch hey ook a swpe a he od Counssuden leades .

he paphle, n he poey of suden lfe consdeed ns econoc polcal, psychologcal, sexua and elecualaspecs and soe eans of eedyng was handed ou ahe ocal ceeony akng he begnnng of he acadecyea sulaeously he new FGES le be know ha sonly suden pogae was he edae dssoluon ofhe unon. hs pospec suck any peope as hofynghe Denes nuveles called he s eal sgn of a eol

(4 Decebe 1966 L'Ae (6 Noebe had hs o sayhe Suaons Inenaonal, wh a andful of suppoes all he chef capals of Euope, anachss playng a eo-luo, alk of sezng powe", no so as o ake , bu spyo desoy and wh een he own auhoy nd heood czens, appaled ha he ow dea sons ad

daughes gh keep copany wh hs scu, qucky ses udca achney n oon, ad poceeded agans hesudes o a se of upedup chages

2


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The Stategy and ate o the Reolutonay Moement

he accused hae nee dened the chage o msappopatng the unds o the students u non ndeed they eely admhang made FGES pay some 5 ancs o the cost opntng and dstbutng 1 pamphlets not to menton

othe teatue nsped by the Statonst IntenatonalThese publcatons expess deas and aspatons whch toput t mldly hae nothng to do wth the ams o a studentunon. ne has only to ead the pubcatons o t to beobous that these e students scacely moe than adolescents ackng any expeence o eal e the mnds con

used wth lldgested phlosophcal socal poltcal andeconomc theoes and boed by the dab monotony o theeeyday e make the empty aogant and pathetc cam topass udgement and een to heap abuse upon the elowstudents the poessos God elgon the clegy thegoenment and poltca and soca systems o the ente

wold. Reectng all moaty and estant the cyncsm doesnot hestate to peach thet an end to al studes the suspenson o wok total subeson and wold eolton wth uncensed peasue as ts only goal. In ew o the bascallyanachstc chaacte these theoes and popaganda aesocally noxous. he wde dssemnaton n both studentccles and aong the geneal publc by the local natonaland oegn pess s a theat to the moalty the studes andthe good name o the Unesty ad thus the ey tue othe students o Stasboug

hese emaks taken om the summngup by the leanedudge ae extemely nteestng hey substantate the chagemade by the pamphletees themseles that students hae been

tuned nto mee spectatos o soca eents consumes owhat scaps the system caes to thow the way. Moeoethe pamphlet shows clealy that n ou wealthy socety thesudent s oced to e a e o exteme emotonal poetyhe wtes hae nothng but contempt o that class ostudents who take no nteest n any pobems except the

own who ee n the alenaton whch they a ny hope wattact the sympathy o a socety ndeent to much moepognant sueng thoughout the wod

26


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he Stdent Reot

he beal niesit aows ts stdents a ease o libet bt onl so ong as the do not chalenge the basis o niest edcaton the pepaaton o a pi eged i no-it o a etn to the anks o the ling cass o which

the hae taken tepoa eae o absence he niesithas i n act becoe a sasageachne which tns ot peoplewithot an ea cte, and ncapable o thinkng o thesees bt taned to t into the econoc sste o a hghindstalized socet he stdent a go n th enowno his n esit stats bt in act he s beng ed c te as a

goose s ed ga n to be saciced on the alta o bogeosappettes

te aking all these ponts the Stasbog paphlet goeson to exaine the cent wae o stdent nest. It is notspl the peennal eolt o oth bt a eolt against thespecic hoos o oden socet. s odcts o that

societ the stdents hae bt two altenaties the can ebace it , o eject it tota the s no dde wa n ex-tee exape o the second altenate s the behaio othe bn nir who n iot in the steets wthot anappaent otie o object. he hit ot wildl at oden citle, against the lethoa o eqall stele choces o ente-tainent, the staitjacket o pett estictions and police contol. he bn nir eses to cono and et expects allthe goodes o cap tal st socet to a l in to h is ap cas electic gtas, clothes and ecods Bt een i his wa o acqi-ng these teases thet s one that stikes at the e ootso socet, once he begins to enjo thei coots the bnn is onl too happ to settle down to a lie o hd

conoshe eolt o the Dtch took pace on a consde

abl hghe plane thogh the, too aed to eaze that thepoletaiat alone i s capabe o changng societ. ll the Pae n act oosed to s the nceasing onoton o e in acaitalist cont he want to ake e oe colol bt

do not ealize that whe the sste eans as it s an ipoeents can, at best be on tinkeng wth the achine,benetng soe sectons bt nee te whole o societ ence

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The Strategy and Nature of the Revolutionary Moveent

the Prov can ony succeed once they integrate their strugge

i nto the genera ght against oppession

The Strasbourg paphlet then takes a bref look at the

Berkeley student revolt against the soia system as suh

a syste run by a hierahy which is a tool of the econoyand the State. The Aerican students they ontend, ade the

fundaental istake of considering theselves the spokes-

en of the ost exploited stratu of society.

inay, the paphet entions the Zengakuren Union of

Revolutionary Japanese Students) and the Japanese eague

of Young Marxist Workers (the only organization in whihyoung students and workers had begun to ght for oon

objectives two groups with no illusions, and deteined to

ght against Western capitais and Eastern bureauray

alike.

The Strasbourg paphlet is a radical critique of the Frenh

farLeft, incapable of any real action beause it keeps ruaging in the dustbins of history It was aorded a very

ixed reception :

This paper with its high tone, must be onsidered a syste

atic rejetion of a soial and political organizations as we

know the in the West and the East and of all the groups

that are urrenty trying to transfor the.' (Le Monde,

9 Decebe 1 966.

Other papers were far less friendy and objective the ore

so as the paphlet brought student di sontent i nto the open

i t acted as a kind o detonator. And although we n Nanterre,

did not aept the Strasbourg interpretation of the roe of

inority groups i e university students in the social revolu-

tion, we did al l we coud i n heping to distribute the paphletMoreover since any students were delighted to nd their

iseable condition brought to publi notie at last, and sine

any lectuers were stricken with a bad onsiene, we were

abe to air the whoe atter in a nuber of soiology ourses

and elsewere. As a result an i nreasing number of students

beae aware of the existene of the journal Ineaionaleuainniste and bean to oe to gips with the radcal ideas

expressed in t .

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The Stdent Reolt

br Crcu he Btte of the Domtoe

Hand n hand wth ths deological breakthrogh went an

ntensed attack on monastc niersity reglatons and par-ticarly on the prdish nterenton n the personal aairs ostdents liing in the nierstes Ths strggle was n act,only the beginnng o a general oense agai nst the nierstyinsttton

n 1967 there were constant clashes between the admn-

straton and a grop o stdents who were determined to nmask the repressie strctre o what goes by the name o anersity bt is, n act nothing bt a mire o nteectalcorrpton To begin with the stdents caled n amily planning experts and wth ther hep and by drawing on the polti-ca soca and reotionary theories o Wlhelm Reich

started a sexedcaton campagn on the camps Ths cl-minated in male stdents orcby entering the womens hostelsand ater ths many o the petty restrictions srrondng thesebastons o French prty and chastty were repealed Therethe matter mght well hae ended had t not been or theFrench scandal sheets which haing ed or so ong abotrape, hashish and hard drgs on the camps now thoghtthey had more tangibe edence aganst the stdents andthrew ot hints o an een greate sensaton Twentyninestdents were arrested and threatened wth explsion rom theniersty. Unortnately or the athortes two o thosearrested members o extreme letwing grops had beenaway drng the scanda and ths attempt to discredit the

Let merey sered to sread the strggle to nerstesthroghot France

s a rest the restrcte hoste es were reeaed on 5December n ClermontFerrand on 2 December in Nantesand by 14 Febrary 1968 in most other resdental niersities.

