occupation an exploration and review. theory of human nature (wilcock) “ we are born with a need...
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OccupationOccupationAn Exploration and ReviewAn Exploration and Review
Theory of Human Nature (Wilcock)Theory of Human Nature (Wilcock)““We are born with a need to We are born with a need to
engage in occupationengage in occupation”” People spend their lives engaged in People spend their lives engaged in
purposeful “doing” even when free of purposeful “doing” even when free of obligation or necessityobligation or necessity
Allows us to demonstrate what we are or Allows us to demonstrate what we are or hope to becomehope to become
Humans need a novel way to pass timeHumans need a novel way to pass time
Occupation DefinedOccupation Defined Patterns of Patterns of culturally culturally and and personallypersonally
meaningful activity in which humans engage meaningful activity in which humans engage (Clark et al. 1991)(Clark et al. 1991)
Self-initiated, self-directed, adaptive and organizedSelf-initiated, self-directed, adaptive and organized A purposeful form of human endeavor…it A purposeful form of human endeavor…it
provides longitudinal provides longitudinal organization of timeorganization of time and and effort in a person’s life effort in a person’s life (Hagedorn)(Hagedorn)
The dominant activity of human beings that The dominant activity of human beings that includes serious, productive pursuits and includes serious, productive pursuits and playful, creative and festive behaviors. playful, creative and festive behaviors. (Kielhofner)(Kielhofner)
Occupation Occupation (AOTA)(AOTA) Activities of everyday lifeActivities of everyday life
““Named”Named” OrganizedOrganized Given value and meaning Given value and meaning (individually and/or culturally)(individually and/or culturally)
Everything people do to “occupy” themselvesEverything people do to “occupy” themselves Viewed as both a “means” and an “end”.Viewed as both a “means” and an “end”. Occupation vs. ActivityOccupation vs. Activity
Occupations are activities that have unique meaning Occupations are activities that have unique meaning and purpose in a person’s lifeand purpose in a person’s life
Activities are more general classes of human actionsActivities are more general classes of human actions
Key perspectives of Occupation Key perspectives of Occupation (AOTA, 1997)(AOTA, 1997)
1.1. Occupations have personal and specific Occupations have personal and specific meaning to a personmeaning to a person
2.2. This personal meaning is variable and This personal meaning is variable and involves many different involves many different dimensionsdimensions
3.3. The occupations that a person engages The occupations that a person engages in helps to “define” that personin helps to “define” that person
4.4. Over time or situation, a person’s Over time or situation, a person’s occupations are likely to changeoccupations are likely to change
Dimensions of OccupationDimensions of Occupation
1.1. Biological DimensionBiological Dimension
2.2. Temporal-Spatial DimensionTemporal-Spatial Dimension
3.3. Socio-cultural DimensionSocio-cultural Dimension
4.4. Psychological DimensionPsychological Dimension
5.5. Spiritual DimensionSpiritual Dimension
Biological DimensionBiological Dimension The needs, drives, The needs, drives,
abilities and limitations of abilities and limitations of the person at the the person at the physiological level and at physiological level and at the organism levelthe organism level
Occupation provides a Occupation provides a mechanism for humans to mechanism for humans to fulfill needs for survivalfulfill needs for survival
Upright walking, hand Upright walking, hand dexterity, communication, dexterity, communication, vision, socializationvision, socialization
Temporal-Spatial DimensionTemporal-Spatial Dimension
Time and space factorsTime and space factors Length of occupationLength of occupation Participants sense of Participants sense of
past, present and futurepast, present and future The subjective The subjective
experience of timeexperience of time Nature of the Nature of the
environmentenvironment The immediate spaceThe immediate space
Socio-cultural DimensionSocio-cultural Dimension
Considers the Considers the relationship with relationship with others within the others within the immediate social immediate social environment AND environment AND those that result from those that result from commonly valued commonly valued behaviors of their behaviors of their cultureculture
Psychological DimensionPsychological Dimension
Refers to all the Refers to all the emotional and emotional and cognitive aspects of cognitive aspects of human occupationhuman occupation
Example: happiness, Example: happiness, ecstasy, joy, anger, ecstasy, joy, anger, bitterness, jealousybitterness, jealousy
Cognition and Cognition and PerceptionPerception
Spiritual DimensionSpiritual Dimension
Understanding one’s Understanding one’s “place” in the universe“place” in the universe
Making “meaning” Making “meaning” through purposeful through purposeful activityactivity
The essence of a person The essence of a person expressed in daily actions expressed in daily actions as influenced by values, as influenced by values, belief systems and socio-belief systems and socio-cultural backgroundscultural backgrounds
Facilitates one’s Facilitates one’s acceptance of a greater acceptance of a greater realityreality
