occupational diseases dr usama
TRANSCRIPT
Dr. Osama Zeinalabidin
Master/Occupational Diseases
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1. Silicosis
It is the major cause of permanent disability and mortality
Caused by inhalation of Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) Found among construction workers, foundries .. The particles are ingested by the phagocytes,
accumulate and block the lymph channels Pathologically characterized by a dense nodular
fibrosis 3x4 mm
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cont. silicosis
Onset insidious Early manifestations:
Irritant cough Dyspnoea on exertion and, Chest pain
Advanced cases Impairment of total lung capacity (TLC)
X-Ray shows “snow-storm) Prone to tuberculosis (silicotuberculosis) No effective treatment
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2. Anthracosis
Disease of coal miners 1st phase after 12 years exposure (simple
pneumoconiosis) 2nd phase progressive massive fibrosis (PMF) The risk of death among coal miners is twice
that of general population
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3. Byssinosis
It is due to inhalation of cotton fiber dust over > 10 years
Symptoms: Chronic cough Progressive Dyspnoea Ending in chronic bronchitis Affects about 10% of spinning workers Characterized by Monday syndrome
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4. Bagassosis
Caused by inhalation of bagasse (sugar cane) dust
Symptoms: Cough Breathlessness Haemoptysis Untreated may lead to diffuse fibrosis,
emphysema and bronchiectasis
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5. Asbestosis
Asbestos is a silica combine with magnesium, iron, calcium and aluminum
It had 2 types: Serpentine (chrysolite) 90% of used asbestos Amphibole
Asbestos fibers are of 20 -500 μ Used in roofs, pipes, break lining ….
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cont. asbestos
Insoluble fibers Enters the body by inhalation and deposited in the alveoli
Asbestos is carcinogenic Appear after 5-10 years Symptoms:
Respiratory Cardiac Clubbing fingers Sputum shows asbestos bodies X-Ray shows a ground glass in the lower lung
fields
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6. Farmer’s Lung
It is due to the inhalation of grain dust 30 % of moisture of grain contains bacteria
and fungi Symptoms:
Respiratory Fibrosis Corpulmonale
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Lead Poisoning
Lead: Low boiling point Mixes easily with other metals Anticorrosive
Used in more than 200 industries Non-occupational sources (gasoline)
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cont. lead poisoning
Mode of absorption: Inhalation (common) Ingestion (rare) Skin (only organic lead tetraethyl lead) Normal absorption 0.2 – 0.3 mg per day
Distribution in the body: 90% excreted 10% stored in the bones
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cont. lead poisoning
Symptoms of organic lead (CNS): Insomnia Headache Mental confusion Delirium …. Etc
Organic Lead is rarely used (Gasoline)
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cont. lead poisoning
Clinical Picture of Inorganic Lead Poisoning:Abdominal colicConstipationLoss of appetiteBlue line on the gumsAnaemiaWrist drop
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Diagnosis of lead poisoning
History Clinical picture Laboratory tests: Diagnosis and treatment of lead exposure are
based on blood lead level WHO state that a blood lead level of
>10 μg/dL is a cause for concern
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X ray demonstrating the characteristic
finding of lead poisoning
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Preventive measures of Lead Poisoning
Substitution Isolation Local exhaust ventilation Personal protection, hygiene, health education Good housekeeping Working atmosphere (should not exceed 2.0 -10 mg
per 10 cu meters of air Periodic medical examination
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1. Skin Cancers
75% of skin cancers are occupational Main causes:
Tar X-Rays Oils and dyes
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2. Lung Cancers
10% of lung cancer are occupational It is a hazard in:
Gas industry Asbestos industry Radio-active substances (a large number of
industries are using radioactive substances) Arsenic and Beryllium ??
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3. Cancer of bladder
Rubber industry Aromatic amines Electric cable industries Gas industries Naphthylamines ?