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Te Stateg and Nate o te Revolt ona Moveent

he Boyco at Naes

The ght at Nants, n atcla evealed that te Recto

s jst anothe at n te eessve state ach ne : whenthe stdents assebed otsde hs oce on Feba, hson answe was to call n the olce who edatel setabot the stdent leades B beavng n ths wa the Rectop laed dectl nto te stdents' ands e deonstated tatte nvest was not onl a dsensa o dead knowledgeand otne noaton on a conveo bet sste wc

ost ecetve stdents knew anwa bt that t was ltatel eaed to se voent eesson. And wh? Slbecase ts onl ncton s to condton stdents so tat tewl t nto the econoc and socal sste as ee etsdancng to the tne o tcnocats, o en bsl oganzngthe se o te ndedeveloed contes and the aence

o the est And so dsgsted wee the stdents o Nantes wenths ont was at long last dven hoe to te that tedecded to bocott te pscolog lectes on te gondsthat thogh ths dscne lkes to call tse a scence t ssl anothe eans o sessng ctcal thoght and ndvdat e ollowng ejecton o coteoa sch-

o og was lasteed all ove the was o NantesNOCE

O S E R G

that scholog as sch as at the ssteatc sbodnatono ndv dal beavo to alse socal nos

C O R Gthat scholog s nceasngl beng oced nto the oldo Aecan schosocolog aed at eectng the ssteb condtonng te wokes to conse oe and oe bbs wh le acqescng n econoc exlo taton

C O S ! E R G

that schosocolog s notng bt the jstcaton o dealnos and a eans o concealng the onstos dsceancbetween te dea and te eal

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The Student Reot

O E R Gthat this tye o sychoogy is beng used on the one hand tosubert the workers strugge and on the other hand is beingdisseinated by eans o the uniesities, the roessional

casses, and the adertsing eda O E R G

that any students hae ebraced sychology n gnorance oits true nature and because they are seduced by its roes-sonal gaour

O E R G

that they hae been deceed by a or o obscurantis hdingunder a ridiculous pseudoscientic cloak, and representinga cous assault uon l bety

O E R I Gthat the tota rejecton o odern sychology s a reara-ton of PE R O A L L E R T Y of the O E E O F E R E

of the ogotten J O Y o R E A T Y P A Y R O Y andH A PP E

T H E A G E -U E F T H E R E F O R E A L O A L L T U E T O FY H O L O G Y T O A A O T H E R T U E

Ths proclaation bore a reakable resebance to thato the rabid students of Strasbourg But the extreists ofantes reused to act as a cosed grou and caled at all tiesfor ass partciation Their agitation culnatng in theoccuation o the Rectors oce ths was agan coied bystudents throughout France

But aeady peoe had begun to seak o anterre and alostoernght ths charng and ugly concrete annexe of Paris

Uniersity, ths odel uniersity becae a hotbed of dissentAgitation at antere had becoe a seeranent eatue

o unersity e dicult to descrbe to anyone who did notactually exerence it ts che urose was to galanize aconorist institution which because o its ear o transor-aton tred to protect tse by ideologica and, when neces

say by hysca reession The uniersity s traditionally aeaceul instituton whose sooth woking deends on therejection o olence by a who attend t and on the collecte* bnc of UN


32/256

The Saegy and Naue o he Reouionay M oen

acceance o eguains so said he heads o he a ousacu es a Nanee

Bu in ac, hese eguaons ae siy eans wheebyhe ocia dsenses o nowedge consoidae hei ace

in he heachy, and ee eey aac on hei own edi-ocy

The sooh unning o a unesiy suoses acquesencen is ideoogy and sucue, i e accepance o he pa i playsin chuning ou aned ecuis o he uing cass Bu whehe sug adinsaos and eacionaies o ooow ee

ou he i bo ing days on he caus, any sudens esen heuiy o e n wha is a bes a idde cass gheo. Theoe eouionay aong he ae aicualy esenu ohe ac ha hei oice couns o nohing aong he ealoicyaes ence he soadic oubuss by dieensuden oganzaions houghou he wod .

he oe Go

This ocess has been gealy acceeaed by he wa in iena which suc any sudens and ineecuals as uelycandaous, no ony because i eesens an ae by heecans o dcae o he es o he wod, bu aso becausehe sociais' beaucacies ae pepaed o sand by and lei haen. s, suden oes agains he wa was son-aneous and disoganied bu as he Uned Saes becaeoe blaany and unashaedy aggessie, he CVB CmtVtnm d ) was oed and heped o consolidae

suden onon a age Soon aewads sudns began oae dec acon again he eesenaies o US eal-s n Fance and oganzed aies n suo o he enaese, ie he one on 7 Febuay 1968. his showed haFench sudens wee no onge eaed o so a ee ebal oes Then cae he Te oensie and wih a gowing

sense o usaon n iena, a sa easan couny waswhsandng he aggesson o he geaes ilay oweon eah, and hee wee we, unabe o do anyhng o help s

2


33/256

he Student Reot

esentent and gut ounted oe and oe students thewthesees whoeheatedy into the Vetnaese caagnhough thee was uch to citicze n te atona ibeationFont and in the gie o Noth Vietna and, o that atte

in Castos Cuba the deant and unshaeabe esstance oodinay Vietnaese and Cubans ae had oed that asueoganized and sueaed caitaist socety s not inincibe.

The had acts wee thust unde the noses o students eesse socites can ony be chaenged by eoutionay

eans. The esonse was wodwdeTokyo he students and the young woes in the Zenga

uen eused to countenance goenent cocity in teieaist aggesson against Vietna Battes with the oceeented Jaanese ots o being tuned nto ajoeican bases

Madrd Students oeny chaenged Fancos Fascs inthe unesities Faced with oent eesson they ade co -on cause with woes coittees in the ght o a sociaeouton

o By ioent cashes wth the unesity authoitiesand the oce taian students deonstated the conteto a unesty that does not chaenge cataist society heesut was coete aaysis o the unesity syste

arsaw Students ade coon cause with inteectuasin an oen chaenge o the deoogica and otca dictato-shi o a bueaucatic aty

Brky Clba w Yk Students sicened bythe ieaist oices o the county eseciay n Vetna

showed thei soidaity with the Vietnaese easants andwoes and wth the oessed aca and econoic noties in thei own county hey ade nown thei eusa tobecoe iieged ebes o the eican bougeosie.