One of the only One of the only functional domains functional domains likely to be intact and likely to be intact and growing at the end of growing at the end of lifelife
Plays influential role in Plays influential role in directing which activities directing which activities are meaningfulare meaningful
Examining the Examining the Dimensions of Dimensions of
OccupationOccupationchoose an occupation choose an occupation
Discuss how and if Discuss how and if each of the 5 each of the 5 dimensions are dimensions are reflected in each of your reflected in each of your chosen occupationschosen occupations
Benefits of OccupationBenefits of Occupation
1.1. Promotes LearningPromotes Learning
2.2. Provides a Role Provides a Role IdentityIdentity
3.3. Involves use of the Involves use of the handshands
4.4. Challenges and Challenges and changes the internal changes the internal organism to promote organism to promote adaptive responsesadaptive responses
5.5. Provides structure and Provides structure and integration of a integration of a person’s “wholeness”person’s “wholeness”
6.6. Provides balance and Provides balance and meaningmeaning
7.7. Reduce awareness of Reduce awareness of physical or physical or psychological psychological symptomssymptoms
8.8. Promotes recovery Promotes recovery from illness and traumafrom illness and trauma
HealthHealth
Varies according to:Varies according to: CultureCulture Spiritual Spiritual
PhilosophiesPhilosophies Economy Economy TechnologyTechnology Socially accepted Socially accepted
theoriestheories TimeTime
World Health World Health Organization Organization Definition:Definition:
•A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being not merely the absence of disease.
Well-beingWell-being
Defined as: A Defined as: A Subjective Subjective assessment of health assessment of health which is less which is less concerned with concerned with biological function than biological function than with feelings such as with feelings such as self-esteem and a self-esteem and a sense of belonging sense of belonging through social through social integrationintegration
Physical Well-beingPhysical Well-being
Easiest to understandEasiest to understand Internal need to make Internal need to make
use of our physical use of our physical capacitiescapacities
Increased use of Increased use of alternative medicine alternative medicine in today’s worldin today’s world
Mental Well-beingMental Well-being
Associated with spiritual Associated with spiritual as well as cognitive as well as cognitive factorsfactors
Pre-requisites for well-Pre-requisites for well-beingbeing
Associated with balance Associated with balance of occupationsof occupations
Reflective of coping skillsReflective of coping skills Stress, Boredom, Stress, Boredom,
BurnoutBurnout
Social Well-beingSocial Well-being Associated with Associated with
satisfying interpersonal satisfying interpersonal relationships, ability to relationships, ability to interact happily and interact happily and effectively with other effectively with other people in cultural and people in cultural and social parameters social parameters without fearwithout fear
It is suggested that It is suggested that physical and mental physical and mental well-being are well-being are dependent on social dependent on social well-beingwell-being
An introduction to An introduction to occupational Scienceoccupational Science
Somaya Malkawi, PhDSomaya Malkawi, PhD
October, 3, 2012October, 3, 2012
Introduction Introduction
Occupational science emerged from the Occupational science emerged from the early 20early 20thth century century
Occupational therapy and science both Occupational therapy and science both focus on occupation but occupational focus on occupation but occupational science is an academic discipline science is an academic discipline
It studies the science of doing occupations It studies the science of doing occupations and how it relates to the health and well and how it relates to the health and well being of the person being of the person
Occupational Science is: Occupational Science is:
It is the study of the human as an It is the study of the human as an occupational being including the need for occupational being including the need for and capacity to engage in and orchestrate and capacity to engage in and orchestrate daily occupations in the environment over daily occupations in the environment over the lifespan. Because of the complexity of the lifespan. Because of the complexity of occupation occupational science occupation occupational science synthesises knowledge from an array of synthesises knowledge from an array of disciplines (biological and social scineces) disciplines (biological and social scineces)
Occupational science Occupational science
It specifically focuses on the form, function It specifically focuses on the form, function and meaning of human occupation and meaning of human occupation
1. FORM
Directly Observable Aspects of
Occupations
3. Meaning, the Significant of
Occupation withinThe context of real
Lives and in theCulture
2. Function
Ways in which Occupation
Serves adaptation
From of occupation From of occupation
Refers to aspects of occupations that are Refers to aspects of occupations that are directly observabledirectly observable
To study this aspect you would study how To study this aspect you would study how
different cultures do things, eat, drink, different cultures do things, eat, drink, dress…etc. dress…etc.