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4. Leukaemia
Benzol (solvent)
Roentgen rays, Radioactive substances
Characteristics of Occupational Leukaemia: Appear after a long exposure (10 -15 years) The disease develop even after cessation of
exposure The average age is earlier
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Occupational Hazards of Agricultural Workers
Zoonotic diseases Accidents Insecticides, fertilizers Physical hazards (heat, cold …) Respiratory diseases (farmer’s lung …) Occupational-related diseases
(Schistosomiasis, malaria …)
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Accidents in industry
Human factors: Physical Psychosocial Sex (males ↑) Age (young age ↑) Time Experience Carelessness, overconfidence Slow cerebration
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Environmental factors of Accidents in industry
Unsafe machines (10 -20 %) Noise Poor illumination Poor housekeeping Unsafe tools
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Sickness absenteeism
It is the sick absence due to occupational diseases (10%), non-occupational diseases or other causes: Economic Social
Prevention: Good factory management Adequate pre-placement examination Good human relations Application of ergonomics
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Diseases/disorders due to biological hazards
= Diseases related to occup. caused by living organisms: Brucellosis, Leptospirosis, Anthrax, Tetanus RVF Wild animal, snakes, scorpions .. etc.
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Heat Hyperpyrexia (Heat stroke):
Severe and sometimes fatal condition
Due to failure of the body to regulate temperature.
Caused by prolonged exposure to the sun or to high temperatures..
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Symptoms of Health Stroke
Lessening or lack of sweating
Body temperature of 105 F or higher,
Fast pulse rate,
Hot and dry skin, >>
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Heat Exhaustion:
Weakness, muscle cramps, fainting. Caused by ↓ levels of body fluid & salts Temperature is nearly normal Skin cool, and pale Recovers with rest, replacement of
water and salt.
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Prickly heat
Blisters and pimples, often red.
Caused by blockage of sweat ducts
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Cold
Frost bite: Narrowing and damage to blood vessels
Results in oxygen starvation and
Tissue death.
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Light
Occupational cataract.
Miner’s nystagmus.
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PressureCaisson disease: Caused by nitrogen bubbles forming in the
body tissue.
Affects deep-sea divers and aviators,
Caused by moving too quickly from different levels of pressure
Disorientation, severe pain, and fainting
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Noise
Occupational deafness
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Vibration
White fingers
Arthritis
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Ultraviolet
Conjunctivitis
Keratitis (Welder’s flash).
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Ionizing radiation Genetic changes
Cancer (Leukemia)
Sterility
Aplastic anaemia
Death
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Electricity
Burns,
Electrical shocks
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Types of Occupational Accidents disorders
1. Injuries due to falls, cuts, abrasions …..
2. Ergonomic Disorders (Muscular-skeletal)
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Ergonomic disorders
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Ergonomics
Ergonomics: Adjustment of Man & Machine”
Ergo-friendly tools: Tools which reduce the stresses or problems resulting work
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Causes of accidents
Human factors: Inadequate visual or hearing acuity Use of drugs and alcohol Carelessness .. Fatalism Poor training Overconfidence Working hours
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cont. causes of accidents
2. Environmental factors: Noise Poor light
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Factors Leading to Psychosocial hazards
Lack of job satisfaction Insecurity Poor interpersonal relations Work pressure Poor management Poor incentives
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Psychological & behavioural changes
Hostility, Aggressiveness, Anxiety, Depression, Addiction Sickness absenteeism.
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Organic disorders
Hypertension, headache, body-ache, peptic ulcers, asthma, diabetes, heart disorders, etc.
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Occupational dermatitis1. 75% of occup. cancers are skin cancers,
mainly among oil refiners, road makers
2. Irritants are due to long exposure to acids, alkaline, dyes and solvents
3. Eczema
4. Note: Occupational diseases affect groups
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Occupational Hazards of agricultural workers
1. Infectious diseases
2. Pesticides poisoning
3. Accidents
4. Biological Hazards
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Thank you
Ref:• Park’s Textbook of Preventive and
Social Medicine