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The Strategy and Natue o the Reolutonary Moeent

ittio t Ntee

So uch or the eents outside rance n Nanterre, the rst

ter o the historc year o 196768 saw a student strkewhich went ar beyond the traditonal olitical and unionraework Soe 1 to 12, o us boycotted all lec-tures n order to orce the authorities to iproe our workingconditions Ths odel strike as L igar called t, was not,in eect, anything but a rotest aganst oercrowdng which

had been exacerbated by the recent Fouchet reors and theconseuent reorganzaton o lecture halls s a result o thisstrke, a series o deartental cossions was set u butthese roed coletely unroductie because o the authortar ian aroach o the proessors i noled

Let u note in parentheses that the UNE coittee n

Nanterre d d li ttle ore than try to lead the str ike once i t wasalready in ull swing The reusal by the ultraLetsts toacknowledge the authorty o this socalled student unon,oribund throughout the country and a coplete arce inNanterre, siply reected our deterination to reect allbureaucracy nd, indeed, in this we were entirely successul

The second ter brough a series o incidents, ost othe the spontaneous expresson o wdespread student dis-satsaction The Mssoe aair during the openng o thewng pool at the end o January 1968 will long be re-ebered, because this banal incdent had wide repercus-sons n exceedingly stupd nor police ocial (who wesalute n passng started extradition proceedings aganst

D CohnBendt, who had accused M issoe, the M inister orYouth o talkng like a Hitler Youth. By way o retaliationthe students stuck up photographs o panclothes policeeningling wth ebers o the aculty, and also denouncedthe adinistration and the Dan as so any tools o the reecture convncing deontration o soldarty and o pro

test against the roosed expulsion o CohnBendit ended nscues wth the rot polce who the Dean had called in shot battle, in which students bobarded the police with


35/256

The Stdent Reolt

anything handy ended in ictoy : the poice beat a hastyeteat Bt the stdents had elt the ion st nde the libeagloe o the niesity

In act M Gappin, the Dean was not the Na people

ade h ot to be bt a good an o the et stgglewas not one aganst Fascis as sch bt against burgathoitaianis The ediocity o nesity teaching is accident bt eects the le style o a ciiliaton in whichclte itse has becoe a aketabe coodity and inwh ch the absence o a l citical aclties i s the saest gaan

tee o potable specialiation o niesity stdes The onlyway to oppose this type o stpidity is to attack all thoseacadeic estictons whose ony stication is that theyexist c ica tests set ectes and coetite entanceexanations

hy Soooss ?

It was aganst this backgond that the eents o 22 Mach968 st be ewed Towads the ddle o Mach, stdentsin the depatent o social psychoogy, nding thei cosestoo acadec decided to boycott the exainations and theyseaed the decsion by sng ing the ntenatonale At the saet e a leaet was d istibted on the caps It was cal led Why do we need sociologsts ?

Stdts oten ask thesees what obs thee ae in socology and psychology

The acts ae clea to one and al thee ae any oe

stdents o social scence than thee ae obs wating otsideand this een ate eliination by the exainations The concen which stdents ee abot the te goes hand in handwith the concen wh ich they ee abot the theoetica pos itiontaken p by the lectes, whose constant appeals to scienceony ephasie the consion o thei aios doctines

Moeoe, stdent agitation since 196, aboad as inFance has been ie aong sociologists a oe than aongothe social scientists and philosohes Stdents o othe

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The Stategy and Nature o the Reolutonary Moeent

acutes hae been rearkably passe s a result unerstyand general soca probes were ared n only one depart-ent, nuercaly weak and o arly recent orgn.

The case was s ar n the U S n France n Gerany,

and also n Poland and n Cechosloaka.Why was student dssatsacton n all these countres ex

pressed predonanty by socal psychologsts? Why dd theyact wh e the rest ollowed at a dstance?

Why ths theoretcal questonng and why so uch anxetyabout our uture?

O R OR Y OF O A L P Y O L O G Y

We can only outne what a ore detaled study wll nodoubt ll n one day Mwhl tudt r td t byctt ll clgy lctur.

We ust reexane the whole probe n ts hstorcal

perspecte The rst portant date s 19 wth research atthe M ayo Foundaton and at Hawthorne.In drawng attenton to the portance o group psy

chology and by deelopng new ethods o adaptng the workerto the ndustral achne and thereby ncreasng hs outputMayo dd ore than open new stas to socology t put anend to specuaton and naugurated the glorous new era oepr c s and o scentc ethod

Slary by lendng ts serces to busness anageentndustral psychoogy opened the way or largescae colabor-aton wth the world bourgeose, thus hepng to underpn asyste whch was stl l shakng ro the crash o 1 929 .

h trnfrtn f cdc clgy brnch f

phphy nt n ndpdnt tudy wth ctc prt crrpnd t th trfrmt f cpttcptlm t tt-ctrlld cmy.

Fro that pont the new socal psychology has ncreas-ngy been used by the bourgeose to help ratonalze socetywthout eopardng ether prots or stab l ty.

The edence s all around us. Industral socology sch ey concerned w th ttng the an to the ob the conerseneed to t the ob to the an s neglected Socologsts are


37/256


38/256

e Stategy and Nate o te Reoltionay Moeent

as necessaily ad epecssions on te acadeic leel. lloden Fenc sociology is a belated ipot o acoss tetlantic and as eeyone knows te best taining o a sociologist s to ead a te Aecan paplets and agazines

O O O A L O R Y

We ae seen wat close l inks tee ae between socio logicateoy and te social needs o te bogeoisie. Te pacticaoganization o capitalis podces a ost o contadictionswic aios bances o sociology ae expected to eoe

Soe ae set to stdy enile deinqency otes acis yetotes sls Eac go seeks soltions o its paticlapoble and eaes it a t tat ts adding its bit to te igsawpzzle o sociological teoies.

e eslting consion is eected in te intedisciplinayagentation o te social sciences so widespead today

(c. tsse. Te incopeension o eac specialist wencononted wit te eseac o is ellows akes te colectiely incapable o any geneal stateent beyond eeplatitde

nd ndeneat it all is te coneniently ogotten absenceo teoeticl aewok coon to sociology and te otean sciences Social psycologists ae ageed on only onepoint te need to deelop tecnica etods o social adap-tation and eadaptation and o esoing social conictsJst look at te concepts wic ae centy popla ie-acy ital adaptation social nction social contoleq il ibi etc.

e teoist" is expected to explain te nate o local

conicts eoed o tei social context in wic alonetei case can be ndestood.

is allegedy ipatial ocede is in act tooglypatial and biased penoena ae stdied i n i solationweeas in act tey ae nteelated (eg acis neployent delinqency and sls and te ational nate o te

pesent econoic syste is taken o ganted Since te wopot as lost its espectability sociologists now speak ogowt. Bt ow does tis gowt aise in te st place

8


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The Student Reot

w oganies t wm does it pot? These questions aeappaently too speculate to nteest a pue" scence.

It oows that the disquiet o socoogy studens cannot beundestood without looking at the elationship between

sociology and socety. In ou day, sociologists hae chosenthe sde: that o anageen and the Sate. Wha, n thscase is the point o deendng sociology, as soe haeecoendd us to do?

Ths geneal analyss explains the patcula case o an

tee ee, too, the geneal cisis in socoogy, anxiety aboutobs, ange about teaching ethods and the ipoation odoctines ade in the U.SA., wee the basis o student agitaton. Those who eained outside the epicspostistanstea ound theseles isolated and ipotent.