Function of occupation Function of occupation
Refers to the ways occupation influences Refers to the ways occupation influences development, adaptation, health, and development, adaptation, health, and quality of life quality of life
Ex. If you eat vs. how someone else feeds Ex. If you eat vs. how someone else feeds you reflects on your satisfaction and you reflects on your satisfaction and physical health physical health
Meaning of occupation Meaning of occupation
It is the subjective experience of It is the subjective experience of engagement in occupations engagement in occupations
How does this occupation relate to this How does this occupation relate to this culture and what is its meaning culture and what is its meaning
Historic relationship of occupational Historic relationship of occupational therapy to occupational science therapy to occupational science
Occupational therapy was there before Occupational therapy was there before occupational science occupational science
1.1. The early 1900s, when the core premise of OT The early 1900s, when the core premise of OT was formulated was formulated
2.2. The 1920s, AOTA began making decisions The 1920s, AOTA began making decisions about what is the base of knowledge for about what is the base of knowledge for occupational therapy occupational therapy
3.3. The 1960s, when critical re-evaluation of the The 1960s, when critical re-evaluation of the base of knowledge of occupational therapists base of knowledge of occupational therapists was many new theoretical concepts were was many new theoretical concepts were added added
4.4. The late 1980s and 1990s, when occupational The late 1980s and 1990s, when occupational science was formally founded and academic science was formally founded and academic curricula curricula
Well-being and Well-being and IncapacityIncapacity
Can people experience “good” health and well-Can people experience “good” health and well-being despite some form of incapacity?being despite some form of incapacity?
Terminology derived from Occupational ScienceTerminology derived from Occupational Science
Occupational Justice
• Addresses what people DO in their relationships and conditions for living
• Humans have a need for occupation and should be enabled to engage in occupation
• Occupational Risk Factors– Occupational Imbalance– Occupational Deprivation– Occupational Alienation
Health and Occupational Risk Health and Occupational Risk FactorsFactors
Occupational Risk: Actions or lack of Occupational Risk: Actions or lack of actions that lead to “pre-clinical” health actions that lead to “pre-clinical” health disorders such as boredom, burnout, disorders such as boredom, burnout, depression, increased blood pressure, depression, increased blood pressure, decreased fitness…when can THEN lead decreased fitness…when can THEN lead to:to:
DiseaseDisease
DisabilityDisability
DeathDeath
Occupational Imbalance
• Balance between use of physical, mental, social capacities and rest
• Associated with BOTH intrinsic and extrinsic factors
• Boredom vs. Burnout (both are forms of stress!)
Occupational Deprivation• A state of prolonged preclusion from
engagement in occupations due to factors which stand outside of the control of the individual
• Implies the influence of some type of external(EXTRINSIC) force or agency that keeps a person from acquiring, using or enjoying something (vs. life in general)
• Possible sources:– Technology, division of labor, lack of
employment, poverty or affluence, cultural values, regulations, ill health or disability that results in limited participation
Occupational Deprivation cont’d.
• Geographic Isolation
• Problem conditions of unemployment
• Incarceration
• Refugeeism
• Prisoners of War
• Astronauts/Isolation
Occupational Disruption
• Occupational Disruption– Temporary or transient– Results from factors internal to the person– Example: breaking your leg
Occupational Alienation• The belief that we have innate and
natural needs but our society, culture, technology and evolution create a life that sometimes denies our ability to express those inner needs
• More than just not being able to do something….
• More abstract than deprivation– ex. Steroids in sports, lack of face-
to-fact communication, changing role of families with regards to activities/meals….
What type of occupational risk?What type of occupational risk? Wall street broker who works, on average, 80 hours per Wall street broker who works, on average, 80 hours per
weekweek Child with active leukemiaChild with active leukemia Young woman in middle eastern country who is forbidden Young woman in middle eastern country who is forbidden
to learn to readto learn to read Single mother caring for four children including one special Single mother caring for four children including one special
needs childneeds child Middle-aged divorced male living alone and unable to find Middle-aged divorced male living alone and unable to find
any sort of employmentany sort of employment Kind and compassionate physician working in a group Kind and compassionate physician working in a group
practice that demands he see 40-50 patients per day and practice that demands he see 40-50 patients per day and strongly discourages all interpersonal discussion or strongly discourages all interpersonal discussion or relationship building with the patientsrelationship building with the patients
Questions? Questions?