The two geat hopes o Fench sociology ae the agon o

Pasons (autho o The pace o ultiate alues n sociologicatheoy and the cult o statistcs (at least a b t o eal sc ience,this; these ae the keys to eey poble In shot sociologss by a to d fc hae succeeded in aking out thepotical stng o thei doctnes which s equialen tosanctying the satus quo Sociology poessos like to passo Letists, in contast to the heads o othe depatentswho appaently still hanke ate the good od tes. Whilethe latte ty to cling to the cubling oy towe socioo-gists welcoe odenation pannn atnaatn andproductn of cns ods n accrdanc wt t e

noc nd of orand capta In ths connexion, it is ipoant to eute the deas o

Coe Epr Januay 1967 and Touaine (seies o aiclesin Le Mnd two poessos o socology at antee. Ac-codng to Coie the toubes in Aeica ae not, as snaely beleed due to the iolence o the backs dien todespeaon by the ling condions no to the hoos othe peast wa in ietna (this accdent ths piece o

oy as Coe calls it Such expanatons he cais, aeagical athe than scentc o ae the toubes the esulto the oal acuu n Aeican socey wee cash

9


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he Staegy and Natue of he Reolutionay Moeen

i the only thing tha conts In fac, since olence has alwaystken place n he USA, the ony thing that s new n hepesen situation accoding o Cozie s he spead of ation-aization and he need fo peope to adjus to . So the po-

fessos USA is not the scene of a eal stuggle betweensocial goups ghting fo dieent ateia ineests and socio-econoic poities, but a sot of puppet show wheePunch epesenting Anachy ties o ge the bete of thePolicean epesening Raional Society This socologcalanalyss would not be woh he ouble of a efaon, wee

no o the pacical adce which Cozie oes to heNegoes not to seek powe bu o change thei attitude(sic ) and soon all wll ealze he gea ecan dea of aconty peoped with dynaic pesonalties .

Touaine fo h is pat has pt fowad he folowng thess the funcion of he niesity s o fose knowledge in he

seice of gowh once agan) and n so doing necessaycallenges old ideas and poduces conicts tha ae fitful toboth students and poessos. n f ling its funct ion of slating society he uniesity ths paallels the heathy copeition of nineteenhcentuy piae enepse'. f cosethis analysis by Toaine s so uch hot ai. It is quite unteto say fo nsance, tha knowledge and echnical pogessae he ainspings o he new sociey'. In fact knowledgeand echnical pogess coe boo of the list n ode of potance fa below copeition fo a l ions shae n hepots ie fo a onopoy) o he iliay and econoicconontation between East and West Sociologiss ae no hedsinteesed specaos ey cla to be, no is science a goi-

os pusuit that seeks nothing beyond pe knowledge. f oanalysis has shown anything is tha he oden niesyis not he pace fo soing socal conadictions, whch canonly be eoed by the tansoaton of tha society nwhich te n iesity pays an integal pat

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he Student Reot

Sude d Socey

hee ae 6 o us soeties treated as ere children

soeties as aduts We wor but roduce nothing ten wehae no oney but ew o us ae eally poor . lthough osto us coe ro the bougeose we do not aways behaele the he girs aong us oo le boys but are not suewhether they really want to be boys We oo uon our pro-essors as pat ather, pat boss and pat teache and cant

quite ae up ou nds about the. Soe o us are des-tned to control the nation, othes will becoe oorly paidintel lectua hacs but eery one o us i s prieged or althat. here are 6 o us the socal led students o theiltary acadey at St Cyr the artsts and the artes thetechnocrats o the aculty o oltca scence the cole

ationale ddnistraton and the rigid Marxst inteectuals o the Sobonne o antere and elsewhee We includeollowes o Hani and ilitant ounas assiduousreaders o L Mnd and deotees o the spotng press othe cinea beatnis craers spolt rch ds who neegaduate girls who wi ary duing ther st yea but

eanwhile study law anguages and een psychology duncesduds uture atheaticians and doctos ow can one un-derstand oden students? nly by tryng to understand therlace n society

odern unersty has two contradctory roles o begnwth a unesty ust churn out the traned pesonne that isso essental o bueaucratic caitalis he syste needs an

ee inceasng nube o engneers technicans scientiststeaches adnistatos and sociologsts to organize oduc-ton to rational ize industri a ethods to run the gigant c stateachine to adjust the sychoogy o indiduals and groupsand to pesere their sanity een to organze leisure actiitesow since the bourgeosie tse cannot proide enough stu-

dent ateria ro aong its own rans inceasng nubeso bight ads are rcruted ro the ower idde claseand een the oletariat and the easantry. he rightthin


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The Stategy and Nate o the Reoltonay Moeent

ng et concentates ts e on the class stcte o Fenchhighe edcation, bt stessing that ony 6 pe cent o thestdents ae the sons o wokes, when in act, they shold beattacking the social nction o the n iesity the podct on

o a anageial ite soe seldestctie t shold seizethe bogeoisie oenight and pesade it to ecit stdentsexclsiely o aong the sons o anal wokes the niesity wold becoe oe deocatic ony in its coposition . To the extent that the deeloent o new anactingtchniqes is inceasingly eiinatng the need o nskilled

labo it is ineitable that psedodeocatization by theecitent o woking class childen to the niesties wlincease In the past the econoic depession o the wokingand lowe iddle classes eant that sending one child etalone seeal chiden to the niesity iposed an intole-able nancial bden on the aily bt highe wages and

goenent gants now ake it oe and oe possible. ndwhat a l the eosts be they Conists Social Deocats o etwing Gall ists ealy ean when they cy othe deocatizaton' o the nesites is that this pocessbe speeded p

Bt in any case it s obios that, as capitals inceases itsdeands o gadates not only the pize pigs bt oe andoe hoses seep een chickens, will all be pessed into thesasage achine Now this is pecisey whee the contadictionin the syste ies The podction o the axi nbe ogadate wokes in the in te calls o inceasngyclose contacts between the niesities and indsty o theee geate adataton o edcation to secic indstial

needs Bt at the sae te the n iesity is spposed to be thespee gadan o cle han eason and disinte-ested eseach o nalloyed tth and obectiity n bie theniesity is sposed to be the teple and etenal epositoyo the spiital ales o society ow i, o siital aes'we ead the ideology and ales o the ling class, we ae

let with the oe the niesity has played o the MiddleAges down to the ist Wold Wa We ght say that dingthis peiod the social' and clta' ole o the niesities

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The Sudent Reo

oe o less oelapped Society needed a elatiely salnube o lawys docos hilosohes and poessos andchose he alost excusiely o aong the sons o theuling class These enjoyed a huanisic and ibeal education

and wee pepaed to condone the ost g aing socia l contadictions whie cooting theseles wih the thought thatthe bougeoisie was a chapion o libeaiation deocacyuniesal education etceea ate a easue o pettybougeois adicalis began to e into the uniesity butwas conta ined at a puely theoetical eel the cisis o soc iety

had not yet ea y occuied the acadeies.Today it is the econoic ae than he heoetica ole o

the un iesity wh ich is edoinant Th is exla ins why the un i esitis hae been split up ino a set o technical high schoolsso any apendages to the ajo industies. But the ystemis inenally i nconsisent it can only unction by tying to

suess its own logic The cultua unction o the u niesityis constany assailed and has consantly to be eaedte al een an alienated society cannot allow tsel to becoe alienated to the poin o sychosis en a totalitaiansociey with its deteination to subjugate eey pat o lieo the will o the uling class goup o paty cannot in theong un aod to suess scienic jcvy and withoutt woud quickly peish Fo the stictest utilitaian easonsoden societies need undaental and disinteested eseach because adances in a ied technoogy depend on the. Thisthe eican bougeoisie has coe to ealie oe and oelealy

ence te basic poble o highe education is then that

while it cannot copleely gnoe the old huanistic aluessince ate all scientists and eseach woes ust be oduced only the agentation o knowledge can suply althe aceless anages and technicians tha ae needed

We hae seen that the students ae a socially heteogeneousgou ey ae also a ansitoy oe and tei aiey o so-

cia exectation inceases the heogeneiy Deening onhis subect and the iotance o his aily connexionsa studen ay nd u with a ob woh ancs a

3


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The Student Reot

but has now spread through all eels o socety DaneMoth Socalsm ou arbar No has shown clearly howopposed young workers are to both the aues that capta-st socety has to oer the and aso to workng class alues

and tradtonal ors o organaton poltcal partes andtrade unons) Factory work trade unon ltancy erbosepaty prograes and the sad colourless le o ther edersare subects only or ther sarcas and contept.

The sae sot o d sdan s the reason why so any studentshae taken a radca stand, and hae ade coon cause

wth young workers n the struggle aganst a represse socetynother actor n the student reolt was ther own pos

ton n the syste and the speca pobes t brngs to lght nor ty o students accept the culture whch s bng d s-

pensed to the and the knowedge whch s beng ladled outwth the trust o sal chdren. They hae been copletey

taken n by what we hae called the ythcal secondary unc-ton o the odern unersty as the tepe o aues. Theydutuy attend al ther lectues and ty aboe a to ass oas ther own ther roessors deas; ther abtons stop shorat the coeted degree, or perhaps to becoe they are worthyo t, proessors theseles owee ths racton o studenopnon s ast dwndng away or reasons we shall exanebeow nother racton can see through the syste but keepther eyes rly on the an chance : they are the opportunstsonly concene wth ther roessona uture They realethat uch o what they are taught s alse or at least nade-quate they hae no llusons about the purely uttaran unct on o ther educaton know that they wll be tted to hod

down a good ob, and ae wlng to accept the oca bbeso rege, a car holdays abroad oney a house n tecountry

Ths secton can always be obed n deence o thesyste Moe oten howeer, they sply st back and watchther ore ltant coleagues ght battles ro whch all

students wl benet or ess oercrowdng bette ac tesetcetera.

But or a thrd and constanty growng group unersty

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Te Stategy and Natue of te Reolutionay Moeent

lie itse aises a sees o undaental questions. nd oncetey stat to analyse tei own pobles, te logic o teiconclusions des te on ultately to eect te wole ofcontepoay society Tis is because, as an essentia pat o

te social syste te uniesity necessaly contains al tecontadctons, conicts and paadoxes tat caactee socety tsef.

We ae said a unesity is supposed to be a seat of leaning and ational nquy. Now wat young econoist, o instance, can seiously belee n te atonal caacte o te

contepoay econoic scene, wete planned o not? ndonly a few dieads aong tei teaces still petend tatte syste is een capable of ationaiaton. How can aneconoist talk seousy about te atonal dstibution ogoods in ew o te gang contadiction between te au-ence of te igly industalied counties and te isey of

te Td Wod? ow can a young industa psycoogisep beng lead to selquestioning wen e sees tat te obectof is dscipline is to t te an to te ob and tat te obitsef is deadly and qute futile? How can a young pysicist ignoe te teoetical css tat is saking te ey foundatonsof contepoay pysics and wit t all its cais to be anxact science ow can e te se tat is eseac s obenet to uanity in an age wc as poduced teHbob? Can e ea y aoid wondeng about is pesonal esponsblity wen te geatest atoc scientists teseesae beginning to queston te function of science and its oein society?

nd ow can students of socia psycology possbly sut

e eyes to tei poessional oe to elp in te saced i nteest of pot to beak in oe wokes to te coneyo belt,o to launc yet anote useess poduct on te aket?

f tese doubts about te alue o ones studies ae exained, ineitably te syste wic oganies it is bougt intoqueston as we Subects fo couses ae pcked out o te

at tee is no logic in te cuiculu ote tan keepng e-seac subseent to te deands of industy o, peaps, tepoessos next book


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The Student Revot

These ectures educe the student to the oe o stenerh s there to recod to ememe, to reproduce n hs emthe ecturers thredre ruments opnons nd stye Themore oportunist student s the more he w try to pe hs

techers every word, n the certin nowed tht hs nmrs w e hih owever mny students re ecomin ncresny disusted nd scened not ony y this system uty the very cu ture tht produces nd osters t

There s one st eement whch shoud e mentioned n thestudents stution t s the epnton oth o the retive

ese wth whch they ecome nvoved in potic ctvty ndo the oten suerci nture o ths nvovement

he student t est n the modern system o hiher eduction, st preserves considere deree o person reedom he chooses to eercse t e does not hve to ern h sown vin, hs studes do not occuy hs time nd he hs

no oremn on h is c e rrey hs wie nd ch dren toeed e cn, he so chooses, te etreme poitc postonswthout ny person dner in ener, he s not sujectedto orm snctons or even reprmnds Now, these very ctors hve n n u it nhi tn mechnsm : they r too otencuse h s enement to c consstency nd orce

owever, when minorty o students tes consciousdvnte o ther reedom to ttc the estshed order,they cn ecome ctyst ctivtn rer secton o thestudent poputon It i s t ths ste nd ony t this ste thtthe strue ecomes trnsormed quttvey nd the unversty uthorties ee compeed to c n the poce

he ensun strue s especy thretenn to the uthor

ties s the student popution ees on up y es ndounds It constnty eceeds the oc estmtes the ourthn oresw 500,000 students or 1; there were redymore thn 600000 y 168 Pressure s contnuy ncresn the tmendmoton study oys hve redy ot out thersto wtches to ccute how on it tes to tech the heory

o Retvty Most students wi end up s mners nd dminstrtors toin wy mid mions o other worers tther nrrow itte tss without ny chnce o decdin ther


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The Sude Revo

he discussio were summried seme 5000 coieso whch were d srued he ex dy.

' C T I O N N D R E C T I O N

oowig demosro orged y he o Viem Commiee sever demosrors hve ee rresed ihe sree or her homes d chrged wh orgigcs o Americ uidigs Pris. Oce gi we hvcome ce o ce wih he usu oice reresso Aer hevsio o erre d es y cohes cos

'HE L A C K L S S ;Aer he rres d mrsome o hiry worrs d

sudes i CeAr couous rds, srches d rress o suds

sde he u versy urher se he arres f miians n nr ss ih e n

nsrain bu is cnine y se arressor us hs is o mere coi cidece The uhori ies hv ee

drive io corer cism s dy i eed o reir Tochve his d he ruig css hs see o ghe heres. ow

cheges he worers r igh o ssoco

es wy soc secury ries o ru soc ey i e rmy roduces sychosocio ogic echiues io dusry

desere em o y dow css coics (som o us reig ried or hs very s

C P I T L I S M C N N O L O N G R C O N C L I T S H N D

e s so chegig csm y ms o aechiques

he Sociis Wso hs cmd dow o Egd dow de Gue s cmig dow o us s oo e o heid o eceu rocessio orged y he SES

vers iy Techers U o or ex Thursdy.We hve o hrsh ou he roems side he ivrsy

d c righ where we work

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The Strategy and Nature of the Revolutonary Movement

We call on you to transform the 29th into a vast debate on- Capialis in 1968 an he wokes' suggles

Univeiy an Ani-Univesiy

The A niImpeiais Stuggle

The Worke an Suden s Suggl in he Eas an heWe

We sha accordngy occuy Bock C and dvde or ds

cussons in the var ous ecture ha s

As the authortes are becomng more and more brazeny

bruta we are orced to become ncreasngy mtant our

seves We sha demonstrate our determnaton not to becowed by holding a demonstraton outside the Prefecture of

Hasde-Sine.

Resoluton passed by 142 students, occupying the Admns

tratve Bock of Nanterre wth 2 aganst and 3 abstentons

On readng this proclamaton the universty authortes

took frght and ther frght turned nto anc when by way ofrearng or the 29th we lastered the was wth tracts

acards and sogans some of whch caused a real sensaton

Proessors you are ast t and so s your cutur!'

When examned answer wth questons !

Pease eave the Communst Party a s cean on eavng as you

woud lke to nd t on entering.

he chaenge of these sogans was one whch forced eoe

to take a stand he authortes no less than the Sta n sts were

urous and tred to ncte the sta o the faculty aganst th

terrorst mnorty he brary was cosed n order to sto

a eged thets; ther was a stay-n strke by the mantnanc

sa

Under ressure rom above rom neo-Fascst grous whohad sworn to extermnate the revoutonary rabbe an rom

reactonary lectures the Dean on Thursday 28 March one

eek ater the cosure o the Unversty o Warsaw ordered

the susenson o ectures and of laboratory work unt the

oowng Monday hree hundred students assembed mmed

atey after ths announcement and decded not to eave but tospend the next day dratng a potcal manfesto to be ubshed on 2 Ar Havng made u our mnds to ntroduce

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e Studet Revot

oitics ito te cus we wee ot oi to etet ie oc o iteed see t o te seedo

e wete eed us te 2 Mc ws oious dsuy dy A e oce ud ed te cus wie ve

uded studets divded to discusso ous o te wi ot o te cosed cuty doos e et ee o te esswee coetey t oss to udestd wt ws o o teyd ee ed to exect s d o cist otowes wi t o , d wt tey oud sted ws ot ve uded studets seiousy dscussi te udet

oes o ou eO Mody, Ai secod ye sociooy studets dec ded

te vote to oycott tei cuet extios e tyssed esoutio codei socooy s citist udMewe te poessos teseves wee t oeeds, owe soe (ticuy i te cuty o ettes d Soci

Scece) wee vou o oei oe o te ectue s ooitc dscussos otes cuty o isoy) wted teiedes ested

Tuesdy 2 A, ws et dy o te studets Wetued dow te s oo ut t ou dsos y te ed ced te di isttio wt fai accmi : we too ovete e ectue tete o ou uu eeti wic wstteded y oe t 1,20 studets icudi ietcWo eeset te Ge SS

O 22 Mc we tee wee oy 12 o te, teysyo ic y too owe y occuy te ectue Atetis evet wic cused qute st te utoities too ie dec so tey ocy oted ectue wi t

ou uded sts to te studets But ewi e te oii l12 d sweed to oe t tousd d te s weesti ces e stutio ece exosive we tstudets cotued to e ed o usi te e ectuetete us wie eted to e ie, te utoitiested to costct te oveet d eey succeeded i

ccti ts owt . (Guy M icud Poesso o Fecitetue t te cuty o tee i v Orva1 5 My 1 68


52/256

The Strtegy nd Nture o the evolutionry M ovement

Te students commttees contnued teir delibetions o

te wole o tt dy, nd eigt hundred o tem nd sverl

ssistnt lectuers ssembed n the evenng to er the vrious

reorts Ater tis tey decided to ubl ish mniesto

e Este holidys ntervened but s soon s the universityrssembed in midAril te struggle ws resumed t ll

stted wit meeting in suort o the Gemn studnt

ttck on the Srnger trust tht minFscist ubis ing

emie wose newsers were ulling the wool over the eys

o the Germn wokers At bout the sme time we herd tt

n ttemt d ben mde on the le o Rudi Dutschke thesokesmn o Gemn revoutionry yout

The students immeditely ubished mhet in which

tey sd inr alia tht te Fscist wo ws rrested or

sooting t Dutschke ws surely not the only cu lrt Directly

esonsibe or tis ssssinton re ll tose in Germny wo

o monts ve been crying on monstrous sndrcmgn ginst students gtng in suort o te Vet

nmse revoution The Germn bourgeosie is sced to deth

o tis movement t s done t cn to suress it nd in

rtcul to revent tree tousnd young eole rom demon

strting in Berl in on 1 8 Februry or victory in Vietnm

Only too hy to see student gittion develo outside ts

own ronties, te Gulist utorities mde the mistke o

giving it etensive covege rtculrly on television Thu s

Peyrette, te Minster o Educton decred over the i r tt

te insignicnt demonstrtions t nterre were in no wy

comrble to te student troubles brod And th is t the very

time tt ve tousnd French students were decring tei

soid ity wth te SDS nd Rud Dutschke! !n ct the ction o the Germn students hd reer

cussons r beyond te borders o te Federl Reublic One

esut ws te 22 Mrc Movement or te st time Frencstudents ound common ltorm nd orgot teir ctionl

dierences Tey cesed hurlng invective t one noter nd

tckled th serious business o building common ront ortesting ter theores in rctce And wen tey dd so, t immedity bcme cler to thm tht ll the old verbie d

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he Studet Revot

doe ws to mpose etters o ther th her th hepserous dscusso o ctu poc ssues

Meets were hed most d y commttees were cosy sesso there were heed detes o he worers d

studets strues Our posters were the ocus o tetothrouhout the uversty Moreover the oycott o the exmtos ecme cesy mortt ssue It ws tedout everywhere dscussed exed d ts chces osuccess evuted We et tht the exmtos wee s my mes o pepetut system o seect ew cpts o

dustry d tht t ws our duty to eect the deree thde o hoy oce the herrchy

O 2 Apr we decded to set sde 2 d My or thestudy o mpersm wth spec m shows dscussos commttee d eer ssemy etc But t dd ot wor ou te th hreeed y tc rom such semscst

roups s Occin we hd sted to see to our deeces drm ourseves wth stoes d other mrovsed weposcstrce msormed d ove uder pressure

rom some o the proessors the De ordered Ntere toe cosed oce Moreover seve o the most mttstudets o the 22 Mrch Movemet toether wth rometmemer o the rotsyst Federto o Revoutoy Studetswere odeed to pper o the oow Mody 6 Myeoe dscpry od t the Soroe We decded to oo to the her n mas d ced o studets tosseme o tht Mody t 9 ococ to mrch o theSoroe

By ther dscry cto the uvesty dmstrto

hd hoed to stre our movemet t ow hey hdccuted tht stude tto mus surey susde thethrd tem wht wh the cruc exmos oy our weeswy As the Rector hmse u o 9 My :

he systemtc dsturces rouht out y sm o studets who hve ee try o ther ow dmsso or

some tme to pe our ecures d ow threte to stopthe exmtos hve oced us to te stro mesures Weted to preserve the reedom o to st or ther

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he Strtegy nd Nture of the Revolut onry Movement

exmntons n order tht the vst mjorty of students cn

derve legtmte recognton for ther work

ow t the tme the poltcl y conscous students were n

ct st mnorty nd they knew t Hence they never set

themselves u s chmons of the common nterest of llstudents but smy demnded the rght to express oltclonons wthn the cmpus nd wthout olce nterference

They eled full well tht the mn body of students were

fr more nterested n furtherng ther creers thn n socl

ustce

It ws becuse of ths tht the Communst rty hs ccusedus of dessng the students In ct we only desse the sons

of the bourgeose who not only content wth beongng to

rvleged clss clmour or ts prveges nd re redy to

defend them Students der n ther oltcl o nons s n

everythng ese Moreover they re not clss nd they hve

no objectve nterests to deend In truy democrtc socetyhgher educton wll be oen to l nd students wll cese

to be grou prt We do not thereore despse students ssuch but only those who lud the men wth the wh who

move n gnst every revoluton

But let us return to the events themselves t ws the ctonof the uthortes tht oened the eyes of mny evously

uncommtted students Our provocton dy brought the

ltent uthrtrnsm of the bureucrcy nto the oen As

soon s ny rel roblems were brought u dlogue gve

ce to the olcemns bton n Berkeley nd Berln no

less thn n rs The pthetc excuses put forwrd by the

unversty dgntres who thought every pussy ct ws

tger hve let mny berl observer erexedWs t elly necessry on ccount of hndful of troube

mkers to susend l lectures n two fcultes? It seems thtthe uthortes lcked sngrod It s certnly true tht sm

goups of the extreme Left or t lest severl mong themhve turned rovocton nto weon of wr Lov ng

bsolute truths nd even more the er thy rouse n thebourgeose" they clm tht exmntons he to perpetute

n rchc nd menngess system of educton But do we

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The Student Revot

rey hve to te them so seriousy? (B G irod de Ain in Mn 6 My 168)

I we inore te ternistic tone o tis nd simir rticesin te ier ress we must dmit tt tere is ret de o

trut in them n reity eerytin ns on te use orovoction in te cryst i tion o tout nd tent emotion rovoction is not weon o wr ecet in seci circumstnces t cn ony e used to rouse eeins tt re redyresent eit sumered n our cse we eoited studentinsecurity nd disust wit ie in n iented word were

umn retionshis re so muc mercndise to e usedout nd sod in te mret ce A we did thereore wto rooe students to eress teir ssive discontent rsty demonstrtions or teir own se nd ten y oiticctions directy chenin modern society e justictionor tis tye o rovoction is its iity to rouse eoe wo

ve een crused under the weit o reression Now tose o reression in te cse o n institution suc s university wic s no ysic mens o reression my seemridicuous But reression ies in the ery unction o thtinstitution in its indin o te student to te ct tt he isdiy ein sooned with oisonous ruish Most studentss we sw, re wiin to swow it or te se o riieed osition in the uture nd ecuse they eieve tt riid ierrcy is necessry or the ecient unctionin osociety s resut they ose re desire every ounce ocretive sirit, exression o ie The use o rovoction isto drie tis oint ome to tem nd to sow o emty teir ies ve ecome

We sow them rst o tt te etty oste reutionsre n imertinent inrinement o teir erson ierty tternn i s no sustitute or te wrmt o umn comnionsi n ernin to question tese reutions te student isorced to exore reression in ener nd te orms it tesin the modern word Oen hysic reression with the oint

o yonet s it ws seen in te nineteenth century, is nowresered stricty or te suession o te hird Word Acomex nd sohisticted industri ureucrcy cnnot

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he Strtegy d Nture o the Revout iory M ovemet

ucto eciety with resetu roetrit Wht it eeds

s thy just th is thy gist which we re gittig If

we the uversites c show ctory worers how uthor

triism d the oci hierrchy c e overthrow i our

ow stitutios they w ot e sow i pyig smirmethods to thers Hece the ic o the uthorit ies they do

ot md criticism however rdic ut they cot ord to

et us exress our disgust i ctio Our thret is tht we oer

studets re ierty y overthrowig ot oy theory ut

i prctice the csssed uversity system We do this y

our oycott o ectures disesig pure d oective owedge d worst o y our determtio to crry the dete

from the ecture h ito the streets d the fctories Our

rst ts is to me the studets themseves more oiticy

coscious I prctice this mes deveopig ew wys of

comuicto improvis g meetigs i the vrious fcuty

commo rooms occupyg ecture hs iterruptig ectureswth deucitios of their deoogc ss oycottig the

exmitios sticig up posters d sogs, tig over the

puic ddress system i short tig y ctio tht oey

cheges the uthorities

The uiversity ureucrcy cot rey coe with studet

ower True it mde ttempt to et the movemet ru its

course or whie ut soo terwrds Rector Roche or

rther the govermet et imeed to te strog ie

Foowig our distr iutio of pmphet cig fo the

oycott of exm tios the De put out the foowig otice :

The De d Proessors of the cuty o Letters of Prs

woud e to remid studets tht the exmitios (My d

Octoer) wi te ce o the usu dys d stte ctegoricy tht o suemetry rrgemets c e mde uder

y circumstces'

The De moreover oscried the distriutio o our

pmphet which sd mog other thgs the prset cicumstces y ttempt to test the

quictios o studets y comettive exms is tte moreth shm A cddtes ought therefore to e cosidered

s hvg ssed the exmitios

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he Studet Revot

Moday 6 May, was the oca day for the comettveexamatos t s at th s ot that the Rectors ac o sa-rod seems to have deeerated to comete ac steadof roceed wth hs sacrosact examatos he decded to

cose the Soroe ad to ut t uder the rotecto o theoce

ar t of the exaato for h s actos was that whereas themost mtat studets were at the Soroe the vast maortyof ood studets were at home evershy rear or therexamatos so that ths seemed a ode oortuty or

crush the eemys shoc troos ow ady he mscacu ated was show y suseuet evets

The Batte of te Streets

ars had ow may recet demostratos at the Pace dea Bast e ad P ace de a Ruue some for h her waesothers aast Amerca aresso orth Vetam heauthortes kew the sratey of the tradtoa Lef ad fetcodet that f they coud dea wth mtat woers, theywoud have tte troue wth a ot of mere chdre

he oce were u cotro of the streets ad theotca attes were e saey ouht the mstres ad arametary commttees ece t seemed a very smematter to sed the forces o aw ad order to the Soroeoccuy a the acutes ad arrest four hudred studetsEmer rom ther rares rom ther ectures or smystro ac to coee ao the at Quarter studets

suddey oud themseves ace to ace wth rot oce CRS oc the ates of the Sooe he ey was mmedatesotaeous ad ute ueuvoca ad t was ot eve thestudets wth the stroest otca covctos who were therst to exode Suddey the was were covered wth suchsoas as Sto the reresso, CRS = SS, wh e the ras of

demostrators sweed to urecedeted roortos A heroe oose whe the rst oce vas et the Soro e edwth studets e tae o o uesto

5


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Th Strtg nd Ntr of th Roltonr Momnt

n th Ltn Qrtr bo 6 pm. on ndnsorrd s stdnts ond btl wth pol ontngns'(L Md 56 M 68) .

All nght spl po sqds pord nto th dstrt, rn ws stoppd nd non who n gl rsmbld sdnt ws bbd down mrlss. Mor thn on pssr-b who hd nothng whtr to do wth th dmonstrtonspn n nomorb ngh n th pol l ls.

Hn th rotos sns ron tkd bot ht nght.Wht ws so rmkbl bo th nts of 3 M ws th

spontnt of th rsstn lr sgn ht or momndos not nd ldrs to drt t; h t n prt wllprss tslf wthot th hlp o ngd. I ws ths dth rll moblzd stdnt opnon; th rst grt rpplo swllng d And not npd h Commnsstdnts bod to hr pr lk dps to hs ft dd

thr tmost to stm th td :Irrsponsbl Lfsts s th prt of gornmnt n

n nd stdnt nrst n ordr to sbrt th work ofh flts nd to mpd th mss of stdnts rom sttngfo thr mnons. Ths ls roltonrs bhobtl, s lls o h Glls thots nd rprsnt

pol th s obtonbl to h mor of stdnts bol to th sons nd dghtrs o th workng lss.' Clr thCommnsts wod do nthng rthr thn tr nd ndsnd th rl sss

I h sd h h nts o th d broght bot nwknng o pot wrnss n mn stdnts Tk hswtnss on pb shd n h n ss o nn

Ar o mmbr o h 22 Mrh Momnt? thskd m.

I ws stll lttl mbrrssd th spkrs hd tlkd ofMr nd somon ld Mrs, of whom I hd nr nhrd h st tm th mnond tht nm I skd thmo spll or m. I ookd hm p Lross, b I old not

nd hm hrI ws old h momnt hs prod s srngth b

boong h mnons' Bt o boo pl mn

58


59/256

h Stdnt Rolt

aton i omthing anyon an do yo an away t thmagin And n any a wa qt hay to g mn a mo ponal aon And thn on day qt ddny lt k jming on to th patom and hoting : ha bn an

imbil alwy thoght that onal olt wa th onlyway of tling th atoti to go and m in th lak Btyo ha hown m that w an all tik togth n Nant,that w nd no long b alon and that no on ha to width big tk to mak at in n on

h w no mmbhp ad no olow and no

lad om thn on ythng wnt ik gad gtningMting at, and thn w wnt ot among th wok inNant

h nwom n o th o on th am ganth tdnt th pot of th nity Tah Ao-

ia ton SNESUP) and alo o o poo i n Nan t :M , Mihad oain and Ri, whodlad thml wlng to ndtak th dn o thotdnt who had bn mmond to apa bo tDipnay Committ in th Sobonn on th ollowngMonday i moal ot took th omlty by and did mh to an th tdnt h ymathz

n Satday, May th oli wood again, and onSnday 5 May an mgny ot nt x tdnt dmontato to gaol Polamation in th and o th diothn mad t known that th dmontation i n pot of thondmnd tdnt whih hd bn ald o Monday at 9o'lok w oially bannd

n Monday, Pa aw it mot im and thatnindmontation o many ya En dng th Algian wath ha n bn a momnt o h badth and aboa of h taying pow e M, 8 May 68.

W annot allow tho who a only opod to thnity to iz that inttton W annot tolat ioln

in th tt o on no way o tatng any kind ofd alog Chal d Gal , May 68 M any opl ha akd thm how i t wa poib l that

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Th Stratg and Natr o th Roltonar Momnt

so ast a momnt shold ha rptd rom what wasapparntl so nmportant an nt as th closr o a nrst and th ntrnton of th polc n stdnt aars It sthror mportant to plan how a rat small nmbr

o stdnts sccdd n broadnng th strgg aganst olcrrsson to sch an tnt that t clmnatd n th occpatono th nrsts and th total rcton o ts ncton ncap ta st soct Larnng throgh acton plas a basc part nth gnss and growth o all rotonar momnts Fromaang what s closst at hand, w can com to ndrstand

soct atlarg.

Th complt o modrn and th rstraton t brngsn ts wak ar sch that w ar orcd most o th tm tosbmrg or dpst asratons. Stdnts, who ha toswallow hm laton r da, ar partc lar sbjct to thsrstratons, and so ract al th mor olntl onc th ar

arosd Lll thm wth swt promss abot th tr andth ma b prpard to pt p wth ptt rstrctons asals, hpocrtcal doctrns and th lot, bt brng ot thpoc aganst thm and o wll nd that o ha strrd pa hornts nst Th stdnts startd dmonstratng at a.m.and b th tm th dsprsd ortn hors latr, a mrtrckl had swld nto a torrnt, and barrcads' had sprngp n th strts Th stdnts' dtrmnaton and abo allthr wllnnss to tak on h polc wr trl astonshngTh assrtd thr rght to ntr thr own nrst, and torn t thmsls or th bnt o al Th almost contnosconrontaton wth th polc mrl hardnd thr dtr-mnaton not to go back on thr rst clams th ras o al l

th mprsond donstrators wthdrawal o th polc andronng o th aclts. I mst add n parnthss thatdrng h ong March o 7 Ma and drng th dmon-stratons at th nrst ann at th Hall a ns tharos actons o th Lt trd dsratl to nsnat thrown marshas n th an ho o takng control. Thr wr

som 35 , dmonstrators rsnt n th Champs Ess alonand mia c th managd wthot an ladrs at al l nortnatl, th bracratc ocals o NEF, that

0


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The Stdent Revot

obnd Stdent Unon who had been tated n teeae attet to take ove th oveent now caed n thehe o the tade non beacat who at the al e ax vnand n the deontaton that oowed wee abe to dvet

the oveent awa o t ognal a : the ecapte o theSobonne do not want to a an opnon on the tategc andtactcal pobte o captng the Sobonne at th pontbt ee to how that a heachca and beacatcoganzaton t necea evet a actvte n whchthe patcpate to the own end Th Aan Gea ex

planed to the Geneal Aebl o the 22 Mach Moveenton 8 Ma how tade non oca had ed eve tck n thebook to oce the tdent oveent to opt o a pogaethat wod dvet the tgge nto pe eot channe.n th the wee geat heped b Cont tdent andecte, who aed a patca teaco at on 8 Ma

at the Pace d xebog when the called pon thetdent to dpee Th ght wel have elled the end othe oveen ong beoe t had a cance to expe t ealdeand the ovethow o eeve ocet Lck theevotona tdent wee not taken n the ealzed

obsolete communism - the left-wing alternative - daniel cohn-bendit & gabriel cohn-bendit

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